Saythen，myfriend，inwhatmannerdoestyrannyarise？——thatithasademocraticoriginisevident。
　　Clearly。
　　Anddoesnottyrannyspringfromdemocracyinthesamemannerasdemocracyfromoligarchy——Imean，afterasort？
　　How？
　　Thegoodwhicholigarchyproposedtoitselfandthemeansbywhichitwasmaintainedwasexcessofwealth——amInotright？
　　Yes。
　　Andtheinsatiabledesireofwealthandtheneglectofallotherthingsforthesakeofmoney—gettingwasalsotheruinofoligarchy？
　　True。
　　Anddemocracyhasherowngood，ofwhichtheinsatiabledesirebringshertodissolution？
　　Whatgood？
　　Freedom，Ireplied；which，astheytellyouinademocracy，isthegloryoftheState——andthatthereforeinademocracyalonewillthefreemanofnaturedeigntodwell。
　　Yes；thesayingisineverybody’smouth。
　　Iwasgoingtoobserve，thattheinsatiabledesireofthisandtheneglectofotherthingsintroducesthechangeindemocracy，whichoccasionsademandfortyranny。
　　Howso？
　　Whenademocracywhichisthirstingforfreedomhasevilcupbearerspresidingoverthefeast，andhasdrunktoodeeplyofthestrongwineoffreedom，then，unlessherrulersareveryamenableandgiveaplentifuldraught，shecallsthemtoaccountandpunishesthem，andsaysthattheyarecursedoligarchs。
　　Yes，hereplied，averycommonoccurrence。
　　Yes，Isaid；andloyalcitizensareinsultinglytermedbyherslaveswhohugtheirchainsandmenofnaught；shewouldhavesubjectswhoarelikerulers，andrulerswhoarelikesubjects：thesearemenafterherownheart，whomshepraisesandhonoursbothinprivateandpublic。Now，insuchaState，canlibertyhaveanylimit？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Bydegreestheanarchyfindsawayintoprivatehouses，andendsbygettingamongtheanimalsandinfectingthem。
　　Howdoyoumean？
　　Imeanthatthefathergrowsaccustomedtodescendtothelevelofhissonsandtofearthem，andthesonisonalevelwithhisfather，hehavingnorespectorreverenceforeitherofhisparents；
　　andthisishisfreedom，andmeticisequalwiththecitizenandthecitizenwiththemetic，andthestrangerisquiteasgoodaseither。
　　Yes，hesaid，thatistheway。
　　Andthesearenottheonlyevils，Isaid——thereareseverallesserones：Insuchastateofsocietythemasterfearsandflattershisscholars，andthescholarsdespisetheirmastersandtutors；youngandoldareallalike；andtheyoungmanisonalevelwiththeold，andisreadytocompetewithhiminwordordeed；andoldmencondescendtotheyoungandarefullofpleasantryandgaiety；
　　theyarelothtobethoughtmoroseandauthoritative，andthereforetheyadoptthemannersoftheyoung。
　　Quitetrue，hesaid。
　　Thelastextremeofpopularlibertyiswhentheslaveboughtwithmoney，whethermaleorfemale，isjustasfreeashisorherpurchaser；normustIforgettotellofthelibertyandequalityofthetwosexesinrelationtoeachother。
　　Whynot，asAeschylussays，utterthewordwhichrisestoourlips？
　　ThatiswhatIamdoing，Ireplied；andImustaddthatnoonewhodoesnotknowwouldbelieve，howmuchgreateristhelibertywhichtheanimalswhoareunderthedominionofmanhaveinademocracythaninanyotherState：fortruly，theshe—dogs，astheproverbsays，areasgoodastheirshe—mistresses，andthehorsesandasseshaveawayofmarchingalongwithalltherightsanddignitiesoffreemen；
　　andtheywillrunatanybodywhocomesintheirwayifhedoesnotleavetheroadclearforthem：andallthingsarejustreadytoburstwithliberty。
　　WhenItakeacountrywalk，hesaid，Ioftenexperiencewhatyoudescribe。YouandIhavedreamedthesamething。
　　Andaboveall，Isaid，andastheresultofall，seehowsensitivethecitizensbecome；theychafeimpatientlyattheleasttouchofauthorityandatlength，asyouknow，theyceasetocareevenforthelaws，writtenorunwritten；theywillhavenooneoverthem。
　　Yes，hesaid，Iknowittoowell。
　　Such，myfriend，Isaid，isthefairandgloriousbeginningoutofwhichspringstyranny。
　　Gloriousindeed，hesaid。Butwhatisthenextstep？
　　Theruinofoligarchyistheruinofdemocracy；thesamediseasemagnifiedandintensifiedbylibertyovermastersdemocracy——thetruthbeingthattheexcessiveincreaseofanythingoftencausesareactionintheoppositedirection；andthisisthecasenotonlyintheseasonsandinvegetableandanimallife，butaboveallinformsofgovernment。
　　True。
　　Theexcessofliberty，whetherinStatesorindividuals，seemsonlytopassintoexcessofslavery。
　　Yes，thenaturalorder。
　　Andsotyrannynaturallyarisesoutofdemocracy，andthemostaggravatedformoftyrannyandslaveryoutofthemostextremeformofliberty？
　　Aswemightexpect。
　　That，however，wasnot，asIbelieve，yourquestion—youratherdesiredtoknowwhatisthatdisorderwhichisgeneratedalikeinoligarchyanddemocracy，andistheruinofboth？
　　Justso，hereplied。
　　Well，Isaid，Imeanttorefertotheclassofidlespendthrifts，ofwhomthemorecourageousarethe—leadersandthemoretimidthefollowers，thesamewhomwewerecomparingtodrones，somestingless，andothershavingstings。
　　Averyjustcomparison。
　　Thesetwoclassesaretheplaguesofeverycityinwhichtheyaregenerated，beingwhatphlegmandbilearetothebody。AndthegoodphysicianandlawgiveroftheStateought，likethewisebee—master，tokeepthematadistanceandprevent，ifpossible，theirevercomingin；andiftheyhaveanyhowfoundawayin，thenheshouldhavethemandtheircellscutoutasspeedilyaspossible。
　　Yes，byallmeans，hesaid。
　　Then，inorderthatwemayseeclearlywhatwearedoing，letusimaginedemocracytobedivided，asindeeditis，intothreeclasses；forinthefirstplacefreedomcreatesrathermoredronesinthedemocraticthantherewereintheoligarchicalState。
　　Thatistrue。
　　Andinthedemocracytheyarecertainlymoreintensified。
　　Howso？
　　BecauseintheoligarchicalStatetheyaredisqualifiedanddrivenfromoffice，andthereforetheycannottrainorgatherstrength；
　　whereasinademocracytheyarealmosttheentirerulingpower，andwhilethekeenersortspeakandact，therestkeepbuzzingaboutthebemaanddonotsufferawordtobesaidontheotherside；henceindemocraciesalmosteverythingismanagedbythedrones。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Thenthereisanotherclasswhichisalwaysbeingseveredfromthemass。
　　Whatisthat？
　　Theyaretheorderlyclass，whichinanationoftraderssuretobetherichest。
　　Naturallyso。
　　Theyarethemostsqueezablepersonsandyieldthelargestamountofhoneytothedrones。
　　Why，hesaid，thereislittletobesqueezedoutofpeoplewhohavelittle。
　　Andthisiscalledthewealthyclass，andthedronesfeeduponthem。
　　Thatisprettymuchthecase，hesaid。
　　Thepeopleareathirdclass，consistingofthosewhoworkwiththeirownhands；theyarenotpoliticians，andhavenotmuchtoliveupon。This，whenassembled，isthelargestandmostpowerfulclassinademocracy。
　　True，hesaid；butthenthemultitudeisseldomwillingtocongregateunlesstheygetalittlehoney。
　　Anddotheynotshare？Isaid。Donottheirleadersdeprivetherichoftheirestatesanddistributethemamongthepeople；atthesametimetakingcaretoreservethelargerpartforthemselves？
　　Why，yes，hesaid，tothatextentthepeopledoshare。
　　Andthepersonswhosepropertyistakenfromthemarecompelledtodefendthemselvesbeforethepeopleastheybestcan？
　　Whatelsecantheydo？
　　Andthen，althoughtheymayhavenodesireofchange，theotherschargethemwithplottingagainstthepeopleandbeingfriendsofoligarchy？True。
　　Andtheendisthatwhentheyseethepeople，notoftheirownaccord，butthroughignorance，andbecausetheyaredeceivedbyinformers，seekingtodothemwrong，thenatlasttheyareforcedtobecomeoligarchsinreality；theydonotwishtobe，butthestingofthedronestormentsthemandbreedsrevolutioninthem。
　　Thatisexactlythetruth。
　　Thencomeimpeachmentsandjudgmentsandtrialsofoneanother。
　　True。
　　Thepeoplehavealwayssomechampionwhomtheysetoverthemandnurseintogreatness。
　　Yes，thatistheirway。
　　Thisandnootheristherootfromwhichatyrantsprings；whenhefirstappearsabovegroundheisaprotector。
　　Yes，thatisquiteclear。
　　Howthendoesaprotectorbegintochangeintoatyrant？ClearlywhenhedoeswhatthemanissaidtodointhetaleoftheArcadiantempleofLycaeanZeus。
　　Whattale？
　　Thetaleisthathewhohastastedtheentrailsofasinglehumanvictimmincedupwiththeentrailsofothervictimsisdestinedtobecomeawolf。Didyouneverhearit？
　　Oh，yes。
　　Andtheprotectorofthepeopleislikehim；havingamobentirelyathisdisposal，heisnotrestrainedfromsheddingthebloodofkinsmen；bythefavouritemethodoffalseaccusationhebringsthemintocourtandmurdersthem，makingthelifeofmantodisappear，andwithunholytongueandlipstastingthebloodofhisfellowcitizen；somehekillsandothershebanishes，atthesametimehintingattheabolitionofdebtsandpartitionoflands：andafterthis，whatwillbehisdestiny？Musthenoteitherperishatthehandsofhisenemies，orfrombeingamanbecomeawolf——thatis，atyrant？
　　Inevitably。
　　This，Isaid，ishewhobeginstomakeapartyagainsttherich？
　　Thesame。
　　Afterawhileheisdrivenout，butcomesback，inspiteofhisenemies，atyrantfullgrown。
　　Thatisclear。
　　Andiftheyareunabletoexpelhim，ortogethimcondemnedtodeathbyapublicaccusation，theyconspiretoassassinatehim。
　　Yes，hesaid，thatistheirusualway。
　　Thencomesthefamousrequestforabodyguard，whichisthedeviceofallthosewhohavegotthusfarintheirtyrannicalcareer——’Letnotthepeople’sfriend，’astheysay，’belosttothem。’
　　Exactly。
　　Thepeoplereadilyassent；alltheirfearsareforhim——theyhavenoneforthemselves。
　　Verytrue。
　　Andwhenamanwhoiswealthyandisalsoaccusedofbeinganenemyofthepeopleseesthis，then，myfriend，astheoraclesaidtoCroesus，BypebblyHermus’shorehefleesandrestsnotandisnotashamedtobeacoward。
　　Andquiterighttoo，saidhe，forifhewere，hewouldneverbeashamedagain。
　　Butifheiscaughthedies。
　　Ofcourse。
　　Andhe，theprotectorofwhomwespoke，istobeseen，not’lardingtheplain’withhisbulk，buthimselftheoverthrowerofmany，standingupinthechariotofStatewiththereinsinhishand，nolongerprotector，buttyrantabsolute。
　　Nodoubt，hesaid。
　　Andnowletusconsiderthehappinessoftheman，andalsooftheStateinwhichacreaturelikehimisgenerated。
　　Yes，hesaid，letusconsiderthat。
　　Atfirst，intheearlydaysofhispower，heisfullofsmiles，andhesaluteseveryonewhomhemeets；——hetobecalledatyrant，whoismakingpromisesinpublicandalsoinprivate！liberatingdebtors，anddistributinglandtothepeopleandhisfollowers，andwantingtobesokindandgoodtoeveryone！
　　Ofcourse，hesaid。
　　Butwhenhehasdisposedofforeignenemiesbyconquestortreaty，andthereisnothingtofearfromthem，thenheisalwaysstirringupsomewarorother，inorderthatthepeoplemayrequirealeader。
　　Tobesure。
　　Hashenotalsoanotherobject，whichisthattheymaybeimpoverishedbypaymentoftaxes，andthuscompelledtodevotethemselvestotheirdailywantsandthereforelesslikelytoconspireagainsthim？Clearly。
　　Andifanyofthemaresuspectedbyhimofhavingnotionsoffreedom，andofresistancetohisauthority，hewillhaveagoodpretextfordestroyingthembyplacingthematthemercyoftheenemy；
　　andforallthesereasonsthetyrantmustbealwaysgettingupawar。
　　Hemust。
　　Nowhebeginstogrowunpopular。
　　Anecessaryresult。
　　Thensomeofthosewhojoinedinsettinghimup，andwhoareinpower，speaktheirmindstohimandtooneanother，andthemorecourageousofthemcastinhisteethwhatisbeingdone。
　　Yes，thatmaybeexpected。
　　Andthetyrant，ifhemeanstorule，mustgetridofthem；hecannotstopwhilehehasafriendoranenemywhoisgoodforanything。
　　Hecannot。
　　Andthereforehemustlookabouthimandseewhoisvaliant，whoishigh—minded，whoiswise，whoiswealthy；happyman，heistheenemyofthemall，andmustseekoccasionagainstthemwhetherhewillorno，untilhehasmadeapurgationoftheState。
　　Yes，hesaid，andararepurgation。
　　Yes，Isaid，notthesortofpurgationwhichthephysiciansmakeofthebody；fortheytakeawaytheworseandleavethebetterpart，buthedoesthereverse。
　　Ifheistorule，Isupposethathecannothelphimself。
　　Whatablessedalternative，Isaid：——tobecompelledtodwellonlywiththemanybad，andtobebythemhated，ornottoliveatall！
　　Yes，thatisthealternative。
　　Andthemoredetestablehisactionsaretothecitizensthemoresatellitesandthegreaterdevotioninthemwillherequire？
　　Certainly。
　　Andwhoarethedevotedband，andwherewillheprocurethem？
　　Theywillflocktohim，hesaid，oftheirownaccord，ifliepaysthem。
　　Bythedog！Isaid，herearemoredrones，ofeverysortandfromeveryland。
　　Yes，hesaid，thereare。
　　Butwillhenotdesiretogetthemonthespot？
　　Howdoyoumean？
　　Hewillrobthecitizensoftheirslaves；hewillthensetthemfreeandenroltheminhisbodyguard。
　　Tobesure，hesaid；andhewillbeabletotrustthembestofall。
　　Whatablessedcreature，Isaid，mustthistyrantbe；hehasputtodeaththeothersandhastheseforhistrustedfriends。
　　Yes，hesaid；theyarequiteofhissort。
　　Yes，Isaid，andthesearethenewcitizenswhomhehascalledintoexistence，whoadmirehimandarehiscompanions，whilethegoodhateandavoidhim。
　　Ofcourse。
　　Verily，then，tragedyisawisethingandEuripidesagreattragedian。
　　Whyso？
　　Why，becauseheistheauthorofthepregnantsaying，Tyrantsarewisebylivingwiththewise；
　　andheclearlymeanttosaythattheyarethewisewhomthetyrantmakeshiscompanions。
　　Yes，hesaid，andhealsopraisestyrannyasgodlike；andmanyotherthingsofthesamekindaresaidbyhimandbytheotherpoets。
　　Andtherefore，Isaid，thetragicpoetsbeingwisemenwillforgiveusandanyotherswholiveafterourmannerifwedonotreceivethemintoourState，becausetheyaretheeulogistsoftyranny。
　　Yes，hesaid，thosewhohavethewitwilldoubtlessforgiveus。
　　Buttheywillcontinuetogotoothercitiesandattractmobs，andhirevoicesfairandloudandpersuasive，anddrawthecitiesovertotyranniesanddemocracies。
　　Verytrue。
　　Moreover，theyarepaidforthisandreceivehonour——thegreatesthonour，asmightbeexpected，fromtyrants，andthenextgreatestfromdemocracies；butthehighertheyascendourconstitutionhill，themoretheirreputationfails，andseemsunablefromshortnessofbreathtoproceedfurther。
　　True。
　　Butwearewanderingfromthesubject：Letusthereforereturnandenquirehowthetyrantwillmaintainthatfairandnumerousandvariousandever—changingarmyofhis。
　　If，hesaid，therearesacredtreasuresinthecity，hewillconfiscateandspendthem；andinsofarasthefortunesofattaintedpersonsmaysuffice，hewillbeabletodiminishthetaxeswhichhewouldotherwisehavetoimposeuponthepeople。
　　Andwhenthesefail？
　　Why，clearly，hesaid，thenheandhisbooncompanions，whethermaleorfemale，willbemaintainedoutofhisfather’sestate。
　　Youmeantosaythatthepeople，fromwhomhehasderivedhisbeing，willmaintainhimandhiscompanions？
　　Yes，hesaid；theycannothelpthemselves。
　　Butwhatifthepeopleflyintoapassion，andaverthatagrown—upsonoughtnottobesupportedbyhisfather，butthatthefathershouldbesupportedbytheson？Thefatherdidnotbringhimintobeing，orsettlehiminlife，inorderthatwhenhissonbecameamanheshouldhimselfbetheservantofhisownservantsandshouldsupporthimandhisrabbleofslavesandcompanions；butthathissonshouldprotecthim，andthatbyhishelphemightbeemancipatedfromthegovernmentoftherichandaristocratic，astheyaretermed。Andsohebidshimandhiscompanionsdepart，justasanyotherfathermightdriveoutofthehouseariotoussonandhisundesirableassociates。
　　Byheaven，hesaid，thentheparentwilldiscoverwhatamonsterhehasbeenfosteringinhisbosom；and，whenhewantstodrivehimout，hewillfindthatheisweakandhissonstrong。
　　Why，youdonotmeantosaythatthetyrantwilluseviolence？What！
　　beathisfatherifheopposeshim？
　　Yes，hewill，havingfirstdisarmedhim。
　　Thenheisaparricide，andacruelguardianofanagedparent；
　　andthisisrealtyranny，aboutwhichtherecanbenolongeramistake：asthesayingis，thepeoplewhowouldescapethesmokewhichistheslaveryoffreemen，hasfallenintothefirewhichisthetyrannyofslaves。Thusliberty，gettingoutofallorderandreason，passesintotheharshestandbitterestformofslavery。
　　True，hesaid。
　　Verywell；andmaywenotrightlysaythatwehavesufficientlydiscussedthenatureoftyranny，andthemannerofthetransitionfromdemocracytotyranny？
　　Yes，quiteenough，hesaid。
　　BOOKIX
　　SOCRATES—ADEIMANTUS
　　LASTofallcomesthetyrannicalman；aboutwhomwehaveoncemoretoask，howisheformedoutofthedemocratical？andhowdoeshelive，inhappinessorinmisery？
　　Yes，hesaid，heistheonlyoneremaining。
　　Thereis，however，Isaid，apreviousquestionwhichremainsunanswered。
　　Whatquestion？
　　Idonotthinkthatwehaveadequatelydeterminedthenatureandnumberoftheappetites，anduntilthisisaccomplishedtheenquirywillalwaysbeconfused。
　　Well，hesaid，itisnottoolatetosupplytheomission。
　　Verytrue，Isaid；andobservethepointwhichIwanttounderstand：
　　CertainoftheunnecessarypleasuresandappetitesIconceivetobeunlawful；everyoneappearstohavethem，butinsomepersonstheyarecontrolledbythelawsandbyreason，andthebetterdesiresprevailoverthem—eithertheyarewhollybanishedortheybecomefewandweak；
　　whileinthecaseofotherstheyarestronger，andtherearemoreofthem。
　　Whichappetitesdoyoumean？
　　Imeanthosewhichareawakewhenthereasoningandhumanandrulingpowerisasleep；thenthewildbeastwithinus，gorgedwithmeatordrink，startsupandhavingshakenoffsleep，goesforthtosatisfyhisdesires；andthereisnoconceivablefollyorcrime——notexceptingincestoranyotherunnaturalunion，orparricide，ortheeatingofforbiddenfood——whichatsuchatime，whenhehaspartedcompanywithallshameandsense，amanmaynotbereadytocommit。
　　Mosttrue，hesaid。
　　Butwhenaman’spulseishealthyandtemperate，andwhenbeforegoingtosleephehasawakenedhisrationalpowers，andfedthemonnoblethoughtsandenquiries，collectinghimselfinmeditation；
　　afterhavingfirstindulgedhisappetitesneithertoomuchnortoolittle，butjustenoughtolaythemtosleep，andpreventthemandtheirenjoymentsandpainsfrominterferingwiththehigherprinciple——whichheleavesinthesolitudeofpureabstraction，freetocontemplateandaspiretotheknowledgeoftheunknown，whetherinpast，present，orfuture：whenagainhehasallayedthepassionateelement，ifhehasaquarrelagainstanyone——Isay，when，afterpacifyingthetwoirrationalprinciples，herousesupthethird，whichisreason，beforehetakeshisrest，then，asyouknow，heattainstruthmostnearly，andisleastlikelytobethesportoffantasticandlawlessvisions。
　　Iquiteagree。
　　InsayingthisIhavebeenrunningintoadigression；butthepointwhichIdesiretonoteisthatinallofus，eveningoodmen，thereisalawlesswild—beastnature，whichpeersoutinsleep。
　　Pray，considerwhetherIamright，andyouagreewithme。
　　Yes，Iagree。
　　Andnowrememberthecharacterwhichweattributedtothedemocraticman。Hewassupposedfromhisyouthupwardstohavebeentrainedunderamiserlyparent，whoencouragedthesavingappetitesinhim，butdiscountenancedtheunnecessary，whichaimonlyatamusementandornament？
　　True。
　　Andthenhegotintothecompanyofamorerefined，licentioussortofpeople，andtakingtoalltheirwantonwaysrushedintotheoppositeextremefromanabhorrenceofhisfather’smeanness。Atlast，beingabettermanthanhiscorruptors，hewasdrawninbothdirectionsuntilhehaltedmidwayandledalife，notofvulgarandslavishpassion，butofwhathedeemedmoderateindulgenceinvariouspleasures。Afterthismannerthedemocratwasgeneratedoutoftheoligarch？
　　Yes，hesaid；thatwasourviewofhim，andissostill。
　　Andnow，Isaid，yearswillhavepassedaway，andyoumustconceivethisman，suchasheis，tohaveason，whoisbroughtupinhisfather’sprinciples。
　　Icanimaginehim。