andthelawoftheBurgundians，[29]debarredthedaughtersfromtherightofsucceedingtothelandinconjunctionwiththeirbrothers；
　　neitherdidtheysucceedtothecrown。ThelawoftheVisigoths，[30]onthecontrary，permittedthedaughterstoinheritthelandwiththebrothers：[31]andthewomenwerecapableofinheritingthecrown。[32]
　　Amongthesepeopletheregulationsofthecivillawhadaneffectonthepolitical。
　　ThiswasnottheonlycaseinwhichthepoliticallawoftheFranksgavewaytothecivil。BytheSaliclaw，allthebrotherssucceededequallytotheland，andthiswasalsodecreedbyalawoftheBurgundians。
　　Thus，inthekingdomoftheFranks，andinthatoftheBurgundians，allthebrotherssucceededtothecrown，ifweexceptafewmurdersandusurpationswhichtookplaceamongsttheBurgundians。
　　23。OftheregalOrnamentsamongtheFranks。Apeoplewhodonotcultivatethelandhavenoideaofluxury。Wemaysee，inTacitus，theadmirablesimplicityoftheGermannations：theyhadnoartificialelegancesofdress；theirornamentswerederivedfromnature。Ifthefamilyoftheirchiefwastobedistinguishedbyanysign，itwasnootherthanthatwhichnaturebestowed。ThekingsoftheFranks，oftheBurgundians，andtheVisigothsworetheirlonghairforadiadem。
　　24。OftheMarriagesoftheKingsoftheFranks。Ihavealreadymentionedthatwithpeoplewhodonotcultivatetheearth，marriagesarelessfixedthanwithothers，andthattheygenerallytakemanywives。
　　"OfallthebarbarousnationstheGermanswerealmosttheonlypeoplewhoweresatisfiedwithonewife，[33]ifweexcept，"saysTacitus，"somepersonswho，notfromadissolutenessofmanners，butbecauseoftheirnobility，hadmany。"[34]
　　Thisexplainsthereasonwhythekingsofthefirstracehadsogreatanumberofwives。Thesemarriageswerelessaproofofincontinencethanaconsequenceofdignity：anditwouldhavewoundedtheminatenderpointtohavedeprivedthemofsuchaprerogative。[35]Thisalsoexplainsthereasonwhytheexampleofthekingswasnotfollowedbythesubjects。
　　25。Childeric。"ThelawsofmatrimonyamongsttheGermans，"saysTacitus，"arestrictlyobserved。Viceisnotthereasubjectofridicule。Tocorruptorbecorruptedisnotcalledfashion，orthecustomoftheage：[36]therearefewexamplesinthispopulousnationoftheviolationofconjugalfaith。"[37]
　　ThiswasthereasonoftheexpulsionofChilderic：heshockedtheirrigidvirtue，whichconquesthadnothadtimetocorrupt。
　　26。OftheTimewhentheKingsoftheFranksbecameofage。Barbarianswhodonotcultivatetheearthhave，strictlyspeaking，nojurisdiction，andare，aswehavealreadyremembered，rathergovernedbythelawofnationsthanbycivilinstitutions。Theyare，therefore，alwaysarmed。
　　ThusTacitustellsus"thattheGermansundertooknoaffairseitherofapublicorprivatenatureunarmed。"[38]Theygavetheirvotebythesoundoftheirarms。[39]Assoonastheycouldcarrythem，theywerepresentedtotheassembly；[40]theyputajavelinintotheirhands；[41]andfromthatmomenttheywereoutoftheirminority：theyhadbeenapartofthefamily，nowtheybecameapartoftherepublic。[42]
　　"Theeagles，"saidthekingoftheOstrogoths，[43]"ceasetofeedtheiryoungonesassoonastheirwingsandtalonsareformed；thelatterhavenoneedofassistancewhentheyareablethemselvestoseizetheirprey：
　　itwouldbeadisgraceiftheyoungpeopleinourarmieswerethoughttobeofanageunfitformanagingtheirestatesorregulatingtheconductoftheirlives。ItisvirtuethatconstitutesfullageamongtheGoths。"
　　ChildebertIIwasfifteenyearsoldwhenGontram，hisuncle，declaredthathewasofage，andcapableofgoverningbyhimself。[44]WefindintheRipuarianlawsthattheageoffifteen，theabilityofbearingarms，andmajority，wenttogether。Itistheresaid[45]"thatifaRipuariandies，oriskilled，andleavesasonbehindhim，thatsoncanneitherprosecute，norbeprosecuted，tillhehascompletelyattainedtheageoffifteen；andthenhemayeitheranswerforhimselforchooseachampion。"Itwasnecessarythathismindshouldbesufficientlyformedtobeabletodefendhimselfincourt；andthathisbodyshouldhaveallthestrengththatwasproperforhisdefenceinsinglecombat。AmongtheBurgundians，[46]whoalsomadeuseofthiscombatintheirjudiciaryproceedings，theywereofageatfifteen。
　　AgathiastellsusthatthearmsoftheFrankswerelight：theymight，therefore，beofageatfifteen。Insucceedingtimesthearmstheymadeuseofwereheavy，andtheywerealreadygreatlysointhetimeofCharlemagne，asappearsbyourcapitulariesandromances。Thosewhohadfiefs，[47]andwereconsequentlyobligedtodomilitaryservice，werenotthenofagetilltheyweretwenty—oneyearsold。[48]
　　27。ThesameSubjectcontinued。WehaveseenthattheGermansdidnotappearintheirassembliesbeforetheywereofage；theywereapartofthefamily，butnotoftherepublic。ThiswasthereasonthatthechildrenofClodomir，kingofOrleans，andconquerorofBurgundy，werenotproclaimedkings，becausetheywereoftootenderanagetobepresentattheassembly。Theywerenotyetkings，buttheyhadarighttotheregaldignityassoonastheywereabletobeararms；andinthemeantime，Clotildis，theirgrandmother，governedthestate。[49]ButtheirunclesClotariusandChildebertassassinatedthem，anddividedtheirkingdom。Thiswasthecausethatinthefollowingagesprincesintheirminoritywereproclaimedkingsimmediatelyafterthedeathoftheirfathers。ThusDukeGondovaldsavedChildebertIIfromthecrueltyofChilperic，andcausedhimtobeproclaimedkingwhenhewasonlyfiveyearsold。[50]
　　Buteveninthischangetheyfollowedtheoriginalspiritofthenation；
　　forthepublicactsdidnotpassinthenameoftheyoungmonarch。SothattheFrankshadadoubleadministration：theonewhichconcernedthepersonoftheinfantking，andtheotherwhichregardedthekingdom；andinthefiefstherewasadifferencebetweentheguardianshipandtheciviladministration。
　　28。OfAdoptionamongtheGermans。AstheGermansbecameofagebythewieldingofarms，sotheywereadoptedbythesamesign。ThusGontram，willingtodeclarehisnephewChildebertofageandtoadopthimforhisson，madeuseofthesewords："IhaveputthisjavelinintothyhandsasatokenthatIhavegiventheeallmykingdom。"[51]Then，turningtowardstheassembly，headded，"YouseethatmysonChildebertisgrownaman；obeyhim。"Theodoric，kingoftheOstrogoths，intendingtoadoptthekingoftheHeruli，wrotetohimthus：[52]"Itisanoblecustomofourstobeadoptedbyarms；formenofcouragealonedeservetobeourchildren。Suchistheefficacyofthisact，thatwhoeveristheobjectofithadratherdiethansubmittoanythingignominious。Therefore，incompliancewiththenationalusage，andbecauseyouareamanofcourage，weadoptyouforoursonbythesebucklers，theseswords，thesehorses，whichwesendyouasapresent。"
　　29。OfthesanguinaryTemperoftheKingsoftheFranks。CloviswasnottheonlyprinceamongsttheFrankswhohadinvadedGaul。Manyofhisrelativeshadpenetratedintothiscountrywithparticulartribes；butashehadmetwithmuchgreatersuccess，andcouldgrantconsiderablesettlementstosuchasfollowedhim，theFranksflockedtohimfromallparts，sothattheotherchiefsfoundthemselvestooweaktoresisthim。
　　Heformedadesignofexterminatinghiswholerace，andhesucceeded。[53]Hefeared，saysGregoryofTours，[54]lesttheFranksshouldchooseanotherchief。Hischildrenandsuccessorsfollowedthispracticetotheutmostoftheirpower。Thusthebrother，theuncle，thenephew，and，whatisstillworse，thefatherortheson，wereperpetuallyconspiringagainsttheirwholefamily。Thelawcontinuallydividedthemonarchy；whilefear，ambition，andcrueltywantedtoreuniteit。
　　30。OfthenationalAssembliesoftheFranks。Ithasbeenremarkedabovethatnationswhodonotcultivatethelandenjoygreatliberty。
　　ThiswasthecaseoftheGermans。Tacitussaysthattheygavetheirkings，orchiefs，averymoderatedegreeofpower；[55]andC？saraddsfurtherthatintimesofpeacetheyhadnocommonmagistrates；buttheirprincesadministeredjusticeineachvillage。[56]Thus，asGregoryofTours[57]sufficientlyproves，theFranksinGermanyhadnoking。
　　"Theprinces，"saysTacitus，"deliberateonmattersofnogreatconcern；
　　whileaffairsofimportancearesubmittedtothewholenation，butinsuchamannerthattheseveryaffairswhichareunderthecognizanceofthepeopleareatthesametimelaidbeforetheprinces。"[58]Thiscustomwasobservedbythemaftertheirconquests，asmaybeseeninalltheirrecords。[59]
　　Tacitussaysthatcapitalcrimesmightbecarriedbeforetheassembly。[60]Itwasthesameaftertheconquest，whenthegreatvassalsweretriedbeforethatbody。
　　31。OftheAuthorityoftheClergyunderthefirstRace。Thepriestsofbarbarousnationsarecommonlyinvestedwithpower，becausetheyhaveboththatauthoritywhichisduetothemfromtheirreligiouscharacter，andthatinfluencewhichamongsuchapeopleistheoffspringofsuperstition。ThusweseeinTacitusthatpriestswereheldingreatvenerationbytheGermans，andthattheypresidedintheassembliesofthepeople。[61]Theyalonewerepermitted[62]tochastise，tobind，tosmite；whichtheydid，notbyorderoftheprince，orashisministersofjustice，butasbyaninspirationofthatDeityeversupposedtobepresentwiththosewhomadewar。
　　Weoughtnot，therefore，tobeastonishedwhen，fromtheverybeginningofthefirstrace，wemeetwithbishopsthedispensersofjustice，[63]
　　whenweseethemappearintheassembliesofthenation；whentheyhavesuchaprodigiousinfluenceonthemindsofsovereigns；andwhentheyacquiresolargeashareofproperty。
　　______
　　1。Bookvii。7。
　　2。Solon。
　　3。OrhewhowrotethebookDeMirabilibus。
　　4。Japanisanexceptiontothis，byitsgreatextentaswellasbyitsslavery。
　　5。Polybius，x。25。
　　6。ItisthusthatDiodorus，v。35，tellsustheshepherdsfoundgoldinthePyreneanmountains。
　　7。EdifyingLetters，coll。xx。
　　8。Whenakhanisproclaimed，allthepeoplecrythathiswordshallbeasasword。
　　9。Bookxvii。5。
　　10。WeoughtnotthereforetobeastonishedatMahomet，thesonofMiriveis，who，upontakingIspahan，putalltheprincesofthebloodtothesword。
　　11。Tit。62。
　　12。NullasGermanorumpopulisurbeshabitarisatisnotumest，nepatiquidemintersejunctassedes；coluntdiscreti，utnemusplacuit。Vicoslocant，noninnostrummoremconnexisetcoharentibus？difidis：suamquisquedomumspatiocircumdat。——DeMoribusGermanorum，16。
　　13。TheLawoftheAlemans，10，andtheLawoftheBavarians，tit。10，§§1，2。
　　14。Thisinclosureiscalledcurtisinthecharters。
　　15。SeeMarculfus，ii，form。10，12。AppendixtoMarculfus，form。49，andtheancientformulariesofSirmondus，form。22。
　　16。Form。55，inLindembroch’scollection。
　　17。DeterraveroSalicainmulieremnullaportiohereditatistransit，sedhocvirilissexusacquirit，hocestfiliiinipsahereditatesuccedunt。——Tit。68，§6。
　　18。Sororumfiliisidemapudavunculumquamapudpatremhonor。Quidamsanctioremarcti—oremquehuncnexumsanguinisarbitrantur，etinaccipiendisobsidibusmagisexigunt，tanquamiietanimumfirmiusetdomumlatiusteneant——DeMoribusGermanorum，20。
　　19。See，inGregoryofTours，viii。18，20andix，16，20，therageofGontramatLeovigild’sill—treatmentofIngunda，hisniece，whichChildebertherbrothertookuparmstorevenge。
　　20。SalicLaw，tit。47。
　　21。Ibid。，tit。61，§1。
　　22。Etdeincepsusqueadquintumgenuculumquiproximusfueritinhereditatemsuccedat。——Tit。56，§6。
　　23。Tit。56。
　　24。Tit。7，§1：Paterautmaterdefuncti，filiononfili？hereditatemrelinquant；§4，quidefunctus，nonfilios，sedfiliasreliquerit，adeasomnishereditaspertineat。
　　25。InMarculfus，ii，form。12，andintheAppendixtoMarculfus，form。
　　49。
　　26。Lindembroch’scollection，form。55。
　　27。DuCange，Pithou，&c。
　　28。Tit。62。
　　29。Tit。1，§3；tit。16，§1；tit。51。
　　30。Bookiv，tit。2，§1。
　　31。TheGermannations，saysTacitus，DeMoribusGermanorum，22，hadcommoncustoms，aswellasthosewhichwerepeculiartoeach。
　　32。AmongtheOstrogoths，thecrowntwicedevolvedtothemalesbymeansoffemales；thefirsttimetoAthalaricus，throughAmalasuntha，andthesecondtoTheodat，throughAmalafreda。Notbutthatthefemalesofthatnationmighthaveheldthecrownintheirownright；forAmalasunthareignedafterthedeathofAthalaricus；nay，evenaftertheelectionofTheodat，andinconjunctionwiththatprince。SeeAmalasuntha’sandTheodat’sletters，inCassiodorus，x。
　　33。PropesoliBarbarorumsingulisuxoribuscontentistint。——DeMoribusGermanorum，18。
　　34。Exceptisadmodumpaucisquinonlibidine，sedobnobilitatem，plurimisnuptiisambiuntur。——Ibid。
　　35。SeeFredegarius，Chronicleoftheyear628。
　　36。Severamatrimonia……nemoillicvitiaridet，neccorrumpereetcorrumpis？culumvocatur。——DeMoribusGermanorum，19。
　　37。Paucissimaintamnumerosagenteadulteria。——Ibid。
　　38。Nihilnequepublic？nequeprivat？reinisiarmatiagunt。——Ibid。，13。
　　39。Sidisplicuitsententia，fremituaspernantur；sinplacuit，frameasconcutiunt。——Ibid。，11。
　　40。Sedarmasumerenonantecuiquammoris，quamcivitassuffecturumprobaverit。——Ibid。，13。
　　41。Tuminipsoconciliavelprincipumaliquis，velpater，velpropinquus，scuto，frameaquejuvenemornant。
　　42。H？capudillostoga，hicprimusjuvent？honos；antehocdomniparsvidentur，moxreipublic？。
　　43。TheodoricinCassiodorus，i。38。
　　44。Hewasscarcelyfiveyearsold，saysGregoryofTours，v。1，whenhesucceededtohisfather，intheyear575。Gontramdeclaredhimofageintheyear585；hewas，therefore，atthattimenomorethanfifteen。
　　45。Tit。81。
　　46。Tit。87。
　　47。Therewasnochangeinthetimewithregardtothecommonpeople。
　　48。St。Louiswasnotofagetilltwenty—one；thiswasalteredbyanedictofCharlesVintheyear1374。
　　49。ItappearsfromGregoryofTours，iii，thatshechosetwonativesofBurgundy，whichhadbeenconqueredbyClodomir，toraisethemtotheseeofTours，whichalsobelongedtoClodomir。
　　50。Ibid。，v。1：Vixlustro？tatisunojamperactoquidieDominic？
　　Natalisregnarecoepit。
　　51。SeeIbid。，vii。23。
　　52。InCassiodorus，iv。2。
　　53。GregoryofTours，ii。
　　54。Ibid。
　　55。NecRegibusliberaautinfinitapotestas。C？terumnequeanimadvertere，nequevincire，nequeverberare，&c。——DeMoribusGermanorum，7。
　　56。Inpacenullusestcommunismagistratus，sedprincipesregionumatquepagorumintersuosjusdicunt。——DeBelloGall。，vi。22。
　　57。Bookii。
　　58。Deminoribusprincipesconsultant，demajoribusomnes；itatamenuteaquorumpenesplebemarbitriumest，apudprincipespertractentur。——
　　DeMoribusGermanorum，11。
　　59。LexconsensuPopulifitetconstitutioneRegis。——CapitulariesofCharlestheBald，year864，art。6。
　　60。LicetapudConciliumaccusareetdiscrimencapitisintendere。——DeMoribusGermanorum，12。
　　61。Silentiumpersacerdotes，quibusetcoercendijusest，imperatur。——
　　Ibid。，11。
　　62。NecRegibusliberaautinfinitapotestas。C？terumnequeanimadvertere，nequevincire，nequeverberare，nisisacerdotibusestpermissum，nonquasiinpoenam，necDucisjussu，sedvelutDeoimperante，quemadesse，bellatoribuscredunt。——Ibid。，7。
　　63。SeetheConstitutionsofClotarius，year560，art。6。
　　BookXIX。OfLawsinRelationtothePrinciplesWhichFormtheGeneralSpirit，Morals，andCustomsofaNation1。OftheSubjectofthisBook。Thissubjectisveryextensive。Inthatcrowdofideaswhichpresentsitselftomymind，Ishallbemoreattentivetotheorderofthingsthantothethingsthemselves。Ishallbeobligedtowandertotherightandtotheleft，thatImayinvestigateanddiscoverthetruth。
　　2。ThatitisnecessaryPeople’sMindsshouldbepreparedfortheReceptionofthebestLaws。NothingcouldappearmoreinsupportabletotheGermansthanthetribunalofVarus。[1]ThatwhichJustinian[2]
　　erectedamongsttheLazi，toproceedagainstthemurderersoftheirking，appearedtothemasanaffairmosthorridandbarbarous。
　　Mithridates，[3]haranguingagainsttheRomans，reproachedthemmoreparticularlyfortheirlawproceedings。[4]TheParthianscouldnotbearwithoneoftheirkingswho，havingbeeneducatedatRome，renderedhimselfaffableandeasyofaccesstoall。[5]Libertyitselfhasappearedintolerabletothosenationswhohavenotbeenaccustomedtoenjoyit。Thuspureairissometimesdisagreeabletosuchashavelivedinafennycountry。
　　Baibi，aVenetian，beingatPegu，wasintroducedtotheking。[6]WhenthemonarchwasinformedthattheyhadnokingatVenice，heburstintosuchafitoflaughterthathewasseizedwithacough，andwithdifficultycouldspeaktohiscourtiers。Whatlegislatorcouldproposeapopulargovernmenttoapeoplelikethis？
　　3。OfTyranny。Therearetwosortsoftyranny：onereal，whicharisesfromoppression；theotherisseatedinopinion，andissuretobefeltwheneverthosewhogovernestablishthingsshockingtotheexistingideasofanation。
　　Dio[7]tellsusthatAugustuswasdesirousofbeingcalledRomulus；buthavingbeeninformedthatthepeoplefearedthathewouldcausehimselftobecrownedking，hechangedhisdesign。TheoldRomanswereaversetoaking，becausetheycouldnotsufferanymantoenjoysuchpower；thesewouldnothaveaking，becausetheycouldnotbearhismanners。ForthoughC？sar，theTriumvirs，andAugustuswerereallyinvestedwithregalpower，theyhadpreservedalltheoutwardappearanceofequality，whiletheirprivateliveswereakindofcontrasttothepompandluxuryofforeignmonarchs；sothatwhentheRomanswereresolvedtohavenoking，thisonlysignifiedthattheywouldpreservetheircustoms，andnotimitatethoseoftheAfricanandeasternnations。
　　ThesamewriterinformsusthattheRomanswereexasperatedagainstAugustusformakingcertainlawswhichweretoosevere；butassoonashehadrecalledPyladesthecomedian，whomthejarringofdifferentfactionshaddrivenoutofthecity，thediscontentceased。Apeopleofthisstamphaveamorelivelysenseoftyrannywhenaplayerisbanishedthanwhentheyaredeprivedoftheirlaws。
　　4。OfthegeneralSpiritofMankind。Mankindareinfluencedbyvariouscauses：bytheclimate，bythereligion，bythelaws，bythemaximsofgovernment，byprecedents，morals，andcustoms；whenceisformedageneralspiritofnations。
　　Inproportionas，ineverycountry，anyoneofthesecausesactswithmoreforce，theothersinthesamedegreeareweakened。Natureandtheclimaterulealmostaloneoverthesavages；customsgoverntheChinese；
　　thelawstyranniseinJapan；moralshadformerlyalltheirinfluenceatSparta；maximsofgovernment，andtheancientsimplicityofmanners，onceprevailedatRome。
　　5。HowfarweshouldbeattentivelestthegeneralSpiritofaNationbechanged。Shouldtherehappentobeacountrywhoseinhabitantswereofasocialtemper，open—hearted，cheerful，endowedwithtasteandafacilityincommunicatingtheirthoughts；whoweresprightlyandagreeable；
　　sometimesimprudent，oftenindiscreet；andbesideshadcourage，generosity，frankness，andacertainnotionofhonour，nooneoughttoendeavourtorestraintheirmannersbylaws，unlesshewouldlayaconstraintontheirvirtues。Ifingeneralthecharacterbegood，thelittlefoiblesthatmaybefoundinitareofsmallimportance。
　　Theymightlayarestraintuponwomen，enactlawstoreformtheirmannersandtoreducetheirluxury，butwhoknowsbutthatbythesemeanstheymightlosethatpeculiartastewhichwouldbethesourceofthewealthofthenation，andthatpolitenesswhichwouldrenderthecountryfrequentedbystrangers？
　　Itisthebusinessofthelegislaturetofollowthespiritofthenation，whenitisnotcontrarytotheprinciplesofgovernment；forwedonothingsowellaswhenweactwithfreedom，andfollowthebentofournaturalgenius。
　　Ifanairofpedantrybegiventoanationthatisnaturallygay，thestatewillgainnoadvantagefromit，eitherathomeorabroad。Leaveittodofrivolousthingsinthemostseriousmanner，andwithgaietythethingsmostserious。
　　6。ThatEverythingoughtnottobecorrected。Letthembutleaveusasweare，saidagentlemanofanationwhichhadaverygreatresemblancetothatwehavebeendescribing，andnaturewillrepairwhateverisamiss。Shehasgivenusavivacitycapableofoffending，andhurryingusbeyondtheboundsofrespect：thissamevivacityiscorrectedbythepolitenessitprocures，inspiringuswithatasteoftheworld，and，aboveall，fortheconversationofthefairsex。
　　Letthemleaveusasweare；ourindiscretionsjoinedtoourgoodnaturewouldmakethelawswhichshouldconstrainoursociabilitynotatallproperforus。
　　7。OftheAtheniansandLaced？monians。TheAthenians，thisgentlemanadds，wereanationthathadsomerelationtoours。Theymingledgaietywithbusiness；astrokeofraillerywasasagreeableinthesenateasinthetheatre。Thisvivacity，whichdiscovereditselfintheircouncils，wentalongwiththemintheexecutionoftheirresolves。ThecharacteristicoftheSpartanswasgravity，seriousness，severity，andsilence。ItwouldhavebeenasdifficulttobringoveranAthenianbyteasingasitwouldaSpartanbydivertinghim。
　　8。EffectsofasociableTemper。Themorecommunicativeapeopleare，themoreeasilytheychangetheirhabits，becauseeachisinagreaterdegreeaspectacletotheotherandthesingularitiesofindividualsarebetterobserved。Theclimatewhichinfluencesonenationtotakepleasureinbeingcommunicative，makesitalsodelightinchange，andthatwhichmakesitdelightinchangeformsitstaste。
　　Thesocietyofthefairsexspoilsthemannersandformsthetaste；thedesireofgivinggreaterpleasurethanothersestablishestheembellishmentsofdress；andthedesireofpleasingothersmorethanourselvesgivesrisetofashions。Thusfashionisasubjectofimportance；byencouragingatriflingturnofmind，itcontinuallyincreasesthebranchesofitscommerce。[8]
　　9。OftheVanityandPrideofNations。Vanityisasadvantageoustoagovernmentasprideisdangerous。Tobeconvincedofthisweneedonlyrepresent，ontheonehand，thenumberlessbenefitswhichresultfromvanity，asindustry，thearts，fashions，politeness，andtaste；ontheother，theinfiniteevilswhichspringfromtheprideofcertainnations，aslaziness，poverty，atotalneglectofeverything——infine，thedestructionofthenationswhichhavehappenedtofallundertheirgovernment，aswellasoftheirown。Lazinessistheeffectofpride；[9]
　　labour，aconsequenceofvanity。TheprideofaSpaniardleadshimtodeclinelabour；thevanityofaFrenchmantoworkbetterthanothers。
　　Alllazynationsaregrave；forthosewhodonotlabourregardthemselvesasthesovereignsofthosewhodo。
　　Ifwesearchamongallnations，weshallfindthatforthemostpartgravity，pride，andindolencegohandinhand。
　　ThepeopleofAchim[10]areproudandlazy；thosewhohavenoslaves，hireone，ifitbeonlytocarryaquartofriceahundredpaces；theywouldbedishonourediftheycarrieditthemselves。
　　Inmanyplacespeoplelettheirnailsgrow，thatallmayseetheydonotwork。
　　WomenintheIndies[11]believeitshamefulforthemtolearntoread：
　　thisis，theysay，thebusinessoftheirslaves，whosingtheirspiritualsongsinthetemplesoftheirpagods。Inonetribetheydonotspin；inanothertheymakenothingbutbasketsandmats；theyarenoteventopoundrice；andinotherstheymustnotgotofetchwater。Theserulesareestablishedbypride，andthesamepassionmakesthemfollowed。Thereisnonecessityformentioningthatthemoralqualities，accordingastheyareblendedwithothers，areproductiveofdifferenteffects；thuspride，joinedtoavastambitionandnotionsofgrandeur，producedsucheffectsamongtheRomansasareknowntoalltheworld。
　　10。OftheCharacteroftheSpaniardsandChinese。Thecharactersoftheseveralnationsareformedofvirtuesandvices，ofgoodandbadqualities。Fromthehappymixtureofthese，greatadvantagesresult，andfrequentlywhereitwouldbeleastexpected；thereareotherswhencegreatevilsarise——evilswhichonewouldnotsuspect。
　　TheSpaniardshavebeeninallagesfamousfortheirhonesty。Justin[12]
　　mentionstheirfidelityinkeepingwhateverwasentrustedtotheircare；
　　theyhavefrequentlysuffereddeathratherthanrevealasecret。Theyhavestillthesamefidelityforwhichtheywereformerlydistinguished。
　　AllthenationswhotradeatCadiztrusttheirfortunestotheSpaniards，andhaveneveryetrepentedit。Butthisadmirablequality，joinedtotheirindolence，formsamixturewhencesucheffectsresultastothemaremostpernicious。TherestoftheEuropeannationscarryonintheirverysightallthecommerceoftheirmonarchy。