4。NewEffectsoftheFertilityandBarrennessofCountries。Thebarrennessoftheearthrendersmenindustrious，sober，inuredtohardship，courageous，andfitforwar；theyareobligedtoprocurebylabourwhattheearthrefusestobestowspontaneously。Thefertilityofacountrygivesease，effeminacy，andacertainfondnessforthepreservationoflife。IthasbeenremarkedthattheGermantroopsraisedinthoseplaceswherethepeasantsarerich，as，forinstance，inSaxony，arenotsogoodastheothers。Militarylawsmayprovideagainstthisinconveniencebyamoreseverediscipline。
　　5。OftheInhabitantsofIslands。Theinhabitantsofislandshaveahigherrelishforlibertythanthoseofthecontinent。Islandsarecommonlyofsmallextent；[4]onepartofthepeoplecannotbesoeasilyemployedtooppresstheother；theseaseparatesthemfromgreatempires；tyrannycannotsowellsupportitselfwithinasmallcompass：
　　conquerorsarestoppedbythesea；andtheislanders，beingwithoutthereachoftheirarms，moreeasilypreservetheirownlaws。
　　6。OfCountriesraisedbytheIndustryofMan。Thosecountrieswhichtheindustryofmanhasrenderedhabitable，andwhichstandinneedofthesameindustrytoprovidefortheirsubsistence，requireamildandmoderategovernment。Thereareprincipallythreeofthisspecies：thetwofineprovincesofKiang—nanandTsekianginChina；Egypt，andHolland。
　　TheancientemperorsofChinawerenotconquerors。Thefirstthingtheydidtoaggrandisethemselveswaswhatgavethehighestproofoftheirwisdom。Theyraisedfrombeneaththewaterstwoofthefinestprovincesoftheempire；theseowetheirexistencetothelabourofman。AnditistheinexpressiblefertilityofthesetwoprovinceswhichhasgivenEuropesuchideasofthefelicityofthatvastcountry。Butacontinualandnecessarycaretopreservefromdestructionsoconsiderableapartoftheempiredemandedratherthemannersofawisethanofavoluptuousnation，ratherthelawfulauthorityofamonarchthanthetyrannicswayofadespoticprince。Powerwas，therefore，necessarilymoderatedinthatcountry，asitwasformerlyinEgypt，andasitisnowinHolland，whichnaturehasmadetoattendtoherself，andnottobeabandonedtonegligenceorcaprice。
　　Thus，inspiteoftheclimateofChina，wheretheyarenaturallyledtoaservileobedience；inspiteoftheapprehensionswhichfollowtoogreatanextentofempire，thefirstlegislatorsofthiscountrywereobligedtomakeexcellentlaws，andthegovernmentwasfrequentlyobligedtofollowthem。
　　7。OfhumanIndustry。Mankindbytheirindustry，andbytheinfluenceofgoodlaws，haverenderedtheearthmoreproperfortheirabode。Weseeriversflowwheretherehavebeenlakesandmarshes：thisisabenefitwhichnaturehasnotbestowed；butitisabenefitmaintainedandsuppliedbynature。WhenthePersians[5]weremastersofAsia，theypermittedthosewhoconveyedaspringtoanyplacewhichhadnotbeenwateredbeforetoenjoythebenefitforfivegenerations；andasanumberofrivuletsflowedfromMountTaurus，theysparednoexpenseindirectingthecourseoftheirstreams。Atthisday，withoutknowinghowtheycamethither，theyarefoundinthefieldsandgardens。
　　Thus，asdestructivenationsproduceevilsmoredurablethanthemselves，theactionsofanindustriouspeoplearethesourceofblessingswhichlastwhentheyarenomore。
　　8。ThegeneralRelationofLaws。Thelawshaveaverygreatrelationtothemannerinwhichtheseveralnationsprocuretheirsubsistence。Thereshouldbeacodeoflawsofamuchlargerextentforanationattachedtotradeandnavigationthanforpeoplewhoarecontentwithcultivatingtheearth。Thereshouldbeamuchgreaterforthelatterthanforthosewhosubsistbytheirflocksandherds。Theremustbeastillgreaterforthesethanforsuchaslivebyhunting。
　　9。OftheSoilofAmerica。ThecauseoftherebeingsuchanumberofsavagenationsinAmericaisthefertilityoftheearth，whichspontaneouslyproducesmanyfruitscapableofaffordingthemnourishment。Ifthewomencultivateaspotoflandaroundtheircottages，themaizegrowsuppresently；andhuntingandfishingputthemeninastateofcompleteabundance。Besides，blackcattle，ascows，buffaloes，&c。，thrivetherebetterthancarnivorousbeasts。ThelatterhavealwaysreignedinAfrica。
　　Weshouldnot，Ibelieve，havealltheseadvantagesinEuropeifthelandwasleftuncultivated；itwouldscarcelyproduceanythingbesidesforestsofoaksandotherbarrentrees。
　　10。OfPopulationintheRelationitbearstotheMannerofprocuringSubsistence。Letusseeinwhatproportioncountriesarepeopledwheretheinhabitantsdonotcultivatetheearth。Astheproduceofuncultivatedlandistothatoflandimprovedbyculture，sothenumberofsavagesinonecountryistothatofhusbandmeninanother：andwhenthepeoplewhocultivatethelandcultivatealsothearts，thisisalsoinsuchproportionsaswouldrequireaminutedetail。
　　Theycanscarcelyformagreatnation。Iftheyareherdsmenandshepherds，theyhaveneedofanextensivecountrytofurnishsubsistenceforasmallnumber；iftheylivebyhunting，theirnumbermustbestillless，andinordertofindthemeansoflifetheymustconstituteaverysmallnation。
　　Theircountrycommonlyaboundswithforests，which，astheinhabitantshavenottheartofdrainingoffthewaters，arefilledwithbogs；hereeachtroopcantonthemselves，andformapettynation。
　　11。OfsavageandbarbarousNations。Thereisthisdifferencebetweensavageandbarbarousnations：theformeraredispersedclans，whichforsomeparticularreasoncannotbejoinedinabody；andthelatterarecommonlysmallnations，capableofbeingunited。Thesavagesaregenerallyhunters；thebarbariansareherdsmenandshepherds。
　　ThisappearsplaininthenorthofAsia。ThepeopleofSiberiacannotliveinbodies，becausetheyareunabletofindsubsistence；theTartarsmayliveinbodiesforsometime，becausetheirherdsandflocksmayforatimebereassembled。Alltheclansmaythenbereunited，andthisiseffectedwhenonechiefhassubduedmanyothers；afterwhichtheymaydotwothings——eitherseparate，orsetoutwithadesigntomakeagreatconquestinsomesouthernempire。
　　12。OftheLawofNationsamongPeoplewhodonotcultivatetheEarth。
　　Asthesepeopledonotliveincircumscribedterritories，manycausesofstrifearisebetweenthem；theyquarrelaboutwastelandasweaboutinheritances。Thustheyfindfrequentoccasionsforwar，indisputesinrelationeithertotheirhunting，theirfishing，thepasturefortheircattle，ortheviolentseizingoftheirslaves；andastheyarenotpossessedoflandedproperty，theyhavemanythingstoregulatebythelawofnations，andbutfewtodecidebythecivillaw。
　　13。OftheCivilLawsofthoseNationswhodonotcultivatetheEarth。
　　Thedivisionoflandsiswhatprincipallyincreasesthecivilcode。
　　Amongnationswheretheyhavenotmadethisdivisionthereareveryfewcivillaws。
　　Theinstitutionsofthesepeoplemaybecalledmannersratherthanlaws。
　　Amongsuchnationsasthesetheoldmen，whorememberthingspast，havegreatauthority；theycannottherebedistinguishedbywealth，butbywisdomandvalour。
　　Thesepeoplewanderanddispersethemselvesinpasturegroundsorinforests。Marriagecannottherehavethesecuritywhichithasamongus，whereitisfixedbythehabitation，andwherethewifecontinuesinonehouse；theymaythenmoreeasilychangetheirwives，possessmany，andsometimesmixindifferentlylikebrutes。
　　Nationsofherdsmenandshepherdscannotleavetheircattle，whicharetheirsubsistence；neithercantheyseparatethemselvesfromtheirwives，wholookafterthem。Allthisought，then，togotogether，especiallyaslivinggenerallyinaflatopencountry，wheretherearefewplacesofconsiderablestrength，theirwives，theirchildren，theirflocks，maybecomethepreyoftheirenemies。
　　Thelawsregulatethedivisionofplunder，andgive，likeourSaliclaws，aparticularattentiontotheft。
　　14。OfthepoliticalStateofthePeoplewhodonotcultivatetheLand。
　　Thesepeopleenjoygreatliberty；forastheydonotcultivatetheearth，theyarenotfixed：theyarewanderersandvagabonds；andifachiefshoulddeprivethemoftheirliberty，theywouldimmediatelygoandseekitunderanother，orretireintothewoods，andtherelivewiththeirfamilies。Thelibertyofthemanissogreatamongthesepeoplethatitnecessarilydrawsafteritthatofthecitizen。
　　15。OfPeoplewhoknowtheUseofMoney。Aristippus，beingcastaway，swamandgotsafelytothenextshore，where，beholdinggeometricalfigurestracedinthesand，hewasseizedwithatransportofjoy，judgingthathewasamongGreeks，andnotinanationofbarbarians。
　　Shouldyoueverhappentobecastbysomeadventureamonganunknownpeople；uponseeingapieceofmoneyyoumaybeassuredthatyouhavearrivedinacivilisedcountry。
　　Thecultureoflandsrequirestheuseofmoney。Thisculturesupposesmanyinventionsandmanydegreesofknowledge；andwealwaysseeingenuity，thearts，andasenseofwantmakingtheirprogresswithanequalpace。Allthisconducestotheestablishmentofasignofvalue。
　　Torrentsanderuptionshavemadethediscoverythatmetalsarecontainedinthebowelsoftheearth。[6]Whenoncetheyhavebeenseparated，theyhaveeasilybeenappliedtotheirproperuse。
　　16。OfCivilLawsamongPeoplewhoknownottheUseofMoney。Whenapeoplehavenottheuseofmoney，theyareseldomacquaintedwithanyotherinjusticethanthatwhicharisesfromviolence；andtheweak，byuniting，defendthemselvesfromitseffects。Theyhavenothingtherebutpoliticalregulations。Butwheremoneyisestablished，theyaresubjecttothatinjusticewhichproceedsfromcraft——aninjusticethatmaybeexercisedinathousandways。Hencetheyareforcedtohavegoodcivillaws，whichspringupwiththenewpracticesofiniquity。
　　Incountrieswheretheyhavenospecie，therobbertakesonlybaremovables，whichhavenomutualresemblance。Butwheretheymakeuseofmoney，therobbertakesthesigns，andthesealwaysresembleeachother。
　　Intheformernothingcanbeconcealed，becausetherobbertakesalongwithhimtheproofsofhisconviction；butinthelatteritisquitethecontrary。
　　17。OfpoliticalLawsamongNationswhohavenottheUseofMoney。Thegreatestsecurityofthelibertiesofapeoplewhodonotcultivatetheearthistheirnotknowingtheuseofmoney。Whatisgainedbyhunting，fishing，orkeepingherdsofcattlecannotbeassembledinsuchgreatquantity，norbesufficientlypreserved，foronemantofindhimselfinaconditiontocorruptmanyothers：butwhen，insteadofthis，amanhasasignofriches，hemayobtainalargequantityofthesesigns，anddistributethemashepleases。
　　Thepeoplewhohavenomoneyhavebutfewwants；andthesearesuppliedwithease，andinanequalmanner。Equalityisthenunavoidable；andhenceitproceedsthattheirchiefsarenotdespotic。
　　Ifwhattravellerstellusbetrue，theconstitutionofanationofLouisiana，calledtheNatches，isanexceptiontothis。Theirchiefdisposesofthegoodsofallhissubjects，andobligesthemtoworkandtoil，accordingtohispleasure。[7]Hehasapowerlikethatofthegrandsignior，andtheycannotevenrefusehimtheirheads。Whenthepresumptiveheirenterstheworld，theydevoteallthesuckingchildrentohisserviceduringhislife。OnewouldimaginethatthisisthegreatSesostris。HeistreatedinhiscottagewithasmuchceremonyasanemperorofJapanorChina。
　　18。OfthePowerofSuperstition。Theprejudicesofsuperstitionaresuperiortoallothers，andhavethestrongestinfluenceonthehumanmind。Thus，thoughthesavagenationshavenaturallynoknowledgeofdespotictyranny，stilltheyfeeltheweightofit。Theyadorethesun；
　　andiftheirchiefhadnotimaginedthathewasthebrotherofthisgloriousluminary，theywouldhavethoughthimawretchlikethemselves。
　　19。OftheLibertyoftheArabsandtheServitudeoftheTartars。TheArabsandTartarsarenationsofherdsmenandshepherds。TheArabsfindthemselvesinthatsituationofwhichwehavebeenspeaking，andarethereforefree；whilsttheTartars（themostsingularpeopleonearth）
　　areinvolvedinapoliticalslavery。[8]Ihavealreadygivenreasonsforthis[9]andshallnowassignsomeothers。
　　Theyhavenotowns，noforests，andbutfewmarshes；theirriversaregenerallyfrozen，andtheydwellinalevelcountryofanimmenseextent。Theyhavepasturefortheirherdsandflocks，andconsequentlyproperty；buttheyhavenokindofretreat，orplaceofsafety。Akhanisnosoonerovercomethantheycutoffhishead；hischildrenaretreatedinthesamemanner，[10]andallhissubjectsbelongtotheconqueror。Thesearenotcondemnedtoacivilslavery，forinthatcasetheywouldbeaburdentoasimplepeople，whohavenolandstocultivate，andnoneedofanydomesticservice。Theythereforeaddtothebulkofthenation；butinsteadofcivilservitude，apoliticalslaverymustnaturallybeintroducedamongthem。
　　Itisapparentthatinacountrywheretheseveralclansmakecontinualwar，andareperpetuallyconqueringeachother；inacountrywhere，bythedeathofthechief，thebodypoliticofthevanquishedclanisalwaysdestroyed，thenationingeneralcanenjoybutlittlefreedom；
　　forthereisnotasinglepartythatmustnothavebeenoftensubdued。
　　Aconqueredpeoplemaypreservesomedegreeoflibertywhen，bythestrengthoftheirsituation，theyareinastatethatwilladmitofcapitulatingaftertheirdefeat。ButtheTartars，alwaysdefenceless，beingonceovercome，canneverbeabletoobtainconditions。
　　Ihavesaid，inchapter2，thattheinhabitantsofcultivatedplainsareseldomfree。CircumstanceshaveoccurredtoputtheTartars，whodwellinuncultivatedplains，inthesamesituation。
　　20。OftheLawofNationsaspractisedbytheTartars。TheTartarsappeartobemildandhumaneamongthemselves；andyettheyaremostcruelconquerors：whentheytakecitiestheyputtheinhabitantstothesword，andimaginethattheyacthumanelyiftheyonlysellthepeople，ordistributethemamongtheirsoldiers。
　　TheyhavedestroyedAsia，fromIndiaeventotheMediterranean；andallthecountrywhichformstheeastofPersiatheyhaverenderedadesert。
　　Thelawofnationsisowing，Ithink，tothefollowingcause。Thesepeoplehavingnotowns，alltheirwarsarecarriedonwitheagernessandimpetuosity。Theyfightwhenevertheyhopetoconquer；andwhentheyhavenosuchhope，theyjointhestrongerarmy。Withsuchcustoms，itiscontrarytothelawofnationsthatacityincapableofrepellingtheirattackshouldstoptheirprogress。Theyregardnotcitiesasanassociationofinhabitants，butasplacesmadetobiddefiancetotheirpower。Theybesiegethemwithoutmilitaryskill，andexposethemselvesgreatlyintheattack；andthereforerevengethemselvesonallthosewhohavespilledtheirblood。
　　21。TheCivilLawoftheTartars。FatherDuHaldesaysthatamongsttheTartarstheyoungestofthemalesisalwaystheheir，byreasonthatassoonastheelderbrothersarecapableofleadingapastorallifetheyleavethehousewithacertainnumberofcattle，giventhembytheirfather，andbuildanewhabitation。Thelastofthemales，whocontinuesathomewiththefather，isthenhisnaturalheir。
　　IhaveheardthatalikecustomwasalsoobservedinsomesmalldistrictsofEngland；andwefinditstillinBrittany，intheduchyofRohan，whereitobtainswithregardtoignobletenures。ThisisdoubtlessapastorallawconveyedthitherbysomeofthepeopleofBritain，orestablishedbysomeGermannation。ByC？sarandTacitusweareinformedthatthelattercultivatedbutlittleland。
　　22。OfaCivilLawoftheGermanNations。IshallhereexplainhowthatparticularpassageoftheSaliclawwhichiscommonlydistinguishedbytheterm"theSaliclaw"relatestotheinstitutionsofapeoplewhodonotcultivatetheearth，oratleastwhocultivateitbutverylittle。
　　TheSaliclawordains[11]that，whenamanhasleftchildrenbehindhim，themalesshallsucceedtotheSaliclandinpreferencetothefemales。
　　TounderstandthenatureofthoseSaliclands，thereneedsnomorethantosearchintotheusagesorcustomsoftheFrankswithregardtolandsbeforetheyleftGermany。
　　Mr。EchardhasveryplainlyprovedthatthewordSalicisderivedfromSala，whichsignifiesahouse；andthereforethattheSaliclandwasthelandbelongingtothehouse。Ishallproceedfurther，andexamineintothenatureofthehouse，andofthelandbelongingtothehouse，amongtheGermans。
　　"Theydwellnotintowns，"saysTacitus，"norcantheybeartohavetheirhabitationscontiguoustothoseofothers；everyoneleavesaspaceorsmallpieceofgroundabouthishouse，whichisenclosed。"[12]
　　Tacitusisveryexactinthisaccount，formanylawsoftheBarbariancodeshavedifferentdecreesagainstthosewhothrewdownthisenclosure，aswellasagainstsuchasbrokeintothehouse。[13]
　　WelearnfromTacitusandC？sarthatthelandscultivatedbytheGermansweregiventhemonlyforthespaceofayear，afterwhichtheyagainbecamepublic。Theyhadnootherpatrimonybutthehouseandapieceoflandwithintheenclosurethatsurroundedit。[14]Itwasthisparticularpatrimonywhichbelongedtothemales。And，indeed，howcoulditbelongtothedaughters？Theyweretopassintoanotherhabitation。
　　TheSaliclandwasthenwithinthatenclosurewhichbelongedtoaGermanhouse；thiswastheonlypropertytheyhad。TheFranks，aftertheirconquests，acquirednewpossessions，andcontinuedtocallthemSaliclands。
　　WhentheFrankslivedinGermanytheirwealthconsistedofslaves，flocks，horses，arms，&c。Thehabitationandthesmallportionoflandadjoiningitwerenaturallygiventothemalechildrenwhoweretodwellthere。Butafterwards，whentheFrankshadbyconquestacquiredlargetractsofland，theythoughtithardthatthedaughtersandtheirchildrenshouldbeincapableofenjoyinganypartofthem。Henceitwasthattheyintroducedacustomofpermittingthefathertosettletheestateafterhisdeathuponhisdaughter，andherchildren。Theysilencedthelaw；anditappearsthatthesesettlementswerefrequent，sincetheywereenteredintheformularies。[15]
　　AmongtheseformulariesIfindoneofasingularnature。[16]A
　　grandfatherordainedbywillthathisgrandchildrenshouldsharehisinheritancewithhissonsanddaughters。WhatthenbecameoftheSaliclaw？Inthosetimeseitheritwouldnotbeobserved，orthecontinualuseofnominatingthedaughterstoaninheritancehadmadethemconsidertheirabilitytosucceedasacaseauthorisedbycustom。
　　TheSaliclawhadnotinviewapreferenceofonesextotheother，muchlesshaditaregardtotheperpetuityofafamily，aname，orthetransmissionofland。ThesethingsdidnotenterintotheheadsoftheGermans；itwaspurelyaneconomicallaw，whichmadethehouseandthelanddependentthereontothemaleswhoshoulddwellinit，andtowhomitconsequentlywasofmostservice。
　　WeneedhereonlytranscribethetitleoftheAllodialLandsoftheSaliclaw；thatfamoustextofwhichsomanyhavetalked，andwhichsofewhaveread。
　　"1。Ifamandieswithoutissue，hisfatherormothershallsucceedhim。
　　2。Ifhehasneitherfathernormother，hisbrotherorsistershallsucceedhim。3。Ifhehasneitherbrothernorsister，thesisterofhismothershallsucceedhim。4。Ifhismotherhasnosister，thesisterofhisfathershallsucceedhim。5。Ifhisfatherhasnosister，thenearestrelativebythemalesideshallsucceed。6。NotanypartoftheSaliclandshallpasstothefemales；butitshallbelongtothemales；
　　thatis，themalechildrenshallsucceedtheirfather。"[17]
　　Itisplainthatthefirstfivearticlesrelatetotheinheritanceofamanwhodieswithoutissue；andthesixthtothesuccessionofhimwhohaschildren。
　　Whenamandieswithoutchildren，thelawordainsthatneitherofthetwosexesshallhavethepreferencetotheother，exceptincertaincases。Inthefirsttwodegreesofsuccession，theadvantagesofthemalesandfemaleswerethesame；inthethirdandfourth，thefemaleshadthepreference；andthemalesinthefifth。
　　Tacituspointsoutthesourceoftheseextravagances。"Thesister’schildren，"sayshe，"areasdeartotheiruncleastotheirownfather。
　　Therearemenwhoregardthisdegreeofkindredasmorestrict，andevenmoreholy。Theypreferitwhentheyreceivehostages。"[18]HenceitproceedsthatourearliesthistoriansspeakinsuchstrongtermsoftheloveofthekingsoftheFranksfortheirsistersandtheirsisters’
　　children。[19]And，indeed，ifthechildrenofthesisterwereconsideredinherbrother’shouseashisownchildren，itwasnaturalforthesetoregardtheirauntastheirmother。
　　Thesisterofthemotherwaspreferredtothefather’ssister；thisisexplainedbyothertextsoftheSaliclaw。Whenawomanbecameawidow，[20]shefellundertheguardianshipofherhusband’srelatives；
　　thelawpreferredtothisguardianshiptherelativesbythefemalesbeforethosebythemales。Indeed，awomanwhoenteredintoafamilyjoiningherselfwiththoseofherownsex，becamemoreunitedtoherrelativesbythefemalethanbythemale。Moreover，whenamankilledanother，andhadnotwherewithaltopaythepecuniarypenalty，thelawpermittedhimtodeliveruphissubstance，andhisrelativesweretosupplythedeficiency。[21]Afterthefather，mother，andbrother，thesisterofthemotherwastopay，asifthistiehadsomethinginitmosttender：nowthedegreeofkindredwhichimposestheburdensoughtalsotoconfertheadvantages。
　　TheSaliclawenjoinsthatafterthefather’ssister，thesuccessionshouldbeheldbythenearestrelativemale；butifthisrelativewasbeyondthefifthdegree，heshouldnotinherit。Thusafemaleofthefifthdegreemightinherittotheprejudiceofamaleofthesixth；andthismaybeseeninthelawoftheRipuarianFranks（afaithfulinterpreteroftheSaliclaw），underthetitleofAllodialLands，whereitcloselyadherestotheSaliclawonthesamesubject。[22]
　　Ifthefatherleftissue，theSaliclawwouldhavethedaughtersexcludedfromtheinheritanceoftheSalicland，anddeterminedthatitshouldbelongtothemalechildren。
　　ItwouldbeeasyformetoprovethattheSaliclawdidnotabsolutelyexcludethedaughtersfromthepossessionoftheSalicland，butonlyinthecasewheretheyweredebarredbytheirbrothers。ThisappearsfromtheletteroftheSaliclaw；which，afterhavingsaidthatthewomenshallpossessnoneoftheSalicland，butonlythemales，interpretsandrestrainsitselfbyadding，"thatis，thesonshallsucceedtotheinheritanceofthefather。"
　　2。ThetextoftheSaliclawisclearedupbythelawoftheRipuarianFranks，whichhasalsoatitleonallodiallandsveryconformabletothatoftheSaliclaw。[23]
　　3。ThelawsofthesebarbarousnationswhoallsprangfromGermanyinterpreteachother，moreparticularlyastheyallhavenearlythesamespirit。TheSaxonlawenjoinedthefatherandmothertoleavetheirinheritancetotheirson，andnottotheirdaughter；butiftherewerenonebutdaughters，theyweretohavethewholeinheritance。[24]
　　4。Wehavetwoancientformularies[25]thatstatethecaseinwhich，accordingtotheSaliclaw，thedaughterswereexcludedbythemales；
　　thatis，whentheystoodincompetitionwiththeirbrother。
　　5。Anotherformulary[26]provesthatthedaughtersucceededtotheprejudiceofthegrandson；shewasthereforeexcludedonlybytheson。
　　6。IfdaughtershadbeengenerallydebarredbytheSaliclawfromtheinheritanceofland，itwouldbeimpossibletoexplainthehistories，formularies，andcharterswhicharecontinuallymentioningthelandsandpossessionsofthefemalesunderthefirstrace。
　　PeoplehavebeenwronginassertingthattheSaliclandswerefiefs。[27]
　　1。Thisheadisdistinguishedbythetitleofallodiallands。2。Fiefsatfirstwerenothereditary，3。IftheSaliclandshadbeenfiefs，howcouldMarculfustreatthatcustomasimpiouswhichexcludedthewomenfrominheriting，whenthemalesthemselvesdidnotsucceedtofiefs？4。
　　ThecharterswhichhavebeencitedtoprovethattheSaliclandswerefiefsonlyshowthattheywerefreeholds。5。Fiefswerenotestablishedtillaftertheconquest，andtheSaliccustomsexistedlongbeforetheFranksleftGermany。6。ItwasnottheSaliclawthatformedtheestablishmentoffiefs，bysettingboundstothesuccessionoffemales；
　　butitwastheestablishmentoffiefsthatprescribedlimitstothesuccessionoffemales，andtotheregulationsoftheSaliclaw。
　　Afterwhathasbeensaid，onewouldnotimaginethattheperpetualsuccessionofmalestothecrownofFranceshouldhavetakenitsrisefromtheSaliclaw。Andyetthisisapointindubitablycertain。Iproveitfromtheseveralcodesofthebarbarousnations。TheSaliclaw，[28]