ThecharacteroftheChineseisformedofanothermixture，directlyoppositetothatoftheSpaniards；theprecariousnessoftheirsubsistence[13]inspiresthemwithaprodigiousactivity，andsuchanexcessivedesireofgain，thatnotradingnationcanconfideinthem。[14]ThisacknowledgedinfidelityhassecuredthemthepossessionofthetradetoJapan。NoEuropeanmerchanthaseverdaredtoundertakeitintheirname，howeasysoeveritmightbeforthemtodoitfromtheirmaritimeprovincesinthenorth。
　　11。AReflection。Ihavesaidnothingherewithaviewtolessenthatinfinitedistancewhichmusteverbebetweenvirtueandvice。GodforbidthatIshouldbeguiltyofsuchanattempt！Iwouldonlymakemyreaderscomprehendthatallpoliticalarenotallmoralvices；andthatallmoralarenotpoliticalvices；andthatthosewhomakelawswhichshockthegeneralspiritofanationoughtnottobeignorantofthis。
　　12。OfCustomsandMannersinadespoticState。Itisacapitalmaximthatthemannersandcustomsofadespoticempireoughtnevertobechanged；fornothingwouldmorespeedilyproducearevolution。Thereasonisthatinthesestatestherearenolaws，thatis，nonethatcanbeproperlycalledso；thereareonlymannersandcustoms；andifyouoverturntheseyouoverturnall。
　　Lawsareestablished，mannersareinspired；theseproceedfromageneralspirit，thosefromaparticularinstitution：nowitisasdangerous，naymoreso，tosubvertthegeneralspiritastochangeaparticularinstitution。
　　Thereislesscommunicationinacountrywhereeach，eitherassuperiororinferior，exercisesorisoppressedbyarbitrarypower，thanthereisinthosewherelibertyreignsineverystation。Theydonot，therefore，sooftenchangetheirmannersandbehaviour。Fixedandestablishedcustomshaveanearresemblancetolaws。Thusitisherenecessarythataprinceoralegislatorshouldlessopposethemannersandcustomsofthepeoplethaninanyothercountryuponearth。
　　Theirwomenarecommonlyconfined，andhavenoinfluenceinsociety。Inothercountries，wheretheyhaveintercoursewithmen，theirdesireofpleasing，andthedesiremenalsohaveofgivingthempleasure，produceacontinualchangeofcustoms。Thetwosexesspoileachother；theybothlosetheirdistinctiveandessentialquality；whatwasnaturallyfixedbecomesquiteunsettled，andtheircustomsandbehaviouraltereveryday。
　　13。OftheBehaviouroftheChinese。ButChinaistheplacewherethecustomsofthecountrycanneverbechanged。Besidestheirwomenbeingabsolutelyseparatedfromthemen，theircustoms，liketheirmorals，aretaughtintheschools。Amanoflettersmaybeknownbyhiseasyaddress。[15]Thesethingsbeingoncetaughtbyprecept，andinculcatedbygravedoctors，becomefixed，liketheprinciplesofmorality，andareneverchanged。
　　14。WhatarethenaturalMeansofchangingtheMannersandCustomsofaNation。Wehavesaidthatthelawsweretheparticularandpreciseinstitutionsofalegislator，andmannersandcustomstheinstitutionsofanationingeneral。Henceitfollowsthatwhenthesemannersandcustomsaretobechanged，itoughtnottobedonebylaws；thiswouldhavetoomuchtheairoftyranny：itwouldbebettertochangethembyintroducingothermannersandothercustoms。
　　Thuswhenaprincewouldmakegreatalterationsinhiskingdom，heshouldreformbylawwhatisestablishedbylaw，andchangebycustomwhatissettledbycustom；foritisverybadpolicytochangebylawwhatoughttobechangedbycustom。
　　ThelawwhichobligedtheMuscovitestocutofftheirbeardsandtoshortentheirclothes，andtherigourwithwhichPeterImadethemcrop，eventotheirknees，thelongcloaksofthosewhoenteredintothecities，wereinstancesoftyranny。Therearemeansthatmaybemadeuseoftopreventcrimes；thesearepunishments：therearethoseforchangingourcustoms；theseareexamples。
　　Thefacilityandeasewithwhichthatnationhasbeenpolishedplainlyshowsthatthisprincehadaworseopinionofhispeoplethantheydeserved；andthattheywerenotbrutes，thoughhewaspleasedtocallthemso。Theviolentmeasureswhichheemployedwereneedless；hewouldhaveattainedhisendaswellbymildermethods。
　　Hehimselfexperiencedthefacilityofbringingaboutthesealterations。
　　Thewomenwereshutup，andinsomemeasureslaves；hecalledthemtocourt；hesentthemsilksandfinestuffs，andmadethemdressliketheGermanladies。Thisseximmediatelyrelishedamanneroflifewhichsogreatlyflatteredtheirtaste，theirvanity，andtheirpassions；andbytheirmeansitwasrelishedbythemen。
　　Whatrenderedthechangethemoreeasywasthattheirmannersatthattimewereforeigntotheclimate，andhadbeenintroducedamongthembyconquestandbyamixtureofnations。PeterI，ingivingthemannersandcustomsofEuropetoaEuropeannation，foundafacilitywhichhedidnothimselfexpect。Theempireoftheclimateisthefirst，themostpowerful，ofallempires。Hehadthennooccasionforlawstochangethemannersandcustomsofhiscountry；itwouldhavebeensufficienttohaveintroducedothermannersandothercustoms。
　　Nationsareingeneralverytenaciousoftheircustoms；totakethemawaybyviolenceistorenderthemunhappy：weshouldnotthereforechangethem，butengagethepeopletomakethechangethemselves。
　　Allpunishmentwhichisnotderivedfromnecessityistyrannical。Thelawisnotamereactofpower；thingsintheirownnatureindifferentarenotwithinitsprovince。
　　15。TheInfluenceofdomesticGovernmentonthepolitical。ThisalterationinthemannersofwomenwilldoubtlesshaveagreatinfluenceonthegovernmentofMuscovy。Onenaturallyfollowstheother：thedespoticpoweroftheprinceisconnectedwiththeservitudeofwomen；
　　thelibertyofwomenwiththespiritofmonarchy。
　　16。HowsomeLegislatorshaveconfoundedthePrincipleswhichgovernMankind。Mannersandcustomsarethosehabitswhicharenotestablishedbylegislators，eitherbecausetheywerenotableorwerenotwillingtoestablishthem。
　　Thereisthisdifferencebetweenlawsandmanners，thatthelawsaremostadaptedtoregulatetheactionsofthesubject，andmannerstoregulatetheactionsoftheman。Thereisthisdifferencebetweenmannersandcustoms，thattheformerprincipallyrelatetotheinteriorconduct，thelattertotheexterior。
　　Thesethingshavebeensometimesconfounded。[16]Lycurgusmadethesamecodeforthelaws，manners，andcustoms，andthelegislatorsofChinahavedonethesame。
　　WeoughtnottobesurprisedthatthelegislatorsofChinaandSpartashouldconfoundthelaws，manners，andcustoms；thereasonis，theirmannersrepresenttheirlaws，andtheircustomstheirmanners。
　　TheprincipalobjectwhichthelegislatorsofChinahadinviewwastomaketheirsubjectsliveinpeaceandtranquillity。Theywouldhavepeoplefilledwithavenerationforoneanother，thateachshouldbeeverymomentsensibleofhisdependenceonsociety，andoftheobligationsheowedtohisfellow—citizens。Theythereforegaverulesofthemostextensivecivility。
　　ThustheinhabitantsofthevillagesofChina[17]practiseamongstthemselvesthesameceremoniesasthoseobservedbypersonsofanexaltedstation；averypropermethodofinspiringmildandgentledispositions，ofmaintainingpeaceandgoodorder，andofbanishingalltheviceswhichspringfromanasperityoftemper。Ineffect，wouldnotthefreeingthemfromtherulesofcivilitybetosearchoutamethodforthemtoindulgetheirownhumours？
　　Civilityisinthisrespectofmorevaluethanpoliteness。Politenessflattersthevicesofothers，andcivilitypreventsoursfrombeingbroughttolight。Itisabarrierwhichmenhaveplacedwithinthemselvestopreventthecorruptionofeachother。
　　Lycurgus，whoseinstitutionsweresevere，hadnoregardtocivility；informingtheexternalbehaviourhehadaviewtothatwarlikespiritwithwhichhewouldfaininspirehispeople。Apeoplewhowereinacontinualstateofdisciplineandinstruction，andwhowereenduedwithequalsimplicityandrigour，atonedbytheirvirtuesfortheirwantofcomplaisance。
　　17。OfthepeculiarQualityoftheChineseGovernment。ThelegislatorsofChinawentfurther。[18]Theyconfoundedtheirreligion，laws，manners，andcustoms；alltheseweremorality，allthesewerevirtue。
　　Thepreceptsrelatingtothesefourpointswerewhattheycalledrites；
　　anditwasintheexactobservanceofthesethattheChinesegovernmenttriumphed。Theyspenttheirwholeyouthinlearningthem，theirwholelifeinthepractice。Theyweretaughtbytheirmenofletters，theywereinculcatedbythemagistrates；andastheyincludedalltheordinaryactionsoflife，whentheyfoundthemeansofmakingthemstrictlyobserved，Chinawaswellgoverned。
　　TwothingshavecontributedtotheeasewithwhichtheseritesareengravedontheheartsandmindsoftheChinese；one，thedifficultyofwriting，whichduringthegreatestpartoftheirliveswhollyemploystheirattention，[19]becauseitisnecessarytopreparethemtoreadandunderstandthebooksinwhichtheyarecomprised；theother，thattheritualpreceptshavingnothinginthemthatisspiritual，butbeingmerelyrulesofcommonpractice，aremoreadaptedtoconvinceandstrikethemindthanthingsmerelyintellectual。
　　Thoseprinceswho，insteadofrulingbytheserites，governedbytheforceofpunishments，wantedtoaccomplishthatbypunishmentswhichitisnotintheirpowertoproduce，thatis，togivehabitsofmorality。
　　Bypunishments，asubjectisveryjustlycutofffromsociety，who，havinglostthepurityofhismanners，violatesthelaws；butifalltheworldweretolosetheirmoralhabits，wouldthesereestablishthem？
　　Punishmentsmaybejustlyinflictedtoputastoptomanyoftheconsequencesofthegeneralevil，buttheywillnotremovetheevilitself。ThuswhentheprinciplesoftheChinesegovernmentwerediscarded，andmoralitywasbanished，thestatefellintoanarchy，andrevolutionssucceeded。
　　18。AConsequencedrawnfromtheprecedingChapter。HenceitfollowsthatthelawsofChinaarenotdestroyedbyconquest。Theircustoms，manners，laws，andreligionbeingthesamething，theycannotchangealltheseatonce；andasitwillhappenthateithertheconquerorortheconqueredmustchange，inChinaithasalwaysbeentheconqueror。Forthemannersoftheconqueringnationnotbeingtheircustoms，northeircustomstheirlaws，northeirlawstheirreligion，ithasbeenmoreeasyforthemtoconformbydegreestothevanquishedpeoplethanthelattertothem。
　　Therestillfollowshenceaveryunhappyconsequence，whichisthatitisalmostimpossibleforChristianityevertobeestablishedinChina。[20]Thevowsofvirginity，theassemblingofwomeninchurches，theirnecessarycommunicationwiththeministersofreligion，theirparticipationinthesacraments，auricularconfession，extremeunction，themarriageofonlyonewife——alltheseoverturnthemannersandcustomsofthecountry，andwiththesameblowstrikeattheirreligionandlaws。
　　TheChristianreligion，bytheestablishmentofcharity，byapublicworship，byaparticipationofthesamesacraments，seemstodemandthatallshouldbeunited；whiletheritesofChinaseemtoordainthatallshouldbeseparated。
　　Andaswehaveseenthatthisseparation[21]depends，ingeneral，onthespiritofdespotism，thiswillshowusthereasonwhymonarchies，andindeedallmoderategovernments，aremoreconsistentwiththeChristianreligion。[22]
　　19。HowthisUnionofReligion，Laws，Manners，andCustomsamongtheChinesewaseffected。TheprincipalobjectofgovernmentwhichtheChineselegislatorshadinviewwasthepeaceandtranquillityoftheempire；andsubordinationappearedtothemasthemostpropermeanstomaintainit。Filledwiththisidea，theybelievedittheirdutytoinspirearespectforparents，andthereforeexertedalltheirpowertoeffectit。Theyestablishedaninfinitenumberofritesandceremoniestodothemhonourwhenliving，andaftertheirdeath。Itwasimpossibleforthemtopaysuchhonourstodeceasedparentswithoutbeingledtoreverencetheliving。Theceremoniesatthedeathofafatherweremorenearlyrelatedtoreligion；thoseforalivingparenthadagreaterrelationtothelaws，manners，andcustoms：however，thesewereonlypartsofthesamecode；butthiscodewasveryextensive。
　　Avenerationfortheirparentswasnecessarilyconnectedwithasuitablerespectforallwhorepresentedthem；suchasoldmen，masters，magistrates，andthesovereign。Thisrespectforparentssupposedareturnoflovetowardschildren，andconsequentlythesamereturnfromoldmentotheyoung，frommagistratestothosewhowereundertheirjurisdiction，andfromtheemperortohissubjects。Thisformedtherites，andtheseritesthegeneralspiritofthenation。
　　WeshallnowshowtherelationwhichthingsinappearancethemostindifferentmaybeartothefundamentalconstitutionofChina。Thisempireisformedontheplanofagovernmentofafamily。Ifyoudiminishthepaternalauthority，orevenifyouretrenchtheceremonieswhichexpressyourrespectforit，youweakenthereverenceduetomagistrates，whoareconsideredasfathers；norwouldthemagistrateshavethesamecareofthepeople，whomtheyoughttolookuponastheirchildren；andthattenderrelationwhichsubsistsbetweentheprinceandhissubjectswouldinsensiblybelost。Retrenchbutoneofthesehabitsandyouoverturnthestate。Itisathinginitselfveryindifferentwhetherthedaughter—in—lawriseseverymorningtopaysuchandsuchdutiestohermother—in—law；butifweconsiderthattheseexteriorhabitsincessantlyreviveanideanecessarytobeimprintedonallminds——anideathatformstherulingspiritoftheempire——weshallseethatitisnecessarythatsuchorsuchaparticularactionbeperformed。
　　20。ExplanationofaParadoxrelatingtotheChinese。ItisveryremarkablethattheChinese，whoselivesareguidedbyrites，areneverthelessthegreatestcheatsuponearth。Thisappearschieflyintheirtrade，which，inspiteofitsnaturaltendency，hasneverbeenabletomakethemhonest。Hewhobuysofthemoughttocarrywithhimhisownweights；[23]everymerchanthavingthreesorts，theoneheavyforbuying，anotherlightforselling，andanotherofthetruestandardforthosewhoareupontheirguard。Itispossible，Ibelieve，toexplainthiscontradiction。
　　ThelegislatorsofChinahadtwoobjectsinview：theyweredesirousthatthepeopleshouldbesubmissiveandpeaceful，andthattheyshouldalsobelaboriousandindustrious。Bythenatureofthesoilandclimate，theirsubsistenceisveryprecarious；norcanitbeinanyotherwaysecuredthanbyindustryandlabour。
　　Wheneveryoneobeys，andeveryoneisemployed，thestateisinahappysituation。Itisnecessity，andperhapsthenatureoftheclimate，thathasgiventotheChineseaninconceivablegreedinessforgain，andlawshaveneverbeenmadetorestrainit。Everythinghasbeenforbiddenwhenacquiredbyactsofviolence；everythingpermittedwhenobtainedbyartificeorlabour。LetusnotthencomparethemoralsofChinawiththoseofEurope。EveryoneinChinaisobligedtobeattentivetowhatwillbeforhisadvantage；ifthecheathasbeenwatchfuloverhisowninterest，hewhoisthedupeoughttobeattentivetohis。AtSpartatheywerepermittedtosteal；inChinatheyaresufferedtodeceive。
　　21。HowtheLawsoughttohaveaRelationtoMannersandCustoms。Itisonlysingularinstitutionswhichthusconfoundlaws，manners，andcustoms——thingsnaturallydistinctandseparate；butthoughtheyareinthemselvesdifferent，thereisneverthelessagreatrelationbetweenthem。
　　SolonbeingaskedifthelawshehadgiventotheAthenianswerethebest，hereplied，"Ihavegiventhemthebesttheywereabletobear"[24]——afineexpression，thatoughttobeperfectlyunderstoodbyalllegislators！WhenDivineWisdomsaidtotheJews，"Ihavegivenyoupreceptswhicharenotgood，"thissignifiedthattheyhadonlyarelativegoodness；whichisthespongethatwipesoutallthedifficultiesinthelawofMoses。
　　22。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenapeoplehavepureandregularmanners，theirlawsbecomesimpleandnatural。Plato[25]saysthatRhadamanthus，whogovernedanationextremelyreligious，finishedeveryprocesswithextraordinarydespatch，administeringonlytheoathoneachaccusation。"But，"saysthesamePlato，[26]"whenapeoplearenotreligiousweshouldneverhaverecoursetoanoath，excepthewhoswearsisentirelydisinterested，asinthecaseofajudgeandawitness。"
　　23。HowtheLawsarefoundedontheMannersofaPeople。AtthetimewhenthemannersoftheRomanswerepure，theyhadnoparticularlawagainsttheembezzlementofthepublicmoney。Whenthiscrimebegantoappear，itwasthoughtsoinfamous，thattobecondemnedtorestore[27]
　　whattheyhadtakenwasconsideredasasufficientdisgrace：foraproofofthis，seethesentenceofL。Scipio。[28]
　　24。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Thelawswhichgavetherightoftutelagetothemotherweremostattentivetothepreservationoftheinfant’sperson；thosewhichgrantedittothenextheirweremostattentivetothepreservationofthestate。Whenthemannersofapeoplearecorrupted，itismuchbettertogivethetutelagetothemother。
　　Amongthosewhoselawsconfideinthemannersofthesubjects，theguardianshipisgrantedeithertothenextheirortothemother，andsometimestoboth。
　　IfwereflectontheRomanlaws，weshallfindthatthespiritofthesewasconformabletowhatIhaveadvanced。AtthetimewhenthelawsoftheTwelveTablesweremade，themannersoftheRomansweremostadmirable。Theguardianshipwasgiventothenearestrelativeoftheinfant，fromaconsiderationthatheoughttohavethetroubleofthetutelagewhomightenjoytheadvantageofpossessingtheinheritance。
　　Theydidnotimaginethelifeoftheheirindangerthoughitwasputintoaperson’shandswhowouldreapabenefitbyhisdeath。ButwhenthemannersofRomewerechanged，herlegislatorsalteredtheirconduct。
　　"If，inthepupillarysubstitution，"sayGaius[29]andJustinian，[30]
　　"thetestatorisafraidthatthesubstitutewilllayanysnaresforthepupil，hemayleavethevulgarsubstitutionopen，[31]andputthepupillaryintoapartofthetestament，whichcannotbeopenedtillafteracertaintime。"ThesefearsandprecautionswereunknowntotheprimitiveRomans。
　　25。ThesameSubjectcontinued。TheRomanlawgavethelibertyofmakingpresentsbeforemarriage；afterthemarriagetheywerenotallowed。ThiswasfoundedonthemannersoftheRomans，whowereledtomarriageonlybyfrugality，simplicity，andmodesty；butmightsufferthemselvestobeseducedbydomesticcares，bycomplacency，andtheconstanttenorofconjugalfelicity。
　　AlawoftheVisigoths[32]forbadethemangivingmoretothewomanhewastomarrythanthetenthpartofhissubstance，andhisgivingheranythingduringthefirstyearoftheirmarriage。Thisalsotookitsrisefromthemannersofthecountry。ThelegislatorswerewillingtoputastoptothatSpanishostentationwhichonlyledthemtodisplayanexcessiveliberalityinactsofmagnificence。
　　TheRomansbytheirlawsputastoptosomeoftheinconvenienceswhicharosefromthemostdurableempireintheworld——thatofvirtue；theSpaniards，bytheirs，wouldpreventthebadeffectsofatyrannythemostfrailandtransitory——thatofbeauty。
　　26。ThesameSubjectcontinued。ThelawofTheodosiusandValentinian[33]drewthecausesofrepudiationfromtheancientmannersandcustomsoftheRomans。[34]Itplacedinthenumberofthesecausesthebehaviourofthehusbandwhobeathiswife[35]inamannerthatdisgracedthecharacterofafree—bornwoman。Thiscausewasomittedinthefollowinglaws：[36]fortheirmanners，inthisrespect，hadundergoneachange，theeasterncustomshavingbanishedthoseofEurope。
　　Thefirsteunuchoftheempress，wifetoJustinianII，threatened，saysthehistorian，tochastiseherinthesamemanneraschildrenarepunishedatschool。Nothingbutestablishedmanners，orthosewhichtheywereseekingtoestablish，couldraiseevenanideaofthiskind。
　　Wehaveseenhowthelawsfollowthemannersofapeople；letusnowobservehowthemannersfollowthelaws。
　　27。HowtheLawscontributetoformtheManners，Customs，andCharacterofaNation。Thecustomsofanenslavedpeopleareapartoftheirservitude，thoseofafreepeopleareapartoftheirliberty。
　　Ihavespokenintheeleventhbook[37]ofafreepeople，andhavegiventheprinciplesoftheirconstitution：letusnowseetheeffectswhichfollowfromthisliberty，thecharacteritiscapableofforming，andthecustomswhichnaturallyresultfromit。
　　Idonotdenythattheclimatemayhaveproducedagreatpartofthelaws，manners，andcustomsofthisnation；butImaintainthatitsmannersandcustomshaveacloseconnectionwithitslaws。
　　Asthereareinthisstatetwovisiblepowers——thelegislativeandexecutive，andaseverycitizenhasawillofhisown，andmayatpleasureasserthisindependence，mostmenhaveagreaterfondnessforoneofthesepowersthanfortheother，andthemultitudehavecommonlyneitherequitynorsenseenoughtoshowanequalaffectiontoboth。
　　Andastheexecutivepower，bydisposingofallemployments，maygivegreathopes，andnofears，everymanwhoobtainsanyfavourfromitisreadytoespouseitscause；whileitisliabletobeattackedbythosewhohavenothingtohopefromit。
　　Allthepassionsbeingunrestrained，hatred，envy，jealousy，andanambitiousdesireofrichesandhonours，appearsintheirextent；wereitotherwise，thestatewouldbeintheconditionofamanweakenedbysickness，whoiswithoutpassionsbecauseheiswithoutstrength。
　　Thehatredwhicharisesbetweenthetwopartieswillalwayssubsist，becauseitwillalwaysbeimpotent。
　　Thesepartiesbeingcomposedoffreemen，iftheonebecomestoopowerfulfortheother，asaconsequenceofliberty，thisotherisdepressed；
　　whilethecitizenstaketheweakersidewiththesamereadinessasthehandslendtheirassistancetoremovetheinfirmitiesanddisordersofthebody。
　　Everyindividualisindependent，andbeingcommonlyledbycapriceandhumour，frequentlychangesparties；heabandonsonewhereheleftallhisfriends，tounitehimselftoanotherinwhichhefindsallhisenemies：sothatinthisnationitfrequentlyhappensthatthepeopleforgetthelawsoffriendship，aswellasthoseofhatred。
　　Thesovereignishereinthesamecasewithaprivateperson；andagainsttheordinarymaximsofprudenceisfrequentlyobligedtogivehisconfidencetothosewhohavemostoffendedhim，andtodisgracethemenwhohavebestservedhim：hedoesthatbynecessitywhichotherprincesdobychoice。
　　Asweareafraidofbeingdeprivedoftheblessingwealreadyenjoy，andwhichmaybedisguisedandmisrepresentedtous；andasfearalwaysenlargesobjects，thepeopleareuneasyundersuchasituation，andbelievethemselvesindanger，eveninthosemomentswhentheyaremostsecure。
　　Asthosewhowiththegreatestwarmthopposetheexecutivepowerdarenotavowtheself—interestedmotivesoftheiropposition，somuchthemoredotheyincreasetheterrorsofthepeople，whocanneverbecertainwhethertheyareindangerornot。Buteventhiscontributestomakethemavoidtherealdangers，towhichtheymay，intheend，beexposed。
　　Butthelegislativebodyhavingtheconfidenceofthepeople，andbeingmoreenlightenedthanthey，maycalmtheiruneasiness，andmakethemrecoverfromthebadimpressionstheyhaveentertained。
　　Thisisthegreatadvantagewhichthisgovernmenthasovertheancientdemocracies，inwhichthepeoplehadanimmediatepower；forwhentheyweremovedandagitatedbytheorators，theseagitationsalwaysproducedtheireffect。
　　Butwhenanimpressionofterrorhasnocertainobject，itproducesonlyclamourandabuse；ithas，however，thisgoodeffect，thatitputsallthespringsofgovernmentintomotion，andfixestheattentionofeverycitizen。Butifitarisesfromaviolationofthefundamentallaws，itissullen，cruel，andproducesthemostdreadfulcatastrophes。
　　Soonweshouldseeafrightfulcalm，duringwhicheveryonewoulduniteagainstthatpowerwhichhadviolatedthelaws。
　　If，whentheuneasinessproceedsfromnocertainobject，someforeignpowershouldthreatenthestate，orputitsprosperityoritsgloryindanger，thelittleinterestsofpartywouldthenyieldtothemorestrongandbinding，andtherewouldbeaperfectcoalitioninfavouroftheexecutivepower。
　　Butifthedisputeswereoccasionedbyaviolationofthefundamentallaws，andaforeignpowershouldappear，therewouldbearevolutionthatwouldneitheraltertheconstitutionnortheformofgovernment。
　　Forarevolutionformedbylibertybecomesaconfirmationofliberty。
　　Afreenationmayhaveadeliverer：anationenslavedcanhaveonlyanotheroppressor。
　　Forwhoeverisabletodethroneanabsoluteprincehasapowersufficienttobecomeabsolutehimself。