Thenyoumustfurtherimaginethesamethingtohappentothesonwhichhasalreadyhappenedtothefather：——heisdrawnintoaperfectlylawlesslife，whichbyhisseducersistermedperfectliberty；andhisfatherandfriendstakepartwithhismoderatedesires，andtheoppositepartyassisttheoppositeones。Assoonasthesediremagiciansandtyrant—makersfindthattheyarelosingtheirholdonhim，theycontrivetoimplantinhimamasterpassion，tobelordoverhisidleandspendthriftlusts——asortofmonstrouswingeddrone——thatistheonlyimagewhichwilladequatelydescribehim。
　　Yes，hesaid，thatistheonlyadequateimageofhim。
　　Andwhenhisotherlusts，amidcloudsofincenseandperfumesandgarlandsandwines，andallthepleasuresofadissolutelife，nowletloose，comebuzzingaroundhim，nourishingtotheutmostthestingofdesirewhichtheyimplantinhisdrone—likenature，thenatlastthislordofthesoul，havingMadnessforthecaptainofhisguard，breaksoutintoafrenzy：andifhefindsinhimselfanygoodopinionsorappetitesinprocessofformation，andthereisinhimanysenseofshameremaining，tothesebetterprinciplesheputsanend，andcaststhemforthuntilhehaspurgedawaytemperanceandbroughtinmadnesstothefull。
　　Yes，hesaid，thatisthewayinwhichthetyrannicalmanisgenerated。
　　Andisnotthisthereasonwhyofoldlovehasbeencalledatyrant？
　　Ishouldnotwonder。
　　Further，Isaid，hasnotadrunkenmanalsothespiritofatyrant？
　　Hehas。
　　Andyouknowthatamanwhoisderangedandnotrightinhismind，willfancythatheisabletorule，notonlyovermen，butalsooverthegods？
　　Thathewill。
　　Andthetyrannicalmaninthetruesenseofthewordcomesintobeingwhen，eitherundertheinfluenceofnature，orhabit，orboth，hebecomesdrunken，lustful，passionate？Omyfriend，isnotthatso？
　　Assuredly。
　　Suchisthemanandsuchishisorigin。Andnext，howdoeshelive？
　　Suppose，aspeoplefacetiouslysay，youweretotellme。
　　Iimagine，Isaid，atthenextstepinhisprogress，thattherewillbefeastsandcarousalsandrevellingsandcourtezans，andallthatsortofthing；Loveisthelordofthehousewithinhim，andordersalltheconcernsofhissoul。
　　Thatiscertain。
　　Yes；andeverydayandeverynightdesiresgrowupmanyandformidable，andtheirdemandsaremany。
　　Theyareindeed，hesaid。
　　Hisrevenues，ifhehasany，aresoonspent。
　　True。
　　Thencomesdebtandthecuttingdownofhisproperty。
　　Ofcourse。
　　Whenhehasnothingleft，mustnothisdesires，crowdinginthenestlikeyoungravens，becryingaloudforfood；andhe，goadedonbythem，andespeciallybylovehimself，whoisinamannerthecaptainofthem，isinafrenzy，andwouldfaindiscoverwhomhecandefraudordespoilofhisproperty，inorderthathemaygratifythem？
　　Yes，thatissuretobethecase。
　　Hemusthavemoney，nomatterhow，ifheistoescapehorridpainsandpangs。
　　Hemust。
　　Andasinhimselftherewasasuccessionofpleasures，andthenewgotthebetteroftheoldandtookawaytheirrights，sohebeingyoungerwillclaimtohavemorethanhisfatherandhismother，andifhehasspenthisownshareoftheproperty，hewilltakeasliceoftheirs。
　　Nodoubthewill。
　　Andifhisparentswillnotgiveway，thenhewilltryfirstofalltocheatanddeceivethem。
　　Verytrue。
　　Andifhefails，thenhewilluseforceandplunderthem。
　　Yes，probably。
　　Andiftheoldmanandwomanfightfortheirown，whatthen，myfriend？Willthecreaturefeelanycompunctionattyrannizingoverthem？
　　Nay，hesaid，Ishouldnotfeelatallcomfortableabouthisparents。
　　But，Oheavens！Adeimantus，onaccountofsomenewfangledloveofaharlot，whoisanythingbutanecessaryconnection，canyoubelievethathewouldstrikethemotherwhoishisancientfriendandnecessarytohisveryexistence，andwouldplaceherundertheauthorityoftheother，whensheisbroughtunderthesameroofwithher；orthat，underlikecircumstances，hewoulddothesametohiswitheredoldfather，firstandmostindispensableoffriends，forthesakeofsomenewlyfoundbloomingyouthwhoisthereverseofindispensable？
　　Yes，indeed，hesaid；Ibelievethathewould。
　　Truly，then，Isaid，atyrannicalsonisablessingtohisfatherandmother。
　　Heisindeed，hereplied。
　　Hefirsttakestheirproperty，andwhenthatfalls，andpleasuresarebeginningtoswarminthehiveofhissoul，thenhebreaksintoahouse，orstealsthegarmentsofsomenightlywayfarer；nextheproceedstoclearatemple。Meanwhiletheoldopinionswhichhehadwhenachild，andwhichgavejudgmentaboutgoodandevil，areoverthrownbythoseotherswhichhavejustbeenemancipated，andarenowthebodyguardofloveandsharehisempire。Theseinhisdemocraticdays，whenhewasstillsubjecttothelawsandtohisfather，wereonlyletlooseinthedreamsofsleep。Butnowthatheisunderthedominionoflove，hebecomesalwaysandinwakingrealitywhathewasthenveryrarelyandinadreamonly；hewillcommitthefoulestmurder，oreatforbiddenfood，orbeguiltyofanyotherhorridact。Loveishistyrant，andliveslordlyinhimandlawlessly，andbeinghimselfaking，leadshimon，asatyrantleadsaState，totheperformanceofanyrecklessdeedbywhichhecanmaintainhimselfandtherabbleofhisassociates，whetherthosewhomevilcommunicationshavebroughtinfromwithout，orthosewhomhehimselfhasallowedtobreakloosewithinhimbyreasonofasimilarevilnatureinhimself。Havewenothereapictureofhiswayoflife？
　　Yes，indeed，hesaid。
　　AndifthereareonlyafewofthemintheState，therestofthepeoplearewelldisposed，theygoawayandbecomethebodyguardormercenarysoldiersofsomeothertyrantwhomayprobablywantthemforawar；andifthereisnowar，theystayathomeanddomanylittlepiecesofmischiefinthecity。
　　Whatsortofmischief？
　　Forexample，theyarethethieves，burglars，cutpurses，footpads，robbersoftemples，man—stealersofthecommunity；oriftheyareabletospeaktheyturninformers，andbearfalsewitness，andtakebribes。
　　Asmallcatalogueofevils，eveniftheperpetratorsofthemarefewinnumber。
　　Yes，Isaid；butsmallandgreatarecomparativeterms，andallthesethings，inthemiseryandevilwhichtheyinflictuponaState，donotcomewithinathousandmilesofthetyrant；whenthisnoxiousclassandtheirfollowersgrownumerousandbecomeconsciousoftheirstrength，assistedbytheinfatuationofthepeople，theychoosefromamongthemselvestheonewhohasmostofthetyrantinhisownsoul，andhimtheycreatetheirtyrant。
　　Yes，hesaid，andhewillbethemostfittobeatyrant。
　　Ifthepeopleyield，wellandgood；butiftheyresisthim，ashebeganbybeatinghisownfatherandmother，sonow，ifhehasthepower，hebeatsthem，andwillkeephisdearoldfatherlandormotherland，astheCretanssay，insubjectiontohisyoungretainerswhomhehasintroducedtobetheirrulersandmasters。Thisistheendofhispassionsanddesires。
　　Exactly。
　　Whensuchmenareonlyprivateindividualsandbeforetheygetpower，thisistheircharacter；theyassociateentirelywiththeirownflatterersorreadytools；oriftheywantanythingfromanybody，theyintheirturnareequallyreadytobowdownbeforethem：theyprofesseverysortofaffectionforthem；butwhentheyhavegainedtheirpointtheyknowthemnomore。
　　Yes，truly。
　　Theyarealwayseitherthemastersorservantsandneverthefriendsofanybody；thetyrantnevertastesoftruefreedomorfriendship。
　　Certainlynot。
　　Andmaywenotrightlycallsuchmentreacherous？
　　Noquestion。
　　Alsotheyareutterlyunjust，ifwewererightinournotionofjustice？
　　Yes，hesaid，andwewereperfectlyright。
　　Letusthensumupinaword，Isaid，thecharacteroftheworstman：heisthewakingrealityofwhatwedreamed。
　　Mosttrue。
　　Andthisishewhobeingbynaturemostofatyrantbearsrule，andthelongerhelivesthemoreofatyranthebecomes。
　　SOCRATES—GLAUCON
　　Thatiscertain，saidGlaucon，takinghisturntoanswer。
　　Andwillnothewhohasbeenshowntobethewickedest，bealsothemostmiserable？andhewhohastyrannizedlongestandmost，mostcontinuallyandtrulymiserable；althoughthismaynotbetheopinionofmeningeneral？
　　Yes，hesaid，inevitably。
　　Andmustnotthetyrannicalmanbelikethetyrannical，State，andthedemocraticalmanlikethedemocraticalState；andthesameoftheothers？
　　Certainly。
　　AndasStateistoStateinvirtueandhappiness，soismaninrelationtoman？
　　Tobesure。
　　Thencomparingouroriginalcity，whichwasunderaking，andthecitywhichisunderatyrant，howdotheystandastovirtue？
　　Theyaretheoppositeextremes，hesaid，foroneistheverybestandtheotheristheveryworst。
　　Therecanbenomistake，Isaid，astowhichiswhich，andthereforeIwillatonceenquirewhetheryouwouldarriveatasimilardecisionabouttheirrelativehappinessandmisery。Andherewemustnotallowourselvestobepanic—strickenattheapparitionofthetyrant，whoisonlyaunitandmayperhapshaveafewretainersabouthim；butletusgoasweoughtintoeverycornerofthecityandlookallabout，andthenwewillgiveouropinion。
　　Afairinvitation，hereplied；andIsee，aseveryonemust，thatatyrannyisthewretchedestformofgovernment，andtheruleofakingthehappiest。
　　Andinestimatingthementoo，mayInotfairlymakealikerequest，thatIshouldhaveajudgewhosemindcanenterintoandseethroughhumannature？Hemustnotbelikeachildwholooksattheoutsideandisdazzledatthepompousaspectwhichthetyrannicalnatureassumestothebeholder，butlethimbeonewhohasaclearinsight。MayI
　　supposethatthejudgmentisgiveninthehearingofusallbyonewhoisabletojudge，andhasdweltinthesameplacewithhim，andbeenpresentathisdallylifeandknownhiminhisfamilyrelations，wherehemaybeseenstrippedofhistragedyattire，andagaininthehourofpublicdanger——heshalltellusaboutthehappinessandmiseryofthetyrantwhencomparedwithothermen？
　　Thatagain，hesaid，isaveryfairproposal。
　　ShallIassumethatweourselvesareableandexperiencedjudgesandhavebeforenowmetwithsuchaperson？Weshallthenhavesomeonewhowillanswerourenquiries。
　　Byallmeans。
　　LetmeaskyounottoforgettheparalleloftheindividualandtheState；bearingthisinmind，andglancinginturnfromonetotheotherofthem，willyoutellmetheirrespectiveconditions？
　　Whatdoyoumean？heasked。
　　BeginningwiththeState，Ireplied，wouldyousaythatacitywhichisgovernedbyatyrantisfreeorenslaved？
　　Nocity，hesaid，canbemorecompletelyenslaved。
　　Andyet，asyousee，therearefreemenaswellasmastersinsuchaState？
　　Yes，hesaid，Iseethatthereare——afew；butthepeople，speakinggenerally，andthebestofthem，aremiserablydegradedandenslaved。
　　ThenifthemanisliketheState，Isaid，mustnotthesameruleprevail？hissoulisfullofmeannessandvulgarity——thebestelementsinhimareenslaved；andthereisasmallrulingpart，whichisalsotheworstandmaddest。
　　Inevitably。
　　Andwouldyousaythatthesoulofsuchanoneisthesoulofafreeman，orofaslave？
　　Hehasthesoulofaslave，inmyopinion。
　　AndtheStatewhichisenslavedunderatyrantisutterlyincapableofactingvoluntarily？
　　Utterlyincapable。
　　Andalsothesoulwhichisunderatyrant（Iamspeakingofthesoultakenasawhole）isleastcapableofdoingwhatshedesires；thereisagadflywhichgoadsher，andsheisfulloftroubleandremorse？
　　Certainly。
　　Andisthecitywhichisunderatyrantrichorpoor？
　　Poor。
　　Andthetyrannicalsoulmustbealwayspoorandinsatiable？
　　True。
　　AndmustnotsuchaStateandsuchamanbealwaysfulloffear？
　　Yes，indeed。
　　IsthereanyStateinwhichyouwillfindmoreoflamentationandsorrowandgroaningandpain？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Andisthereanymaninwhomyouwillfindmoreofthissortofmiserythaninthetyrannicalman，whoisinafuryofpassionsanddesires？
　　Impossible。
　　Reflectingupontheseandsimilarevils，youheldthetyrannicalStatetobethemostmiserableofStates？
　　AndIwasright，hesaid。
　　Certainly，Isaid。Andwhenyouseethesameevilsinthetyrannicalman，whatdoyousayofhim？
　　Isaythatheisbyfarthemostmiserableofallmen。
　　There，Isaid，Ithinkthatyouarebeginningtogowrong。
　　Whatdoyoumean？
　　Idonotthinkthathehasasyetreachedtheutmostextremeofmisery。
　　Thenwhoismoremiserable？
　　OneofwhomIamabouttospeak。
　　Whoisthat？
　　Hewhoisofatyrannicalnature，andinsteadofleadingaprivatelifehasbeencursedwiththefurthermisfortuneofbeingapublictyrant。
　　Fromwhathasbeensaid，Igatherthatyouareright。
　　Yes，Ireplied，butinthishighargumentyoushouldbealittlemorecertain，andshouldnotconjectureonly；forofallquestions，thisrespectinggoodandevilisthegreatest。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Letmethenofferyouanillustration，whichmay，Ithink，throwalightuponthissubject。
　　Whatisyourillustration？
　　Thecaseofrichindividualsincitieswhopossessmanyslaves：fromthemyoumayformanideaofthetyrant’scondition，fortheybothhaveslaves；theonlydifferenceisthathehasmoreslaves。
　　Yes，thatisthedifference。
　　Youknowthattheylivesecurelyandhavenothingtoapprehendfromtheirservants？
　　Whatshouldtheyfear？
　　Nothing。Butdoyouobservethereasonofthis？
　　Yes；thereasonis，thatthewholecityisleaguedtogetherfortheprotectionofeachindividual。
　　Verytrue，Isaid。Butimagineoneoftheseowners，themastersayofsomefiftyslaves，togetherwithhisfamilyandpropertyandslaves，carriedoffbyagodintothewilderness，wheretherearenofreementohelphim——willhenotbeinanagonyoffearlestheandhiswifeandchildrenshouldbeputtodeathbyhisslaves？
　　Yes，hesaid，hewillbeintheutmostfear。
　　Thetimehasarrivedwhenhewillbecompelledtoflatterdiversofhisslaves，andmakemanypromisestothemoffreedomandotherthings，muchagainsthiswill——hewillhavetocajolehisownservants。
　　Yes，hesaid，thatwillbetheonlywayofsavinghimself。
　　Andsupposethesamegod，whocarriedhimaway，tosurroundhimwithneighbourswhowillnotsufferonemantobethemasterofanother，andwho，iftheycouldcatchtheoffender，wouldtakehislife？
　　Hiscasewillbestillworse，ifyousupposehimtobeeverywheresurroundedandwatchedbyenemies。
　　Andisnotthisthesortofprisoninwhichthetyrantwillbebound——hewhobeingbynaturesuchaswehavedescribed，isfullofallsortsoffearsandlusts？Hissoulisdaintyandgreedy，andyetalone，ofallmeninthecity，heisneverallowedtogoonajourney，ortoseethethingswhichotherfreemendesiretosee，buthelivesinhisholelikeawomanhiddeninthehouse，andisjealousofanyothercitizenwhogoesintoforeignpartsandseesanythingofinterest。
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Andamidevilssuchasthesewillnothewhoisill—governedinhisownperson——thetyrannicalman，Imean——whomyoujustnowdecidedtobethemostmiserableofall——willnothebeyetmoremiserablewhen，insteadofleadingaprivatelife，heisconstrainedbyfortunetobeapublictyrant？Hehastobemasterofotherswhenheisnotmasterofhimself：heislikeadiseasedorparalyticmanwhoiscompelledtopasshislife，notinretirement，butfightingandcombatingwithothermen。
　　Yes，hesaid，thesimilitudeismostexact。
　　Isnothiscaseutterlymiserable？anddoesnottheactualtyrantleadaworselifethanhewhoselifeyoudeterminedtobetheworst？
　　Certainly。
　　Hewhoistherealtyrant，whatevermenmaythink，istherealslave，andisobligedtopractisethegreatestadulationandservility，andtobetheflattererofthevilestofmankind。Hehasdesireswhichheisutterlyunabletosatisfy，andhasmorewantsthananyone，andistrulypoor，ifyouknowhowtoinspectthewholesoulofhim：allhislifelongheisbesetwithfearandisfullofconvulsions，anddistractions，evenastheStatewhichheresembles：
　　andsurelytheresemblanceholds？
　　Verytrue，hesaid。
　　Moreover，asweweresayingbefore，hegrowsworsefromhavingpower：hebecomesandisofnecessitymorejealous，morefaithless，moreunjust，morefriendless，moreimpious，thanhewasatfirst；heisthepurveyorandcherisherofeverysortofvice，andtheconsequenceisthatheissupremelymiserable，andthathemakeseverybodyelseasmiserableashimself。
　　Nomanofanysensewilldisputeyourwords。
　　Comethen，Isaid，andasthegeneralumpireintheatricalcontestsproclaimstheresult，doyoualsodecidewhoinyouropinionisfirstinthescaleofhappiness，andwhosecond，andinwhatordertheothersfollow：therearefiveoftheminall——theyaretheroyal，timocratical，oligarchical，democratical，tyrannical。
　　Thedecisionwillbeeasilygiven，hereplied；theyshallbechorusescomingonthestage，andImustjudgethemintheorderinwhichtheyenter，bythecriterionofvirtueandvice，happinessandmisery。
　　Needwehireaherald，orshallIannounce，thatthesonofAriston（thebest）hasdecidedthatthebestandjustestisalsothehappiest，andthatthisishewhoisthemostroyalmanandkingoverhimself；andthattheworstandmostunjustmanisalsothemostmiserable，andthatthisishewhobeingthegreatesttyrantofhimselfisalsothegreatesttyrantofhisState？
　　Maketheproclamationyourself，hesaid。
　　AndshallIadd，’whetherseenorunseenbygodsandmen’？
　　Letthewordsbeadded。
　　Thenthis，Isaid，willbeourfirstproof；andthereisanother，whichmayalsohavesomeweight。
　　Whatisthat？
　　Thesecondproofisderivedfromthenatureofthesoul：seeingthattheindividualsoul，liketheState，hasbeendividedbyusintothreeprinciples，thedivisionmay，Ithink，furnishanewdemonstration。
　　Ofwhatnature？
　　Itseemstomethattothesethreeprinciplesthreepleasurescorrespond；alsothreedesiresandgoverningpowers。
　　Howdoyoumean？hesaid。
　　Thereisoneprinciplewithwhich，asweweresaying，amanlearns，anotherwithwhichheisangry；thethird，havingmanyforms，hasnospecialname，butisdenotedbythegeneraltermappetitive，fromtheextraordinarystrengthandvehemenceofthedesiresofeatinganddrinkingandtheothersensualappetiteswhicharethemainelementsofit；alsomoney—loving，becausesuchdesiresaregenerallysatisfiedbythehelpofmoney。
　　Thatistrue，hesaid。
　　Ifweweretosaythatthelovesandpleasuresofthisthirdpartwereconcernedwithgain，weshouldthenbeabletofallbackonasinglenotion；andmighttrulyandintelligiblydescribethispartofthesoulaslovinggainormoney。
　　Iagreewithyou。
　　Again，isnotthepassionateelementwhollysetonrulingandconqueringandgettingfame？
　　True。
　　Supposewecallitthecontentiousorambitious——wouldthetermbesuitable？
　　Extremelysuitable。
　　Ontheotherhand，everyoneseesthattheprincipleofknowledgeiswhollydirectedtothetruth，andcareslessthaneitheroftheothersforgainorfame。
　　Farless。
　　’Loverofwisdom，’’loverofknowledge，’aretitleswhichwemayfitlyapplytothatpartofthesoul？
　　Certainly。
　　Oneprincipleprevailsinthesoulsofoneclassofmen，anotherinothers，asmayhappen？
　　Yes。
　　Thenwemaybeginbyassumingthattherearethreeclassesofmen——loversofwisdom，loversofhonour，loversofgain？
　　Exactly。
　　Andtherearethreekindsofpleasure，whicharetheirseveralobjects？
　　Verytrue。
　　Now，ifyouexaminethethreeclassesofmen，andaskoftheminturnwhichoftheirlivesispleasantest，eachwillbefoundpraisinghisownanddepreciatingthatofothers：themoney—makerwillcontrastthevanityofhonouroroflearningiftheybringnomoneywiththesolidadvantagesofgoldandsilver？
　　True，hesaid。
　　Andtheloverofhonour——whatwillbehisopinion？Willhenotthinkthatthepleasureofrichesisvulgar，whilethepleasureoflearning，ifitbringsnodistinction，isallsmokeandnonsensetohim？
　　Verytrue。
　　Andarewetosuppose，Isaid，thatthephilosophersetsanyvalueonotherpleasuresincomparisonwiththepleasureofknowingthetruth，andinthatpursuitabiding，everlearning，notsofarindeedfromtheheavenofpleasure？Doeshenotcalltheotherpleasuresnecessary，undertheideathatiftherewerenonecessityforthem，hewouldrathernothavethem？
　　Therecanbenodoubtofthat，hereplied。