Thisistheirnotionofvirtueandofpleasure;theythinkthatno
　　man’sreasoncancarryhimtoatruerideaofthem，unlesssome
　　discoveryfromheavenshouldinspirehimwithsublimernotions。I
　　havenotnowtheleisuretoexaminewhethertheythinkrightor
　　wronginthismatter：nordoIjudgeitnecessary，forIhaveonly
　　undertakentogiveyouanaccountoftheirconstitution，butnot
　　todefendalltheirprinciples。Iamsure，thatwhatsoevermaybe
　　saidoftheirnotions，thereisnotinthewholeworldeithera
　　betterpeopleorahappiergovernment：theirbodiesarevigorous
　　andlively;andthoughtheyarebutofamiddlestature，andhave
　　neitherthefruitfullestsoilnorthepurestairintheworld，yet
　　theyfortifythemselvessowellbytheirtemperatecourseoflife，
　　againsttheunhealthinessoftheirair，andbytheirindustrythey
　　socultivatetheirsoil，thatthereisnowheretobeseena
　　greaterincreasebothofcornandcattle，norarethereanywhere
　　healthiermenandfreerfromdiseases：foronemaytheresee
　　reducedtopractice，notonlyalltheartsthatthehusbandman
　　employsinmanuringandimprovinganillsoil，butwholewoods
　　pluckedupbytheroots，andinotherplacesnewonesplanted，
　　wheretherewerenonebefore。
　　Theirprincipalmotiveforthisistheconvenienceofcarriage，
　　thattheirtimbermaybeeitherneartheirtownsorgrowingonthe
　　banksoftheseaorofsomerivers，soastobefloatedtothem;
　　foritisaharderworktocarrywoodatanydistanceoverland，
　　thancorn。Thepeopleareindustrious，apttolearn，aswellas
　　cheerfulandpleasant;andnonecanenduremorelabor，whenitis
　　necessary;butexceptinthatcasetheylovetheirease。Theyare
　　unweariedpursuersofknowledge;forwhenwehadgiventhemsome
　　hintsofthelearninganddisciplineoftheGreeks，concerning
　　whomweonlyinstructedthem（forweknowthattherewasnothing
　　amongtheRomans，excepttheirhistoriansandtheirpoets，that
　　theywouldvaluemuch），itwasstrangetoseehoweagerlythey
　　weresetonlearningthatlanguage。Webegantoreadalittleof
　　ittothem，ratherincompliancewiththeirimportunity，thanout
　　ofanyhopesoftheirreapingfromitanygreatadvantage。But
　　afteraveryshorttrial，wefoundtheymadesuchprogress，that
　　wesawourlaborwasliketobemoresuccessfulthanwecouldhave
　　expected。Theylearnedtowritetheircharactersandtopronounce
　　theirlanguagesoexactly，hadsoquickanapprehension，they
　　remembereditsofaithfully，andbecamesoreadyandcorrectin
　　theuseofit，thatitwouldhavelookedlikeamiracleifthe
　　greaterpartofthosewhomwetaughthadnotbeenmenbothof
　　extraordinarycapacityandofafitageforinstruction。Theywere
　　forthegreatestpartchosenfromamongtheirlearnedmen，by
　　theirchiefCouncil，thoughsomestudieditoftheirownaccord。
　　Inthreeyears’timetheybecamemastersofthewholelanguage，so
　　thattheyreadthebestoftheGreekauthorsveryexactly。Iam
　　indeedapttothinkthattheylearnedthatlanguagethemore
　　easily，fromitshavingsomerelationtotheirown。Ibelievethat
　　theywereacolonyoftheGreeks;forthoughtheirlanguagecomes
　　nearerthePersian，yettheyretainmanynames，bothfortheir
　　townsandmagistrates，thatareofGreekderivation。
　　Ihappenedtocarryagreatmanybookswithme，insteadof
　　merchandise，whenIsailedmyfourthvoyage;forIwassofarfrom
　　thinkingofsooncomingback，thatIratherthoughtnevertohave
　　returnedatall，andIgavethemallmybooks，amongwhichwere
　　manyofPlato’sandsomeofAristotle’sworks。Ihadalso
　　Theophrastus"OnPlants，"which，tomygreatregret，was
　　imperfect;forhavinglaiditcarelesslyby，whilewewereatsea，
　　amonkeyhadseizeduponit，andinmanyplacestornoutthe
　　leaves。TheyhavenobooksofgrammarbutLascares，forIdidnot
　　carryTheodoruswithme;norhavetheyanydictionariesbut
　　HesichiusandDioscorides。TheyesteemPlutarchhighly，andwere
　　muchtakenwithLucian’switandwithhispleasantwayofwriting。
　　Asforthepoets，theyhaveAristophanes，Homer，Euripides，and
　　SophoclesofAldus’sedition;andforhistoriansThucydides，
　　Herodotus，andHerodian。Oneofmycompanions，ThriciusApinatus，
　　happenedtocarrywithhimsomeofHippocrates’sworks，and
　　Galen’s"Microtechne，"whichtheyholdingreatestimation;for
　　thoughthereisnonationintheworldthatneedsphysicsolittle
　　astheydo，yetthereisnotanythathonorsitsomuch：they
　　reckontheknowledgeofitoneofthepleasantestandmost
　　profitablepartsofphilosophy，bywhich，astheysearchintothe
　　secretsofnature，sotheynotonlyfindthisstudyhighly
　　agreeable，butthinkthatsuchinquiriesareveryacceptableto
　　theAuthorofnature;andimaginethatasHe，liketheinventors
　　ofcuriousenginesamongmankind，hasexposedthisgreatmachine
　　oftheuniversetotheviewoftheonlycreaturescapableof
　　contemplatingit，soanexactandcuriousobserver，whoadmires
　　Hisworkmanship，ismuchmoreacceptabletoHimthanoneofthe
　　herd，who，likeabeastincapableofreason，looksonthis
　　gloriousscenewiththeeyesofadullandunconcernedspectator。
　　ThemindsoftheUtopians，whenfencedwithaloveforlearning，
　　areveryingeniousindiscoveringallsuchartsasarenecessary
　　tocarryittoperfection。Twothingstheyowetous，the
　　manufactureofpaperandtheartofprinting：yettheyarenotso
　　entirelyindebtedtousforthesediscoveriesbutthatagreat
　　partoftheinventionwastheirown。Weshowedthemsomebooks
　　printedbyAldus，weexplainedtothemthewayofmakingpaper，
　　andthemysteryofprinting;butaswehadneverpractisedthese
　　arts，wedescribedtheminacrudeandsuperficialmanner。They
　　seizedthehintswegavethem，andthoughatfirsttheycouldnot
　　arriveatperfection，yetbymakingmanyessaystheyatlastfound
　　outandcorrectedalltheirerrors，andconqueredevery
　　difficulty。Beforethistheyonlywroteonparchment，onreeds，or
　　onthebarkoftrees;butnowtheyhaveestablishedthe
　　manufactureofpaper，andsetupprinting-presses，sothatifthey
　　hadbutagoodnumberofGreekauthorstheywouldbequickly
　　suppliedwithmanycopiesofthem：atpresent，thoughtheyhaveno
　　morethanthoseIhavementioned，yetbyseveralimpressionsthey
　　havemultipliedthemintomanythousands。
　　Ifanymanwastogoamongthemthathadsomeextraordinary
　　talent，orthatbymuchtravellinghadobservedthecustomsof
　　manynations（whichmadeustobesowellreceived），hewould
　　receiveaheartywelcome;fortheyareverydesiroustoknowthe
　　stateofthewholeworld。Veryfewgoamongthemontheaccountof
　　traffic，forwhatcanamancarrytothembutironorgoldor
　　silver，whichmerchantsdesirerathertoexportthanimporttoa
　　strangecountry：andasfortheirexportation，theythinkit
　　bettertomanagethatthemselvesthantoleaveittoforeigners，
　　forbythismeans，astheyunderstandthestateoftheneighboring
　　countriesbetter，sotheykeepuptheartofnavigation，which
　　cannotbemaintainedbutbymuchpractice。
　　BOOKII：OFTHEIRSLAVES，ANDOFTHEIRMARRIAGES
　　THEYdonotmakeslavesofprisonersofwar，exceptthosethatare
　　takeninbattle;norofthesonsoftheirslaves，norofthoseof
　　othernations：theslavesamongthemareonlysuchasare
　　condemnedtothatstateoflifeforthecommissionofsomecrime，
　　or，whichismorecommon，suchastheirmerchantsfindcondemned
　　todieinthosepartstowhichtheytrade，whomtheysometimes
　　redeematlowrates;andinotherplaceshavethemfornothing。
　　Theyarekeptatperpetuallabor，andarealwayschained，butwith
　　thisdifference，thattheirownnativesaretreatedmuchworse
　　thanothers;theyareconsideredasmoreprofligatethantherest，
　　andsincetheycouldnotberestrainedbytheadvantagesofso
　　excellentaneducation，arejudgedworthyofharderusage。Another
　　sortofslavesarethepooroftheneighboringcountries，who
　　offeroftheirownaccordtocomeandservethem;theytreatthese
　　better，andusetheminallotherrespectsaswellastheirown
　　countrymen，excepttheirimposingmorelaboruponthem，whichis
　　nohardtasktothosethathavebeenaccustomedtoit;andifany
　　ofthesehaveamindtogobacktotheirowncountry，whichindeed
　　fallsoutbutseldom，astheydonotforcethemtostay，sothey
　　donotsendthemawayempty-handed。
　　Ihavealreadytoldyouwithwhatcaretheylookaftertheirsick，
　　sothatnothingisleftundonethatcancontributeeithertotheir
　　easeorhealth：andforthosewhoaretakenwithfixedand
　　incurablediseases，theyuseallpossiblewaystocherishthem，
　　andtomaketheirlivesascomfortableaspossible。Theyvisit
　　themoften，andtakegreatpainstomaketheirtimepassoff
　　easily：butwhenanyistakenwithatorturingandlingeringpain，
　　sothatthereisnohope，eitherofrecoveryorease，thepriests
　　andmagistratescomeandexhortthem，thatsincetheyarenow
　　unabletogoonwiththebusinessoflife，arebecomeaburdento
　　themselvesandtoallaboutthem，andtheyhavereallyoutlived
　　themselves，theyshouldnolongernourishsucharooteddistemper，
　　butchooserathertodie，sincetheycannotlivebutinmuch
　　misery：beingassured，thatiftheythusdeliverthemselvesfrom
　　torture，orarewillingthatothersshoulddoit，theyshallbe
　　happyafterdeath。Sincebytheiractingthus，theylosenoneof
　　thepleasuresbutonlythetroublesoflife，theythinkthey
　　behavenotonlyreasonably，butinamannerconsistentwith
　　religionandpiety;becausetheyfollowtheadvicegiventhemby
　　theirpriests，whoaretheexpoundersofthewillofGod。Suchas
　　arewroughtonbythesepersuasions，eitherstarvethemselvesof
　　theirownaccord，ortakeopium，andbythatmeansdiewithout
　　pain。Butnomanisforcedonthiswayofendinghislife;andif
　　theycannotbepersuadedtoit，thisdoesnotinducethemtofail
　　intheirattendanceandcareofthem;butastheybelievethata
　　voluntarydeath，whenitischosenuponsuchanauthority，isvery
　　honorable，soifanymantakesawayhisownlifewithoutthe
　　approbationofthepriestsandtheSenate，theygivehimnoneof
　　thehonorsofadecentfuneral，butthrowhisbodyintoaditch。
　　Theirwomenarenotmarriedbeforeeighteen，northeirmenbefore
　　two-and-twenty，andifanyofthemrunintoforbiddenembraces
　　beforemarriagetheyareseverelypunished，andtheprivilegeof
　　marriageisdeniedthem，unlesstheycanobtainaspecialwarrant
　　fromthePrince。Suchdisorderscastagreatreproachuponthe
　　masterandmistressofthefamilyinwhichtheyhappen，foritis
　　supposedthattheyhavefailedintheirduty。Thereasonof
　　punishingthissoseverelyis，becausetheythinkthatifthey
　　werenotstrictlyrestrainedfromallvagrantappetites，veryfew
　　wouldengageinastateinwhichtheyventurethequietoftheir
　　wholelives，bybeingconfinedtooneperson，andareobligedto
　　endurealltheinconvenienceswithwhichitisaccompanied。
　　Inchoosingtheirwivestheyuseamethodthatwouldappeartous
　　veryabsurdandridiculous，butitisconstantlyobservedamong
　　them，andisaccountedperfectlyconsistentwithwisdom。Before
　　marriagesomegravematronpresentsthebridenaked，whethershe
　　isavirginorawidow，tothebridegroom;andafterthatsome
　　gravemanpresentsthebridegroomnakedtothebride。Weindeed
　　bothlaughedatthis，andcondemneditasveryindecent。Butthey，
　　ontheotherhand，wonderedatthefollyofthemenofallother
　　nations，who，iftheyarebuttobuyahorseofasmallvalue，are
　　socautiousthattheywillseeeverypartofhim，andtakeoff
　　bothhissaddleandallhisothertackle，thattheremaybeno
　　secretulcerhidunderanyofthem;andthatyetinthechoiceof
　　awife，onwhichdependsthehappinessorunhappinessoftherest
　　ofhislife，amanshouldventureupontrust，andonlyseeabouta
　　hand’s-breadthoftheface，alltherestofthebodybeing
　　covered，underwhichtheremayliehidwhatmaybecontagiousas
　　wellasloathsome。Allmenarenotsowiseastochooseawoman
　　onlyforhergoodqualities;andevenwisemenconsiderthebody
　　asthatwhichaddsnotalittletothemind：anditiscertain
　　theremaybesomesuchdeformitycoveredwiththeclothesasmay
　　totallyalienateamanfromhiswifewhenitistoolatetopart
　　fromher。Ifsuchathingisdiscoveredaftermarriage，amanhas
　　noremedybutpatience。Theythereforethinkitisreasonablethat
　　thereshouldbegoodprovisionmadeagainstsuchmischievous
　　frauds。
　　Therewassomuchthemorereasonforthemtomakearegulationin
　　thismatter，becausetheyaretheonlypeopleofthosepartsthat
　　neitherallowofpolygamynorofdivorces，exceptinthecaseof
　　adulteryorinsufferableperverseness;forinthesecasesthe
　　Senatedissolvesthemarriage，andgrantstheinjuredpersonleave
　　tomarryagain;buttheguiltyaremadeinfamous，andarenever
　　allowedtheprivilegeofasecondmarriage。Nonearesufferedto
　　putawaytheirwivesagainsttheirwills，fromanygreatcalamity
　　thatmayhavefallenontheirpersons;fortheylookonitasthe
　　heightofcrueltyandtreacherytoabandoneitherofthemarried
　　personswhentheyneedmostthetendercareoftheircomfort，and
　　thatchieflyinthecaseofoldage，whichasitcarriesmany
　　diseasesalongwithit，soitisadiseaseofitself。Butit
　　frequentlyfallsoutthatwhenamarriedcoupledonotwellagree，
　　theybymutualconsentseparate，andfindoutotherpersonswith
　　whomtheyhopetheymaylivemorehappily。Yetthisisnotdone
　　withoutobtainingleaveoftheSenate，whichneveradmitsofa
　　divorcebutuponastrictinquirymade，bothbytheSenatorsand
　　theirwives，intothegroundsuponwhichitisdesired;andeven
　　whentheyaresatisfiedconcerningthereasonsofit，theygoon
　　butslowly，fortheyimaginethattoogreateasinessingranting
　　leavefornewmarriageswouldverymuchshakethekindnessof
　　marriedpeople。Theypunishseverelythosethatdefilethe
　　marriage-bed。Ifbothpartiesaremarriedtheyaredivorced，and
　　theinjuredpersonsmaymarryoneanother，orwhomtheyplease;
　　buttheadultererandtheadulteressarecondemnedtoslavery。Yet
　　ifeitheroftheinjuredpersonscannotshakeofftheloveofthe
　　marriedperson，theymaylivewiththemstillinthatstate，but
　　theymustfollowthemtothatlabortowhichtheslavesare
　　condemned;andsometimestherepentanceofthecondemned，together
　　withtheunshakenkindnessoftheinnocentandinjuredperson，has
　　prevailedsofarwiththePrincethathehastakenoffthe
　　sentence;butthosethatrelapseaftertheyareoncepardonedare
　　punishedwithdeath。
　　Theirlawdoesnotdeterminethepunishmentforothercrimes;but
　　thatislefttotheSenate，totemperitaccordingtothe
　　circumstancesofthefact。Husbandshavepowertocorrecttheir
　　wives，andparentstochastisetheirchildren，unlessthefaultis
　　sogreatthatapublicpunishmentisthoughtnecessaryfor
　　strikingterrorintoothers。Forthemostpart，slaveryisthe
　　punishmentevenofthegreatestcrimes;forasthatisnoless
　　terribletothecriminalsthemselvesthandeath，sotheythinkthe
　　preservingtheminastateofservitudeismorefortheinterest
　　ofthecommonwealththankillingthem;sinceastheirlaborisa
　　greaterbenefittothepublicthantheirdeathcouldbe，sothe
　　sightoftheirmiseryisamorelastingterrortoothermenthan
　　thatwhichwouldbegivenbytheirdeath。Iftheirslavesrebel，
　　andwillnotbeartheiryokeandsubmittothelaborthatis
　　enjoinedthem，theyaretreatedaswildbeaststhatcannotbekept
　　inorder，neitherbyaprisonnorbytheirchains，andareatlast
　　puttodeath。Butthosewhobeartheirpunishmentpatiently，and
　　aresomuchwroughtonbythatpressurethatliessohardonthem
　　thatitappearstheyarereallymoretroubledforthecrimesthey
　　havecommittedthanforthemiseriestheysuffer，arenotoutof
　　hopebutthatatlasteitherthePrincewill，byhisprerogative，
　　orthepeoplebytheirintercession，restorethemagaintotheir
　　liberty，oratleastverymuchmitigatetheirslavery。Hethat
　　temptsamarriedwomantoadulteryisnolessseverelypunished
　　thanhethatcommitsit;fortheybelievethatadeliberatedesign
　　tocommitacrimeisequaltothefactitself：sinceitsnot
　　takingeffectdoesnotmakethepersonthatmiscarriedinhis
　　attemptatallthelessguilty。
　　Theytakegreatpleasureinfools，andasitisthoughtabaseand
　　unbecomingthingtousethemill，sotheydonotthinkitamiss
　　forpeopletodivertthemselveswiththeirfolly：and，intheir
　　opinion，thisisagreatadvantagetothefoolsthemselves：forif
　　menweresosullenandsevereasnotatalltopleasethemselves
　　withtheirridiculousbehaviorandfoolishsayings，whichisall
　　thattheycandotorecommendthemselvestoothers，itcouldnot
　　beexpectedthattheywouldbesowellprovidedfor，norso
　　tenderlyusedastheymustotherwisebe。Ifanymanshould
　　reproachanotherforhisbeingmisshapedorimperfectinanypart
　　ofhisbody，itwouldnotatallbethoughtareflectiononthe
　　personsotreated，butitwouldbeaccountedscandalousinhim
　　thathadupbraidedanotherwithwhathecouldnothelp。Itis
　　thoughtasignofasluggishandsordidmindnottopreserve
　　carefullyone’snaturalbeauty;butitislikewiseinfamousamong
　　themtousepaint。Theyallseethatnobeautyrecommendsawife
　　somuchtoherhusbandastheprobityofherlife，andher
　　obedience：forassomefewarecaughtandheldonlybybeauty，so
　　allareattractedbytheotherexcellenceswhichcharmallthe
　　world。
　　Astheyfrightmenfromcommittingcrimesbypunishments，sothey
　　invitethemtotheloveofvirtuebypublichonors：thereforethey
　　erectstatuestothememoriesofsuchworthymenashavedeserved
　　welloftheircountry，andsettheseintheirmarket-places，both
　　toperpetuatetheremembranceoftheiractions，andtobean
　　incitementtotheirposteritytofollowtheirexample。
　　Ifanymanaspirestoanyoffice，heissurenevertocompassit：
　　theyallliveeasilytogether，fornoneofthemagistratesare
　　eitherinsolentorcrueltothepeople：theyaffectrathertobe
　　calledfathers，andbybeingreallyso，theywelldeservethe
　　name;andthepeoplepaythemallthemarksofhonorthemore
　　freely，becausenoneareexactedfromthem。ThePrincehimselfhas
　　nodistinction，eitherofgarmentsorofacrown;butisonly
　　distinguishedbyasheafofcorncarriedbeforehim;asthehigh-
　　priestisalsoknownbyhisbeingprecededbyapersoncarryinga
　　waxlight。
　　Theyhavebutfewlaws，andsuchistheirconstitutionthatthey
　　neednotmany。Theyverymuchcondemnothernations，whoselaws，
　　togetherwiththecommentariesonthem，swelluptosomany
　　volumes;fortheythinkitanunreasonablethingtoobligemento
　　obeyabodyoflawsthatarebothofsuchabulkandsodarkas
　　nottobereadandunderstoodbyeveryoneofthesubjects。
　　Theyhavenolawyersamongthem，fortheyconsiderthemasasort
　　ofpeoplewhoseprofessionitistodisguisemattersandtowrest
　　thelaws;andthereforetheythinkitismuchbetterthatevery
　　manshouldpleadhisowncause，andtrustittothejudge，asin
　　otherplacestheclienttrustsittoacounsellor。Bythismeans
　　theybothcutoffmanydelays，andfindouttruthmorecertainly：
　　forafterthepartieshavelaidopenthemeritsofthecause，
　　withoutthoseartificeswhichlawyersareapttosuggest，the
　　judgeexaminesthewholematter，andsupportsthesimplicityof
　　suchwell-meaningpersons，whomotherwisecraftymenwouldbesure
　　torundown：andthustheyavoidthoseevilswhichappearvery
　　remarkablyamongallthosenationsthatlaborunderavastloadof
　　laws。Everyoneofthemisskilledintheirlaw，forasitisa
　　veryshortstudy，sotheplainestmeaningofwhichwordsare
　　capableisalwaysthesenseoftheirlaws。Andtheyarguethus：
　　alllawsarepromulgatedforthisend，thateverymanmayknowhis
　　duty;andthereforetheplainestandmostobvioussenseofthe
　　wordsisthatwhichoughttobeputuponthem;sinceamore
　　refinedexpositioncannotbeeasilycomprehended，andwouldonly
　　servetomakethelawsbecomeuselesstothegreaterpartof
　　mankind，andespeciallytothosewhoneedmostthedirectionof
　　them：foritisallone，nottomakealawatall，ortocouchit
　　insuchtermsthatwithoutaquickapprehension，andmuchstudy，a
　　mancannotfindoutthetruemeaningofit;sincethegenerality
　　ofmankindarebothsodullandsomuchemployedintheirseveral
　　tradesthattheyhaveneithertheleisurenorthecapacity
　　requisiteforsuchaninquiry。
　　Someoftheirneighbors，whoaremastersoftheirownliberties，
　　havinglongago，bytheassistanceoftheUtopians，shakenoffthe
　　yokeoftyranny，andbeingmuchtakenwiththosevirtueswhich
　　theyobserveamongthem，havecometodesirethattheywouldsend
　　magistratestogovernthem;somechangingthemeveryyear，and
　　otherseveryfiveyears。Attheendoftheirgovernmenttheybring
　　thembacktoUtopia，withgreatexpressionsofhonorandesteem，
　　andcarryawayotherstogovernintheirstead。Inthistheyseem
　　tohavefallenuponaverygoodexpedientfortheirownhappiness
　　andsafety;forsincethegoodorillconditionofanation
　　dependssomuchupontheirmagistrates，theycouldnothavemadea
　　betterchoicethanbypitchingonmenwhomnoadvantagescanbias;
　　forwealthisofnousetothem，sincetheymustsosoongoback
　　totheirowncountry;andtheybeingstrangersamongthem，arenot
　　engagedinanyoftheirheatsoranimosities;anditiscertain
　　thatwhenpublicjudicatoriesareswayed，eitherbyavariceor
　　partialaffections，theremustfollowadissolutionofjustice，
　　thechiefsinewofsociety。
　　TheUtopianscallthosenationsthatcomeandaskmagistratesfrom
　　them，neighbors;butthosetowhomtheyhavebeenofmore
　　particularservice，friends。Andasallothernationsare
　　perpetuallyeithermakingleaguesorbreakingthem，theynever
　　enterintoanalliancewithanyState。Theythinkleaguesare
　　uselessthings，andbelievethatifthecommontiesofhumanitydo
　　notknitmentogether，thefaithofpromiseswillhavenogreat
　　effect;andtheyarethemoreconfirmedinthisbywhattheysee
　　amongthenationsroundaboutthem，whoarenostrictobserversof
　　leaguesandtreaties。Weknowhowreligiouslytheyareobservedin
　　Europe，moreparticularlywheretheChristiandoctrineis
　　received，amongwhomtheyaresacredandinviolable;whichis
　　partlyowingtothejusticeandgoodnessoftheprinces
　　themselves，andpartlytothereverencetheypaytothepopes;who
　　astheyaremostreligiousobserversoftheirownpromises，so
　　theyexhortallotherprincestoperformtheirs;andwhenfainter
　　methodsdonotprevail，theycompelthemtoitbytheseverityof
　　thepastoralcensure，andthinkthatitwouldbethemostindecent
　　thingpossibleifmenwhoareparticularlydistinguishedbythe
　　titleofthe"faithful"shouldnotreligiouslykeepthefaithof
　　theirtreaties。Butinthatnewfoundworld，whichisnotmore
　　distantfromusinsituationthanthepeopleareintheirmanners
　　andcourseoflife，thereisnotrustingtoleagues，eventhough
　　theyweremadewithallthepompofthemostsacredceremonies;on
　　thecontrary，theyareonthisaccountthesoonerbroken，some
　　slightpretencebeingfoundinthewordsofthetreaties，which
　　arepurposelycouchedinsuchambiguoustermsthattheycannever
　　besostrictlyboundbuttheywillalwaysfindsomeloopholeto
　　escapeat;andthustheybreakboththeirleaguesandtheirfaith。
　　Andthisisdonewithsuchimpudence，thatthoseverymenwho
　　valuethemselvesonhavingsuggestedtheseexpedientstotheir
　　princes，wouldwithahaughtyscorndeclaimagainstsuchcraft，
　　or，tospeakplainer，suchfraudanddeceit，iftheyfoundprivate
　　menmakeuseofitintheirbargains，andwouldreadilysaythat
　　theydeservedtobehanged。
　　Bythismeansitis，thatallsortsofjusticepassesintheworld
　　foralow-spiritedandvulgarvirtue，farbelowthedignityof
　　royalgreatness。Oratleast，therearesetuptwosortsof
　　justice;theoneismean，andcreepsontheground，andtherefore
　　becomesnonebutthelowerpartofmankind，andsomustbekeptin
　　severelybymanyrestraintsthatitmaynotbreakoutbeyondthe
　　boundsthataresettoit。Theotheristhepeculiarvirtueof
　　princes，whichasitismoremajesticthanthatwhichbecomesthe
　　rabble，sotakesafreercompass;andthuslawfulandunlawfulare
　　onlymeasuredbypleasureandinterest。Thesepracticesofthe
　　princesthatlieaboutUtopia，whomakesolittleaccountoftheir
　　faith，seemtobethereasonsthatdeterminethemtoengageinno
　　confederacies;perhapstheywouldchangetheirmindiftheylived
　　amongus;butyetthoughtreatiesweremorereligiouslyobserved，
　　theywouldstilldislikethecustomofmakingthem;sincethe
　　worldhastakenupafalsemaximuponit，asiftherewerenotie
　　ofnatureunitingonenationtoanother，onlyseparatedperhapsby
　　amountainorariver，andthatallwereborninastateof
　　hostility，andsomightlawfullydoallthatmischieftotheir
　　neighborsagainstwhichthereisnoprovisionmadebytreaties;
　　andthatwhentreatiesaremade，theydonotcutofftheenmity，
　　orrestrainthelicenseofpreyinguponeachother，ifbythe
　　unskilfulnessofwordingthemtherearenoteffectualprovisos
　　madeagainstthem。They，ontheotherhand，judgethatnomanis
　　tobeesteemedourenemythathasneverinjuredus;andthatthe
　　partnershipofthehumannatureisinsteadofaleague。Andthat
　　kindnessandgood-natureunitemenmoreeffectuallyandwith
　　greaterstrengththananyagreementswhatsoever;sincetherebythe
　　engagementsofmen’sheartsbecomestrongerthanthebondand
　　obligationofwords。
　　BOOKII：OFTHEIRMILITARYDISCIPLINE
　　THEYdetestwarasaverybrutalthing;andwhich，tothereproach
　　ofhumannature，ismorepractisedbymenthanbyanysortof
　　beasts。They，inoppositiontothesentimentsofalmostallother
　　nations，thinkthatthereisnothingmoreingloriousthanthat
　　glorythatisgainedbywar。Andthereforethoughtheyaccustom
　　themselvesdailytomilitaryexercisesandthedisciplineofwar——
　　inwhichnotonlytheirmenbuttheirwomenlikewisearetrained
　　up，thatincasesofnecessitytheymaynotbequiteuseless——yet
　　theydonotrashlyengageinwar，unlessitbeeithertodefend
　　themselves，ortheirfriends，fromanyunjustaggressors;orout
　　ofgood-natureorincompassionassistanoppressednationin
　　shakingofftheyokeoftyranny。Theyindeedhelptheirfriends，
　　notonlyindefensive，butalsoinoffensivewars;buttheynever
　　dothatunlesstheyhadbeenconsultedbeforethebreachwasmade，
　　andbeingsatisfiedwiththegroundsonwhichtheywent，theyhad
　　foundthatalldemandsofreparationwererejected，sothatawar
　　wasunavoidable。Thistheythinktobenotonlyjust，whenone
　　neighbormakesaninroadonanother，bypublicorder，andcarry
　　awaythespoils;butwhenthemerchantsofonecountryare
　　oppressedinanother，eitherunderpretenceofsomeunjustlaws，
　　orbytheperversewrestingofgoodones。Thistheycountajuster
　　causeofwarthantheother，becausethoseinjuriesaredoneunder
　　somecoloroflaws。
　　Thiswastheonlygroundofthatwarinwhichtheyengagedwith
　　theNephelogetesagainsttheAleopolitanes，alittlebeforeour
　　time;forthemerchantsoftheformerhaving，astheythought，met
　　withgreatinjusticeamongthelatter，which，whetheritwasin
　　itselfrightorwrong，drewonaterriblewar，inwhichmanyof
　　theirneighborswereengaged;andtheirkeennessincarryingiton
　　beingsupportedbytheirstrengthinmaintainingit，itnotonly
　　shooksomeveryflourishingStates，andverymuchafflicted
　　others，butafteraseriesofmuchmischiefendedintheentire
　　conquestandslaveryoftheAleopolitanes，whothoughbeforethe
　　wartheywereinallrespectsmuchsuperiortotheNephelogetes，
　　wereyetsubdued;butthoughtheUtopianshadassistedtheminthe
　　war，yettheypretendedtonoshareofthespoil。
　　Butthoughtheysovigorouslyassisttheirfriendsinobtaining
　　reparationfortheinjuriestheyhavereceivedinaffairsofthis
　　nature，yetifanysuchfraudswerecommittedagainstthemselves，
　　providednoviolencewasdonetotheirpersons，theywouldonlyon
　　theirbeingrefusedsatisfactionforbeartradingwithsucha
　　people。Thisisnotbecausetheyconsidertheirneighborsmore
　　thantheirowncitizens;butsincetheirneighborstradeeveryone
　　uponhisownstock，fraudisamoresensibleinjurytothemthan
　　itistotheUtopians，amongwhomthepublicinsuchacaseonly
　　suffers。Astheyexpectnothinginreturnforthemerchandisethey
　　exportbutthatinwhichtheysomuchabound，andisoflittleuse
　　tothem，thelossdoesnotmuchaffectthem;theythinktherefore
　　itwouldbetooseveretorevengealossattendedwithsolittle
　　inconvenience，eithertotheirlivesortheirsubsistence，with
　　thedeathofmanypersons;butifanyoftheirpeopleiseither
　　killedorwoundedwrongfully，whetheritbedonebypublic
　　authorityoronlybyprivatemen，assoonastheyhearofitthey
　　sendambassadors，anddemandthattheguiltypersonsmaybe
　　delivereduptothem;andifthatisdenied，theydeclarewar;but
　　ifitbecompliedwith，theoffendersarecondemnedeitherto
　　deathorslavery。
　　Theywouldbebothtroubledandashamedofabloodyvictoryover
　　theirenemies，andthinkitwouldbeasfoolishapurchaseasto
　　buythemostvaluablegoodsattoohigharate。Andinnovictory
　　dotheyglorysomuchasinthatwhichisgainedbydexterityand
　　goodconduct，withoutbloodshed。Insuchcasestheyappointpublic
　　triumphs，anderecttrophiestothehonorofthosewhohave
　　succeeded;forthendotheyreckonthatamanactssuitablytohis
　　naturewhenheconquershisenemyinsuchawayasthatnoother
　　creaturebutamancouldbecapableof，andthatisbythe
　　strengthofhisunderstanding。Bears，lions，boars，wolves，and
　　dogs，andallotheranimalsemploytheirbodilyforceoneagainst
　　another，inwhichasmanyofthemaresuperiortomen，bothin
　　strengthandfierceness，sotheyareallsubduedbyhisreasonand
　　understanding。
　　TheonlydesignoftheUtopiansinwaristoobtainthatbyforce，
　　whichifithadbeengrantedthemintimewouldhavepreventedthe
　　war;orifthatcannotbedone，totakesoseverearevengeon
　　thosethathaveinjuredthemthattheymaybeterrifiedfromdoing
　　thelikeforthetimetocome。Bytheseendstheymeasureall
　　theirdesigns，andmanagethemsothatitisvisiblethatthe
　　appetiteoffameorvainglorydoesnotworksomuchonthemasa
　　justcareoftheirownsecurity。
　　Assoonastheydeclarewar，theytakecaretohaveagreatmany
　　schedules，thataresealedwiththeircommonseal，affixedinthe
　　mostconspicuousplacesoftheirenemies’country。Thisiscarried
　　secretly，anddoneinmanyplacesallatonce。Inthesethey
　　promisegreatrewardstosuchasshallkilltheprince，andlesser
　　inproportiontosuchasshallkillanyotherpersons，whoare
　　thoseonwhom，nexttotheprincehimself，theycastthechief
　　balanceofthewar。Andtheydoublethesumtohimthat，instead
　　ofkillingthepersonsomarkedout，shalltakehimaliveandput
　　himintheirhands。Theyoffernotonlyindemnity，butrewards，to
　　suchofthepersonsthemselvesthataresomarked，iftheywill
　　actagainsttheircountrymen;bythismeansthosethatarenamed
　　intheirschedulesbecomenotonlydistrustfuloftheirfellow-
　　citizensbutarejealousofoneanother，andaremuchdistracted
　　byfearanddanger;forithasoftenfallenoutthatmanyofthem，
　　andeventhePrincehimself，havebeenbetrayedbythoseinwhom
　　theyhavetrustedmost;fortherewardsthattheUtopiansoffer
　　aresounmeasurablygreat，thatthereisnosortofcrimetowhich
　　mencannotbedrawnbythem。Theyconsidertheriskthatthoserun
　　whoundertakesuchservices，andofferarecompenseproportioned
　　tothedanger;notonlyavastdealofgold，butgreatrevenuesin
　　lands，thatlieamongothernationsthataretheirfriends，where
　　theymaygoandenjoythemverysecurely;andtheyobservethe
　　promisestheymakeofthiskindmostreligiously。
　　Theyverymuchapproveofthiswayofcorruptingtheirenemies，
　　thoughitappearstootherstobebaseandcruel;buttheylookon
　　itasawisecourse，tomakeanendofwhatwouldbeotherwisea
　　longwar，withoutsomuchashazardingonebattletodecideit。
　　Theythinkitlikewiseanactofmercyandlovetomankindto
　　preventthegreatslaughterofthosethatmustotherwisebekilled
　　intheprogressofthewar，bothontheirownsideandonthatof
　　theirenemies，bythedeathofafewthataremostguilty;and
　　thatinsodoingtheyarekindeventotheirenemies，andpity
　　themnolessthantheirownpeople，asknowingthatthegreater
　　partofthemdonotengageinthe，waroftheirownaccord，but
　　aredrivenintoitbythepassionsoftheirprince。
　　Ifthismethoddoesnotsucceedwiththem，thentheysowseedsof
　　contentionamongtheirenemies，andanimatetheprince’sbrother，
　　orsomeofthenobility，toaspiretothecrown。Iftheycannot
　　disunitethembydomesticbroils，thentheyengagetheirneighbors
　　againstthem，andmakethemsetonfootsomeoldpretensions，
　　whichareneverwantingtoprinceswhentheyhaveoccasionfor
　　them。Thesetheyplentifullysupplywithmoney，thoughbutvery
　　sparinglywithanyauxiliarytroops：fortheyaresotenderof
　　theirownpeople，thattheywouldnotwillinglyexchangeoneof
　　them，evenwiththeprinceoftheirenemies’country。
　　Butastheykeeptheirgoldandsilveronlyforsuchanoccasion，
　　sowhenthatoffersitselftheyeasilypartwithit，sinceit
　　wouldbenoinconveniencetothemthoughtheyshouldreserve
　　nothingofittothemselves。Forbesidesthewealththattheyhave
　　amongthemathome，theyhaveavasttreasureabroad，manynations
　　roundaboutthembeingdeepintheirdebt：sothattheyhire
　　soldiersfromallplacesforcarryingontheirwars，butchiefly
　　fromtheZapolets，wholive500mileseastofUtopia。Theyarea
　　rude，wild，andfiercenation，whodelightinthewoodsandrocks，
　　amongwhichtheywerebornandbredup。Theyarehardenedboth
　　againstheat，cold，andlabor，andknownothingofthedelicacies
　　oflife。Theydonotapplythemselvestoagriculture，nordothey
　　careeitherfortheirhousesortheirclothes。Cattleisallthat
　　theylookafter;andforthegreatestparttheyliveeitherby
　　hunting，oruponrapine;andaremade，asitwere，onlyforwar。
　　Theywatchallopportunitiesofengaginginit，andveryreadily
　　embracesuchasareofferedthem。Greatnumbersofthemwill
　　frequentlygoout，andofferthemselvesforaverylowpay，to
　　serveanythatwillemploythem：theyknownoneoftheartsof
　　life，butthosethatleadtothetakingitaway;theyservethose
　　thathirethem，bothwithmuchcourageandgreatfidelity;but
　　willnotengagetoserveforanydeterminedtime，andagreeupon
　　suchterms，thatthenextdaytheymaygoovertotheenemiesof
　　thosewhomtheyserve，iftheyofferthemagreaterencouragement：
　　andwillperhapsreturntothemthedayafterthat，uponahigher
　　advanceoftheirpay。
　　Therearefewwarsinwhichtheymakenotaconsiderablepartof
　　thearmiesofbothsides：soitoftenfallsoutthattheywhoare
　　related，andwerehiredinthesamecountry，andsohavelived
　　longandfamiliarlytogether，forgettingboththeirrelationsand
　　formerfriendship，killoneanotheruponnootherconsideration
　　thanthatofbeinghiredtoitforalittlemoney，byprincesof
　　differentinterests;andsucharegardhavetheyformoney，that
　　theyareeasilywroughtonbythedifferenceofonepennyadayto
　　changesides。Soentirelydoestheiravariceinfluencethem;and
　　yetthismoney，whichtheyvaluesohighly，isoflittleuseto
　　them;forwhattheypurchasethuswiththeirblood，theyquickly
　　wasteonluxury，whichamongthemisbutofapoorandmiserable
　　form。
　　ThisnationservestheUtopiansagainstallpeoplewhatsoever，for
　　theypayhigherthananyother。TheUtopiansholdthisfora
　　maxim，thatastheyseekoutthebestsortofmenfortheirown
　　useathome，sotheymakeuseofthisworstsortofmenforthe
　　consumptionofwar，andthereforetheyhirethemwiththeoffers
　　ofvastrewards，toexposethemselvestoallsortsofhazards，out
　　ofwhichthegreaterpartneverreturnstoclaimtheirpromises。
　　Yettheymakethemgoodmostreligiouslytosuchasescape。This
　　animatesthemtoadventureagain，wheneverthereisoccasionfor
　　it;fortheUtopiansarenotatalltroubledhowmanyofthese
　　happentobekilled，andreckonitaservicedonetomankindif
　　theycouldbeameanstodelivertheworldfromsuchalewdand
　　vicioussortofpeople;thatseemtohaveruntogetherastothe
　　drainofhumannature。Nexttothesetheyareservedintheirwars
　　withthoseuponwhoseaccounttheyundertakethem，andwiththe
　　auxiliarytroopsoftheirotherfriends，towhomtheyjoinafew
　　oftheirownpeople，andsendsomemenofeminentandapproved
　　virtuetocommandinchief。Therearetwosentwithhim，who
　　duringhiscommandarebutprivatemen，butthefirstisto
　　succeedhimifheshouldhappentobeeitherkilledortaken;and
　　incaseofthelikemisfortunetohim，thethirdcomesinhis
　　place;andthustheyprovideagainstillevents，thatsuch
　　accidentsasmaybefalltheirgeneralsmaynotendangertheir
　　armies。
　　Whentheydrawouttroopsoftheirownpeople，theytakesuchout
　　ofeverycityasfreelyofferthemselves，fornoneareforcedto
　　goagainsttheirwills，sincetheythinkthatifanymanis
　　pressedthatwantscourage，hewillnotonlyactfaintly，butby
　　hiscowardicedisheartenothers。Butifaninvasionismadeon
　　theircountrytheymakeuseofsuchmen，iftheyhavegoodbodies，
　　thoughtheyarenotbrave;andeitherputthemaboardtheirships
　　orplacethemonthewallsoftheirtowns，thatbeingsoposted
　　theymayfindnoopportunityofflyingaway;andthuseither
　　shame，theheatofaction，ortheimpossibilityofflying，bears
　　downtheircowardice;theyoftenmakeavirtueofnecessityand
　　behavethemselveswell，becausenothingelseisleftthem。Butas
　　theyforcenomantogointoanyforeignwaragainsthiswill，so
　　theydonothinderthosewomenwhoarewillingtogoalongwith
　　theirhusbands;onthecontrary，theyencourageandpraisethem，
　　andtheystandoftennexttheirhusbandsinthefrontofthearmy。
　　Theyalsoplacetogetherthosewhoarerelated，parentsand
　　children，kindred，andthosethataremutuallyallied，nearone
　　another;thatthosewhomnaturehasinspiredwiththegreatest
　　zealforassistingoneanother，maybethenearestandreadiestto
　　doit;anditismatterofgreatreproachifhusbandorwife
　　surviveoneanother，orifachildsurviveshisparents，and
　　thereforewhentheycometobeengagedinactiontheycontinueto
　　fighttothelastman，iftheirenemiesstandbeforethem。
　　Andastheyuseallprudentmethodstoavoidtheendangeringtheir
　　ownmen，andifitispossibleletalltheactionanddangerfall
　　uponthetroopsthattheyhire，soifitbecomesnecessaryfor
　　themselvestoengage，theythenchargewithasmuchcourageas
　　theyavoideditbeforewithprudence：norisitafiercechargeat
　　first，butitincreasesbydegrees;andastheycontinuein
　　action，theygrowmoreobstinateandpressharderupontheenemy，
　　insomuchthattheywillmuchsoonerdiethangiveground;forthe
　　certaintythattheirchildrenwillbewelllookedafterwhenthey
　　aredead，freesthemfromallthatanxietyconcerningthemwhich
　　oftenmastersmenofgreatcourage;andthustheyareanimatedby
　　anobleandinvincibleresolution。Theirskillinmilitaryaffairs
　　increasestheircourage;andthewisesentimentswhich，according
　　tothelawsoftheircountry，areinstilledintothemintheir
　　education，giveadditionalvigortotheirminds：forastheydo
　　notundervaluelifesoasprodigallytothrowitaway，theyare
　　notsoindecentlyfondofitastopreserveitbybaseand
　　unbecomingmethods。Inthegreatestheatofaction，thebravestof
　　theiryouth，whohavedevotedthemselvestothatservice，single
　　outthegeneraloftheirenemies，setonhimeitheropenlyorby
　　ambuscade，pursuehimeverywhere，andwhenspentandweariedout，
　　arerelievedbyothers，whonevergiveoverthepursuit;either
　　attackinghimwithcloseweaponswhentheycangetnearhim，or
　　withthosewhichwoundatadistance，whenothersgetinbetween
　　them;sothatunlesshesecureshimselfbyflight，theyseldom
　　failatlasttokillortotakehimprisoner。
　　Whentheyhaveobtainedavictory，theykillasfewaspossible，
　　andaremuchmorebentontakingmanyprisonersthanonkilling
　　thosethatflybeforethem;nordotheyeverlettheirmenso
　　looseinthepursuitoftheirenemies，asnottoretainanentire
　　bodystillinorder;sothatiftheyhavebeenforcedtoengage
　　thelastoftheirbattalionsbeforetheycouldgaintheday，they
　　willratherlettheirenemiesallescapethanpursuethem，when
　　theirownarmyisindisorder;rememberingwellwhathasoften
　　fallenouttothemselves，thatwhenthemainbodyoftheirarmy
　　hasbeenquitedefeatedandbroken，whentheirenemiesimagining
　　thevictoryobtained，haveletthemselveslooseintoanirregular
　　pursuit，afewofthemthatlayforareserve，waitingafit
　　opportunity，havefallenonthemintheirchase，andwhen
　　stragglingindisorderandapprehensiveofnodanger，butcounting
　　thedaytheirown，haveturnedthewholeaction，andwrestlingout
　　oftheirhandsavictorythatseemedcertainandundoubted，while
　　thevanquishedhavesuddenlybecomevictorious。
　　Itishardtotellwhethertheyaremoredexterousinlayingor
　　avoidingambushes。Theysometimesseemtoflywhenitisfarfrom
　　theirthoughts;andwhentheyintendtogiveground，theydoitso
　　thatitisveryhardtofindouttheirdesign。Iftheyseethey
　　areillposted，orareliketobeoverpoweredbynumbers，they
　　theneithermarchoffinthenightwithgreatsilence，orbysome
　　stratagemdeludetheirenemies：iftheyretireinthedaytime，
　　theydoitinsuchorder，thatitisnolessdangeroustofall
　　upontheminaretreatthaninamarch。Theyfortifytheircamps
　　withadeepandlargetrench，andthrowuptheearththatisdug
　　outofitforawall;nordotheyemployonlytheirslavesin
　　this，butthewholearmyworksatit，exceptthosethatarethen
　　upontheguard;sothatwhensomanyhandsareatwork，agreat
　　lineandastrongfortificationarefinishedinsoshortatime
　　thatitisscarcecredible。Theirarmorisverystrongfor
　　defence，andyetisnotsoheavyastomakethemuneasyintheir
　　marches;theycanevenswimwithit。Allthataretrainedupto
　　warpracticeswimming。Bothhorseandfootmakegreatuseof
　　arrows，andareveryexpert。Theyhavenoswords，butfightwitha
　　pole-axethatisbothsharpandheavy，bywhichtheythrustor
　　strikedownanenemy。Theyareverygoodatfindingoutwarlike
　　machines，anddisguisethemsowell，thattheenemydoesnot
　　perceivethemtillhefeelstheuseofthem;sothathecannot
　　preparesuchadefenceaswouldrenderthemuseless;thechief
　　considerationhadinthemakingthemisthattheymaybeeasily
　　carriedandmanaged。
　　Iftheyagreetoatruce，theyobserveitsoreligiouslythatno
　　provocationswillmakethembreakit。Theyneverlaytheir
　　enemies’countrywastenorburntheircorn，andevenintheir
　　marchestheytakeallpossiblecarethatneitherhorsenorfoot
　　maytreaditdown，fortheydonotknowbutthattheymayhaveuse
　　forit-themselves。Theyhurtnomanwhomtheyfinddisarmed，
　　unlessheisaspy。Whenatownissurrenderedtothem，theytake
　　itintotheirprotection;andwhentheycarryaplacebystorm，
　　theyneverplunderit，butputthoseonlytotheswordthat
　　opposedtherenderingofitup，andmaketherestofthegarrison
　　slaves，butfortheotherinhabitants，theydothemnohurt;and
　　ifanyofthemhadadvisedasurrender，theygivethemgood
　　rewardsoutoftheestatesofthosethattheycondemn，and
　　distributetherestamongtheirauxiliarytroops，butthey
　　themselvestakenoshareofthespoil。
　　Whenawarisended，theydonotobligetheirfriendstoreimburse
　　theirexpenses;buttheyobtainthemoftheconquered，eitherin
　　money，whichtheykeepforthenextoccasion，orinlands，outof
　　whichaconstantrevenueistobepaidthem;bymanyincreases，
　　therevenuewhichtheydrawoutfromseveralcountriesonsuch
　　occasions，isnowrisentoabove700，000ducatsayear。Theysend
　　someoftheirownpeopletoreceivetheserevenues，whohave
　　orderstolivemagnificently，andlikeprinces，bywhichmeans
　　theyconsumemuchofitupontheplace;andeitherbringoverthe
　　resttoUtopia，orlendittothatnationinwhichitlies。This
　　theymostcommonlydo，unlesssomegreatoccasion，whichfallsout
　　butveryseldom，shouldobligethemtocallforitall。Itisout
　　oftheselandsthattheyassignrewardstosuchastheyencourage
　　toadventureondesperateattempts。Ifanyprincethatengagesin
　　warwiththemismakingpreparationsforinvadingtheircountry，
　　theypreventhim，andmakehiscountrytheseatofthewar;for
　　theydonotwillinglysufferanywartobreakinupontheir
　　island;andifthatshouldhappen，theywouldonlydefend
　　themselvesbytheirownpeople，butwouldnotcallforauxiliary
　　troopstotheirassistance。