Allthatissurprisinginthefactinquestionwillsoondisappear，onlybycomparingtwopassagesinPlutarch。Theregallaw[33]permittedahusbandtorepudiateinthethreecasesalreadymentioned，and"itenjoined，"saysPlutarch，[34]"thathewhorepudiatedinanyothercaseshouldbeobligedtogivethehalfofhissubstancetohiswife，andthattheotherhalfshouldbeconsecratedtoCeres。"Theymightthenrepudiateinallcases，iftheywerebutwillingtosubmittothepenalty。NobodyhaddonethisbeforeCarviliusRuga，[35]who，asPlutarchsaysinanotherplace，[36]"putawayhiswifeforhersterilitytwohundredandthirtyyearsafterRomulus。"Thatis，shewasrepudiatedseventy—oneyearsbeforethelawoftheTwelveTables，whichextendedboththepowerandcausesofrepudiation。
　　TheauthorsIhavecitedsaythatCarviliusRugalovedhiswife，butthatthecensorsmadehimtakeanoathtoputheraway，becauseofherbarrenness，totheendthathemightgivechildrentotherepublic；andthatthisrenderedhimodioustothepeople。WemustknowthegeniusandtemperoftheRomansbeforewecandiscoverthetruecauseofthehatredtheyhadconceivedagainstCarvilius。Hedidnotfallintodisgracewiththepeopleforrepudiatinghiswife；thiswasanaffairthatdidnotatallconcernthem。ButCarviliushadtakenanoathtothecensors，thatbyreasonofthesterilityofhiswifehewouldrepudiatehertogivechildrentotherepublic。Thiswasayokewhichthepeoplesawthecensorsweregoingtoputuponthem。Ishalldiscover，intheprosecutionofthiswork，[37]therepugnancewhichtheyalwaysfelttoregulationsofthelikekind。Butwhencecansuchacontradictionbetweenthoseauthorsarise？ItisbecausePlutarchexaminedintoafact，andtheothershaverecountedaprodigy。
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　　1。"MahometmarriedCadhisjaatfive，andtookhertohisbedateightyearsold。InthehotcountriesofArabiaandtheIndies，girlsaremarriageableateightyearsofage，andarebroughttobedtheyearafter。"——Prideaux，LifeofMahomet。WeseewomeninthekingdomofAlgierspregnantatnine，ten，andelevenyearsofage。——LaugierdeTassis，HistoryoftheKingdomofAlgiers，p。61。
　　2。SeeJornandes，DeRegnoettempor。success。，andtheecclesiastichistorians。
　　3。SeeLeg。7。Cod。，DeJud？isetC？licolis，andNov。18，cap。v。
　　4。InCeylonamanmayliveontensolsamonth；theyeatnothingtherebutriceandfish。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，ii，part1。
　　5。Dr。ArbuthnotfindsthatinEnglandthenumberofboysexceedsthatofgirls；butpeoplehavebeentoblametoconcludethatthecaseisthesameinallclimates。
　　6。SeeKempfer，whorelatesthatuponnumberingthepeopleofMeacotherewerefound182，072males，and223，573females。
　　7。FatherDuHalde，HistoryofChina，iv，p。4。
　　8。Albuzeir—el—hassen，oneoftheMahometanArabswho，intheninthcentury，wentintoIndiaandChina，thoughtthiscustomaprostitution。
　　AndindeednothingcouldbemorecontrarytotheideasofaMahometan。
　　9。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，i。
　　10。SeeFrancisPirard，27。EdifyingLetters，coll。iii，x，ontheMalleamionthecoastofMalabar。Thisisconsideredasanabuseofthemilitaryprofession，asawoman，saysPirard，ofthetribeoftheBraminsneverwouldmarrymanyhusbands。
　　11。ThisisthereasonwhywomenintheEastaresocarefullyconcealed。
　　12。LifeandActionsofJustinian，p。403。
　　13。LaugierdeTassis，HistoryoftheKingdomofAlgiers。
　　14。SeePirard，Voyages，12。
　　15。Exod。，21。10，11。
　　16。"Itisanadmirabletouch—stone，tofindbyoneselfatreasure，andtoknowtherightowner；ortoseeabeautifulwomaninalonelyapartment；ortohearthecriesofanenemy，whomustperishwithoutourassistance。"——TranslationofaChinesepieceofmorality，whichmaybeseeninDuHalde，iii，p。151。
　　17。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，ii，partII，p。196。
　　18。IntheMaldivianislesthefathersmarrytheirdaughtersattenandelevenyearsofage，becauseitisagreatsin，saythey，tosufferthemtoendurethewantofahusband。SeePirard，12。AtBantam，assoonasagirlistwelveorthirteenyearsold，shemustbemarried，iftheywouldnothaveherleadadebauchedlife。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，p。348。
　　19。VoyagetoGuinea，partII，p。192。"Whenthewomenhappentomeetwithaman，theylayholdofhim，andthreatentomakeacomplainttotheirhusbandsifheslighttheiraddresses。Theystealintoaman’sbed，andwakehim；andifherefusestocomplywiththeirdesires，theythreatentosufferthemselvestobecaughtinflagranti。"
　　20。Mahometdesiredhisfollowerstowatchtheirwives；acertainIman，whenhewasdying，saidthesamething；andConfuciuspreachedthesamedoctrine。
　　21。ItdoesnotfollowhencethatrepudiationonaccountofsterilityshouldbepermittedamongstChristians。
　　22。Theytookthemagainpreferablytoanyother，becauseinthiscasetherewaslessexpense。——Pirard，Travels。
　　23。Solis，HistoryoftheConquestofMexico，p。499。
　　24。Romulus。
　　25。ThiswasalawofSolon。
　　26。Mimamressuassibihaberejussit，exduodecimtabuliscausamaddidit。——Philipp，ii。69。
　　27。Justinianalteredthis，Nov。117，cap。x。
　　28。Bookii。
　　29。Bookii。4。
　　30。Bookiv。3。
　　31。AccordingtoDionysiusHalicarnassusandValeriusMaximus；andfivehundredandtwenty—three，accordingtoAulusGellius。Neitherdidtheyagreeinplacingthisunderthesameconsuls。
　　32。SeetheSpeechofVeturiainDionysiusHalicarnassus，viii。
　　33。Plutarch，Romulus。
　　34。Ibid。
　　35。IndeedsterilityisnotacausementionedbythelawofRomulus：buttoallappearancehewasnotsubjecttoaconfiscationofhiseffects，sincehefollowedtheordersofthecensors。
　　36。InhiscomparisonbetweenTheseusandRomulus。
　　37。Bookxxiii，21。
　　BookXVII。HowtheLawsofPoliticalServitudeBearaRelationtotheNatureoftheClimate1。OfpoliticalServitude。Politicalservitudedoesnotlessdependonthenatureoftheclimatethanthatwhichiscivilanddomestic；andthisweshallnowdemonstrate。
　　2。TheDifferencebetweenNationsinpointofCourage。Wehavealreadyobservedthatgreatheatenervatesthestrengthandcourageofmen，andthatincoldclimatestheyhaveacertainvigourofbodyandmind，whichrendersthempatientandintrepid，andqualifiesthemforarduousenterprises。Thisremarkholdsgood，notonlybetweendifferentnations，buteveninthedifferentpartsofthesamecountry。InthenorthofChina[1]peoplearemorecourageousthanthoseinthesouth；andthoseinthesouthofKorea[2]havelessbraverythanthoseinthenorth。
　　Weoughtnot，then，tobeastonishedthattheeffeminacyofthepeopleinhotclimateshasalmostalwaysrenderedthemslaves；andthatthebraveryofthoseincoldclimateshasenabledthemtomaintaintheirliberties。Thisisaneffectwhichspringsfromanaturalcause。
　　ThishasalsobeenfoundtrueinAmerica；thedespoticempiresofMexicoandPeruwereneartheLine，andalmostallthelittlefreenationswere，andarestill，nearthePoles。
　　3。OftheClimateofAsia。Therelationsoftravellers[3]informus"thatthevastcontinentofthenorthofAsia，whichextendsfromfortydegreesorthereaboutstothePole，andfromthefrontiersofMuscovyeventotheeasternocean，isinanextremelycoldclimate；thatthisimmensetractoflandisdividedbyachainofmountainswhichrunfromwesttoeast，leavingSiberiaonthenorth，andGreatTartaryonthesouth；thattheclimateofSiberiaissocoldthat，exceptingafewplaces，itisunsusceptibleofcultivation；andthat，thoughtheRussianshavesettlementsallalongtheIrtis，theycultivatenothing；
　　thatthiscountryproducesonlysomelittlefirsandshrubs；thatthenativesofthecountryaredividedintowretchedhordesortribes，likethoseofCanada；thatthereasonofthiscoldproceeds，ontheonehand，fromtheheightoftheland，andontheotherfromthemountains，which，inproportionastheyrunfromsouthtonorth，arelevelledinsuchamannerthatthenorthwindeverywhereblowswithoutopposition；thatthiswind，whichrendersNovaZembiauninhabitable，blowinginSiberiamakesitabarrenwaste；thatinEurope，onthecontrary，themountainsofNorwayandLaplandareadmirablebulwarks，whichcoverthenortherncountriesfromthewind；sothatatStockholm，whichisaboutfifty—ninedegreeslatitude，theearthproducesplants，fruits，andcorn；andthataboutAbo，whichissixty—onedegrees，andeventosixty—threeandsixty—four，thereareminesofsilver，andthelandisfruitfulenough。"
　　Weseealsointheserelations"thatGreatTartary，situatedtothesouthofSiberia，isalsoexceedinglycold；thatthecountrywillnotadmitofcultivation；thatnothingcanbefoundbutpasturageforflocksandherds；thattreeswillnotgrowthere，butonlybrambles，asinIceland；thatthereare，nearChinaandIndia，somecountrieswheretheregrowsakindofmillet，butthatneithercornnorricewillripen；
　　thatthereisscarcelyaplaceinChineseTartaryatforty—three，forty—four，andforty—fivedegreeswhereitdoesnotfreezesevenoreightmonthsintheyear，sothatitisascoldasIceland，thoughitmightbeimagined，fromitssituation，tobeashotasthesouthofFrance；thattherearenocities，exceptfourorfivetowardstheeasternocean，andsomewhichtheChinese，forpoliticalreasons，havebuiltnearChina；thatintherestofGreatTartarythereareonlyafewsituatedinBuchar，Turkestan，andCathay；thatthereasonofthisextremecoldproceedsfromthenatureofthenitrousearth，fullofsaltpetreandsand，andmoreparticularlyfromtheheightoftheland。
　　FatherVerbiestfoundthatacertainplace，eightyleaguesnorthofthegreatwall，towardsthesourceofKavamhuran，exceededtheheightoftheseanearPekinthreethousandgeometricalpaces；thatthisheight[4]isthecausethatthoughalmostallthegreatriversofAsiahavetheirsourceinthiscountry，thereis，however，sogreatawantofwaterthatitcanbeinhabitedonlyneartheriversandlakes。"
　　Thesefactsbeinglaiddown，Ireasonthus：Asiahasproperlynotemperatezone，astheplacessituatedinaverycoldclimateimmediatelytouchuponthosewhichareexceedinglyhot，thatis，Turkey，Persia，India，China，Korea，andJapan。
　　InEurope，onthecontrary，thetemperatezoneisveryextensive，thoughsituatedinclimateswidelydifferentfromeachother；therebeingnoaffinitybetweentheclimatesofSpainandItalyandthoseofNorwayandSweden。Butastheclimategrowsinsensiblycolduponouradvancingfromsouthtonorth，nearlyinproportiontothelatitudeofeachcountry，itthencefollowsthateachresemblesthecountryjoiningit；thatthereisnoveryextraordinarydifferencebetweenthem，andthat，asIhavejustsaid，thetemperatezoneisveryextensive。
　　HenceitcomesthatinAsia，thestrongnationsareopposedtotheweak；
　　thewarlike，brave，andactivepeopletouchimmediatelyuponthosewhoareindolent，effeminate，andtimorous；theonemust，therefore，conquer，andtheotherbeconquered。InEurope，onthecontrary，strongnationsareopposedtothestrong；andthosewhojoineachotherhavenearlythesamecourage。ThisisthegrandreasonoftheweaknessofAsia，andofthestrengthofEurope；ofthelibertyofEurope，andoftheslaveryofAsia：acausethatIdonotrecollectevertohaveseenremarked。HenceitproceedsthatlibertyinAsianeverincreases；whilstinEuropeitisenlargedordiminished，accordingtoparticularcircumstances。
　　TheRussiannobilityhaveindeedbeenreducedtoslaverybytheambitionofoneoftheirprinces；buttheyhavealwaysdiscoveredthosemarksofimpatienceanddiscontentwhicharenevertobeseeninthesouthernclimates。Havetheynotbeenableforashorttimetoestablishanaristocraticgovernment？Anotherofthenorthernkingdomshaslostitslaws；butwemaytrusttotheclimatethattheyarenotlostinsuchamannerasnevertoberecovered。
　　4。TheConsequencesresultingfromthis。Whatwehavenowsaidisperfectlyconformabletohistory。Asiahasbeensubduedthirteentimes；
　　elevenbythenorthernnations，andtwicebythoseofthesouth。IntheearlyagesitwasconqueredthreetimesbytheScythians；afterwardsitwassubduedoncebytheMedes，andoncebythePersians；againbytheGreeks，theArabs，theMoguls，theTurks，theTartars，thePersians，andtheAfghans。ImentiononlytheUpperAsia，andsaynothingoftheinvasionsmadeintherestofthesouthofthatpartoftheworldwhichhasmostfrequentlysufferedprodigiousrevolutions。
　　InEurope，onthecontrary，sincetheestablishmentoftheGreekandPhoeniciancolonies，weknowbutoffourgreatchanges；thefirstcausedbytheconquestoftheRomans；thesecondbytheinundationofbarbarians，whodestroyedthoseveryRomans；thethirdbythevictoriesofCharlemagne；andthelastbytheinvasionsoftheNormans。Andifthisberightlyexamined，weshallfind，eveninthesechanges，ageneralstrengthdiffusedthroughallthepartsofEurope。WeknowthedifficultywhichtheRomansmetwithinconqueringEurope，andtheeaseandfacilitywithwhichtheyinvadedAsia。WearesensibleofthedifficultiesthenorthernnationshadtoencounterinoverturningtheRomanempire；ofthewarsandlaboursofCharlemagne；andoftheseveralenterprisesoftheNormans。Thedestroyerswereincessantlydestroyed。
　　5。ThatwhenthePeopleintheNorthofAsiaandthoseoftheNorthofEuropemadeConquests，theEffectsoftheConquestwerenotthesame。
　　ThenationsinthenorthofEuropeconqueredasfreemen；thepeopleinthenorthofAsiaconqueredasslaves，andsubduedasothersonlytogratifytheambitionofamaster。
　　ThereasonisthatthepeopleofTartary，thenaturalconquerorsofAsia，arethemselvesenslaved。TheyareincessantlymakingconquestsinthesouthofAsia，wheretheyformempires：butthatpartofthenationwhichcontinuesinthecountryfindsthatitissubjecttoagreatmaster，who，beingdespoticinthesouth，willlikewisebesointhenorth，andexercisinganarbitrarypoweroverthevanquishedsubjects，pretendstothesameovertheconquerors。ThisisatpresentmostconspicuousinthatvastcountrycalledChineseTartary，whichisgovernedbytheemperor，withapoweralmostasdespoticasthatofChinaitself，andwhichheeverydayextendsbyhisconquests。
　　WemaylikewiseseeinthehistoryofChinathattheemperors[5]sentChinesecoloniesintoTartary。TheseChinesehavebecomeTartars，andthemortalenemiesofChina；butthisdoesnotpreventtheircarryingintoTartarythespiritoftheChinesegovernment。
　　ApartoftheTartarswhowereconquerorshaveveryoftenbeenthemselvesexpelled；whentheyhavecarriedintotheirdesertsthatservilespiritwhichtheyhadacquiredintheclimateofslavery。ThehistoryofChinafurnishesuswithstrongproofsofthisassertion，asdoesalsoourancienthistory。[6]
　　HenceitfollowsthatthegeniusoftheGeticorTartariannationhasalwaysresembledthatoftheempiresofAsia。Thepeopleinthesearegovernedbythecudgel；theinhabitantsofTartarybywhips。ThespiritofEuropehaseverbeencontrarytothesemanners；andinallages，whatthepeopleofAsiahavecalledpunishmentthoseofEuropehavedeemedthemostoutrageousabuse。[7]
　　TheTartarswhodestroyedtheGrecianempireestablishedintheconqueredcountriesslaveryanddespoticpower：theGoths，aftersubduingtheRomanempire，foundedmonarchyandliberty。
　　IdonotknowwhetherthefamousRudbeck，whoinhisAtlanticahasbestowedsuchpraisesonScandinavia，hasmadementionofthatgreatprerogativewhichoughttosetthispeopleaboveallthenationsuponearth；namely，thiscountry’shavingbeenthesourceofthelibertiesofEurope——thatis，ofalmostallthefreedomwhichatpresentsubsistsamongstmankind。
　　JornandestheGothcalledthenorthofEuropetheforgeofthehumanrace。Ishouldrathercallittheforgewherethoseweaponswereframedwhichbrokethechainsofsouthernnations。Inthenorthwereformedthosevaliantpeoplewhosalliedforthanddesertedtheircountriestodestroytyrantsandslaves，andtoteachmenthat，naturehavingmadethemequal，reasoncouldnotrenderthemdependent，exceptwhereitwasnecessarytotheirhappiness。
　　6。AnewphysicalCauseoftheSlaveryofAsia，andoftheLibertyofEurope。InAsiatheyhavealwayshadgreatempires；inEuropethesecouldneversubsist。Asiahaslargerplains；itiscutoutintomuchmoreextensivedivisionsbymountainsandseas；andasitliesmoretothesouth，itsspringsaremoreeasilydriedup；themountainsarelesscoveredwithsnow；andtherivers，beingnotsolarge，formmorecontractedbarriers。[8]
　　PowerinAsiaought，then，tobealwaysdespotic；foriftheirslaverywasnotseveretheywouldsoonmakeadivisioninconsistentwiththenatureofthecountry。
　　InEuropethenaturaldivisionformsmanynationsofamoderateextent，inwhichtherulingbylawsisnotincompatiblewiththemaintenanceofthestate：onthecontrary，itissofavourabletoit，thatwithoutthisthestatewouldfallintodecay，andbecomeapreytoitsneighbours。
　　Itisthiswhichhasformedageniusforlibertythatrenderseverypartextremelydifficulttobesubduedandsubjectedtoaforeignpower，otherwisethanbythelawsandtheadvantageofcommerce。
　　Onthecontrary，therereignsinAsiaaservilespirit，whichtheyhaveneverbeenabletoshakeoff，anditisimpossibletofindinallthehistoriesofthatcountryasinglepassagewhichdiscoversafreedomofspirit；weshallneverseeanythingtherebuttheexcessofslavery。
　　7。OfAfricaandAmerica。ThisiswhatIhadtosayofAsiaandEurope。
　　AfricaisinaclimatelikethatofthesouthofAsia，andisinthesameservitude。America，[9]beinglatelydestroyedandrepeopledbythenationsofEuropeandAfrica，cannowscarcelydisplayitsgenuinespirit；butwhatweknowofitsancienthistoryisveryconformabletoourprinciples。
　　8。OftheCapitaloftheEmpire。Oneoftheconsequencesofwhatwehavebeenmentioningis，thatitisoftheutmostimportancetoagreatprincetomakeaproperchoiceoftheseatofhisempire。Hewhoplacesittothesouthwardwillbeindangeroflosingthenorth；buthewhofixesitonthenorthmayeasilypreservethesouth。Idonotspeakofparticularcases。Inmechanicstherearefrictionsbywhichtheeffectsofthetheoryarefrequentlychangedorretarded；andpolicyhasalsoitsfrictions。
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　　1。FatherDuHalde，i，p。112。
　　2。TheChinesebooksmakementionofthis。Ibid。，iv，p。448。
　　3。SeeTravelstotheNorth，viii；theHistoryoftheTartars；andFatherDuHalde，iv。
　　4。Tartaryis，then，akindofflatmountain。
　　5。AsVoutyV，emperorofthefifthdynasty。
　　6。TheScythiansthriceconqueredAsia，andthriceweredriventhence。
　　Justin，ii。3。
　　7。ThisisinnowaycontrarytowhatIshallsayinbookxxviii。20
　　concerningthemannerofthinkingamongtheGermannationsinrespecttothecudgel；lettheinstrumentbewhatitwill，thepoweroractionofbeatingwasalwaysconsideredbythemasanaffront。
　　8。Thewaterslosethemselvesorevaporatebeforeoraftertheirstreamsareunited。
　　9。ThepettybarbarousnationsofAmericaarecalledbytheSpaniardsIndiosBravosandaremuchmoredifficulttosubduethanthegreatempiresofMexicoandPeru。
　　BookXVIII。OfLawsintheRelationTheyBeartotheNatureoftheSoil1。HowtheNatureoftheSoilhasanInfluenceontheLaws。Thegoodnessoftheland，inanycountry，naturallyestablishessubjectionanddependence。Thehusbandmen，whocomposetheprincipalpartofthepeople，arenotveryjealousoftheirliberty；theyaretoobusyandtoointentontheirownprivateaffairs。Acountrywhichoverflowswithwealthisafraidofpillage，afraidofanarmy。"Whoistherethatformsthisgoodlyparty？"saidCicerotoAtticus；[1]"aretheythemenofcommerceandhusbandry？Letusnotimaginethattheseareaversetomonarchy——thesetowhomallgovernmentsareequal，assoonastheybestowtranquillity。"
　　Thusmonarchyismorefrequentlyfoundinfruitfulcountries，andarepublicangovernmentinthosewhicharenotso；andthisissometimesasufficientcompensationfortheinconveniencestheysufferbythesterilityoftheland。
　　ThebarrennessoftheAtticsoilestablishedthereademocracy；andthefertilityofthatofLaced？moniaanaristocraticconstitution。ForinthosetimesGreecewasaversetothegovernmentofasingleperson，andaristocracyborethenearestresemblancetothatgovernment。
　　Plutarchsays[2]thattheCilonianseditionhavingbeenappeasedatAthens，thecityfellintoitsancientdissensions，andwasdividedintoasmanypartiesastherewerekindsoflandinAttica。Themenwhoinhabitedtheeminenceswould，byallmeans，haveapopulargovernment；
　　thoseoftheflat，opencountrydemandedagovernmentcomposedofthechiefs；andtheywhowereneartheseadesiredamixtureofboth。
　　2。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Thesefertileprovincesarealwaysofalevelsurface，wheretheinhabitantsareunabletodisputeagainstastrongerpower；theyarethenobligedtosubmit；andwhentheyhaveoncesubmitted，thespiritoflibertycannotreturn；thewealthofthecountryisapledgeoftheirfidelity。Butinmountainousdistricts，astheyhavebutlittle，theymaypreservewhattheyhave。Thelibertytheyenjoy，or，inotherwords，thegovernmenttheyareunder，istheonlyblessingworthyoftheirdefence。Itreigns，therefore，moreinmountainousandruggedcountriesthaninthosewhichnatureseemstohavemostfavoured。
　　Themountaineerspreserveamoremoderategovernment，becausetheyarenotsoliabletobeconquered。Theydefendthemselveseasily，andareattackedwithdifficulty；ammunitionandprovisionsarecollectedandcarriedagainstthemwithgreatexpense，forthecountryfurnishesnone。
　　Itis，then，amorearduous，amoredangerous，enterprisetomakewaragainstthem；andallthelawsthatcanbeenactedforthesafetyofthepeoplearethereofleastuse。
　　3。WhatCountriesarebestcultivated。Countriesarenotcultivatedinproportiontotheirfertility，buttotheirliberty；andifwemakeanimaginarydivisionoftheearth，weshallbeastonishedtoseeinmostagesdesertsinthemostfruitfulparts，andgreatnationsinthosewherenatureseemstorefuseeverything。
　　Itisnaturalforapeopletoleaveabadsoiltoseekabetter，andnottoleaveagoodsoiltogoinsearchofworse。Mostinvasionshave，therefore，beenmadeincountrieswhichnatureseemstohaveformedforhappiness；andasnothingismorenearlyalliedthandesolationandinvasion，thebestprovincesaremostfrequentlydepopulated，whilethefrightfulcountriesofthenorthcontinuealwaysinhabited，fromtheirbeingalmostuninhabitable。
　　WefindbywhathistorianstellusofthepassageofthepeopleofScandinaviaalongthebanksoftheDanubethatthiswasnotaconquest，butonlyamigrationintodesertcountries。
　　Thesehappyclimatesmustthereforehavebeendepopulatedbyothermigrations，thoughweknownotthetragicscenesthathappened。"Itappearsbymanymonumentsofantiquity，"saysAristotle，[3]"thattheSardinianswereaGreciancolony。Theywereformerlyveryrich；andAristeus，sofamedforhisloveofagriculture，wastheirlaw—giver。Buttheyhavesincefallentodecay；fortheCarthaginians，becomingtheirmasters，destroyedeverythingpropertorthenourishmentofman，andforbadethecultivationofthelandsonpainofdeath。"SardiniawasnotrecoveredinthetimeofAristotle，norisittothisday。
　　ThemosttemperatepartsofPersia，Turkey，Muscovy，andPolandhavenotbeenabletorecoverperfectlyfromthedevastationsoftheTartars。