Astotheirclothes，observehowlittleworkisspentinthem：
　　whiletheyareatlabor，theyareclothedwithleatherandskins。
　　castcarelesslyaboutthem，whichwilllastsevenyears;andwhen
　　theyappearinpublictheyputonanuppergarment，whichhides
　　theother;andtheseareallofonecolor，andthatisthenatural
　　colorofthewool。Astheyneedlesswoollencloththanisused
　　anywhereelse，sothatwhichtheymakeuseofismuchlesscostly。
　　Theyuselinenclothmore;butthatispreparedwithlesslabor，
　　andtheyvalueclothonlybythewhitenessofthelinenorthe
　　cleannessofthewool，withoutmuchregardtothefinenessofthe
　　thread：whileinotherplaces，fourorfiveuppergarmentsof
　　woollencloth，ofdifferentcolors，andasmanyvestsofsilk，
　　willscarceserveoneman;andwhilethosethatarenicerthink
　　tenaretoofew，everymanthereiscontentwithone，whichvery
　　oftenserveshimtwoyears。Noristhereanythingthatcantempta
　　mantodesiremore;forifhehadthem，hewouldneitherbethe
　　warmernorwouldhemakeonejotthebetterappearanceforit。And
　　thus，sincetheyareallemployedinsomeusefullabor，andsince
　　theycontentthemselveswithfewerthings，itfallsoutthatthere
　　isagreatabundanceofallthingsamongthem：sothatit
　　frequentlyhappensthat，forwantofotherwork，vastnumbersare
　　sentouttomendthehighways。Butwhennopublicundertakingis
　　tobeperformed，thehoursofworkingarelessened。The
　　magistratesneverengagethepeopleinunnecessarylabor，since
　　thechiefendoftheconstitutionistoregulatelaborbythe
　　necessitiesofthepublic，andtoallowallthepeopleasmuch
　　timeasisnecessaryfortheimprovementoftheirminds，inwhich
　　theythinkthehappinessoflifeconsists。
　　BOOKII：OFTHEIRTRAFFIC
　　BUTitisnowtimetoexplaintoyouthemutualintercourseof
　　thispeople，theircommerce，andtherulesbywhichallthingsare
　　distributedamongthem。
　　Astheircitiesarecomposedoffamilies，sotheirfamiliesare
　　madeupofthosethatarenearlyrelatedtooneanother。Their
　　women，whentheygrowup，aremarriedout;butallthemales，both
　　childrenandgrandchildren，livestillinthesamehouse，ingreat
　　obediencetotheircommonparent，unlessagehasweakenedhis
　　understanding：andinthatcase，hethatisnexttohiminage
　　comesinhisroom。Butlestanycityshouldbecomeeithertoo
　　great，orbyanyaccidentbedispeopled，provisionismadethat
　　noneoftheircitiesmaycontainabove6，000families，besides
　　thoseofthecountryroundit。Nofamilymayhavelessthanten
　　andmorethansixteenpersonsinit;buttherecanbeno
　　determinednumberforthechildrenunderage。Thisruleiseasily
　　observed，byremovingsomeofthechildrenofamorefruitful
　　coupletoanyotherfamilythatdoesnotaboundsomuchinthem。
　　Bythesamerule，theysupplycitiesthatdonotincreasesofast，
　　fromothersthatbreedfaster;andifthereisanyincreaseover
　　thewholeisland，thentheydrawoutanumberoftheircitizens
　　outoftheseveraltowns，andsendthemovertotheneighboring
　　continent;where，iftheyfindthattheinhabitantshavemoresoil
　　thantheycanwellcultivate，theyfixacolony，takingthe
　　inhabitantsintotheirsociety，iftheyarewillingtolivewith
　　them;andwheretheydothatoftheirownaccord，theyquickly
　　enterintotheirmethodoflife，andconformtotheirrules，and
　　thisprovesahappinesstobothnations;foraccordingtotheir
　　constitution，suchcareistakenofthesoilthatitbecomes
　　fruitfulenoughforboth，thoughitmightbeotherwisetoonarrow
　　andbarrenforanyoneofthem。Butifthenativesrefuseto
　　conformthemselvestotheirlaws，theydrivethemoutofthose
　　boundswhichtheymarkoutforthemselves，anduseforceifthey
　　resist。Fortheyaccountitaveryjustcauseofwar，foranation
　　tohinderothersfrompossessingapartofthatsoilofwhichthey
　　makenouse，butwhichissufferedtolieidleanduncultivated;
　　sinceeverymanhasbythelawofnaturearighttosuchawaste
　　portionoftheearthasisnecessaryforhissubsistence。Ifan
　　accidenthassolessenedthenumberoftheinhabitantsofanyof
　　theirtownsthatitcannotbemadeupfromtheothertownsofthe
　　island，withoutdiminishingthemtoomuch，whichissaidtohave
　　fallenoutbuttwicesincetheywerefirstapeople，whengreat
　　numberswerecarriedoffbytheplague，thelossisthensupplied
　　byrecallingasmanyasarewantedfromtheircolonies;forthey
　　willabandonthese，ratherthansufferthetownsintheislandto
　　sinktoolow。
　　Buttoreturntotheirmanneroflivinginsociety，theoldestman
　　ofeveryfamily，ashasbeenalreadysaid，isitsgovernor。Wives
　　servetheirhusbands，andchildrentheirparents，andalwaysthe
　　youngerservestheelder。Everycityisdividedintofourequal
　　parts，andinthemiddleofeachthereisamarketplace：whatis
　　broughtthither，andmanufacturedbytheseveralfamilies，is
　　carriedfromthencetohousesappointedforthatpurpose，inwhich
　　allthingsofasortarelaidbythemselves;andthitherevery
　　fathergoesandtakeswhatsoeverheorhisfamilystandinneed
　　of，withouteitherpayingforitorleavinganythinginexchange。
　　Thereisnoreasonforgivingadenialtoanyperson，sincethere
　　issuchplentyofeverythingamongthem;andthereisnodangerof
　　aman’saskingformorethanheneeds;theyhavenoinducementsto
　　dothis，sincetheyaresurethattheyshallalwaysbesupplied。
　　Itisthefearofwantthatmakesanyofthewholeraceofanimals
　　eithergreedyorravenous;butbesidesfear，thereisinmana
　　pridethatmakeshimfancyitaparticularglorytoexcelothers
　　inpompandexcess。ButbythelawsoftheUtopians，thereisno
　　roomforthis。Nearthesemarketsthereareothersforallsorts
　　ofprovisions，wheretherearenotonlyherbs，fruits，andbread，
　　butalsofish，fowl，andcattle。
　　Therearealso，withouttheirtowns，placesappointednearsome
　　runningwater，forkillingtheirbeasts，andforwashingaway
　　theirfilth，whichisdonebytheirslaves：fortheysuffernone
　　oftheircitizenstokilltheircattle，becausetheythinkthat
　　pityandgood-nature，whichareamongthebestofthoseaffections
　　thatarebornwithus，aremuchimpairedbythebutcheringof
　　animals：nordotheysufferanythingthatisfouloruncleantobe
　　broughtwithintheirtowns，lesttheairshouldbeinfectedby
　　ill-smellswhichmightprejudicetheirhealth。Ineverystreet
　　therearegreathallsthatlieatanequaldistancefromeach
　　other，distinguishedbyparticularnames。Thesyphograntsdwellin
　　thosethataresetoverthirtyfamilies，fifteenlyingononeside
　　ofit，andasmanyontheother。Inthesehallstheyallmeetand
　　havetheirrepasts。Thestewardsofeveryoneofthemcometothe
　　market-placeatanappointedhour;andaccordingtothenumberof
　　thosethatbelongtothehall，theycarryhomeprovisions。But
　　theytakemorecareoftheirsickthanofanyothers：theseare
　　lodgedandprovidedforinpublichospitalstheyhavebelongingto
　　everytownfourhospitals，thatarebuiltwithouttheirwalls，and
　　aresolargethattheymaypassforlittletowns：bythismeans，
　　iftheyhadeversuchanumberofsickpersons，theycouldlodge
　　themconveniently，andatsuchadistance，thatsuchofthemas
　　aresickofinfectiousdiseasesmaybekeptsofarfromtherest
　　thattherecanbenodangerofcontagion。Thehospitalsare
　　furnishedandstoredwithallthingsthatareconvenientforthe
　　easeandrecoveryofthesick;andthosethatareputinthemare
　　lookedafterwithsuchtenderandwatchfulcare，andareso
　　constantlyattendedbytheirskilfulphysicians，thatasnoneis
　　senttothemagainsttheirwill，sothereisscarceoneinawhole
　　townthat，ifheshouldfallill，wouldnotchooserathertogo
　　thitherthanliesickathome。
　　Afterthestewardofthehospitalshastakenforthesick
　　whatsoeverthephysicianprescribes，thenthebestthingsthatare
　　leftinthemarketaredistributedequallyamongthehalls，in
　　proportiontotheirnumbers，only，inthefirstplace，theyserve
　　thePrince，thechiefpriest，thetranibors，theambassadors，and
　　strangers，ifthereareany，whichindeedfallsoutbutseldom，
　　andforwhomtherearehouseswellfurnished，particularly
　　appointedfortheirreceptionwhentheycomeamongthem。Atthe
　　hoursofdinnerandsupper，thewholesyphograntybeingcalled
　　togetherbysoundoftrumpet，theymeetandeattogether，except
　　onlysuchasareinthehospitalsorliesickathome。Yetafter
　　thehallsareserved，nomanishinderedtocarryprovisionshome
　　fromthemarket-place;fortheyknowthatnonedoesthatbutfor
　　somegoodreason;forthoughanythatwillmayeatathome，yet
　　nonedoesitwillingly，sinceitisbothridiculousandfoolish
　　foranytogivethemselvesthetroubletomakereadyanilldinner
　　athome，whenthereisamuchmoreplentifulonemadereadyfor
　　himsonearathand。Alltheuneasyandsordidservicesabout
　　thesehallsareperformedbytheirslaves;butthedressingand
　　cookingtheirmeat，andtheorderingtheirtables，belongonlyto
　　thewomen，allthoseofeveryfamilytakingitbyturns。Theysit
　　atthreeormoretables，accordingtotheirnumber;themensit
　　towardthewall，andthewomensitontheotherside，thatifany
　　ofthemshouldbetakensuddenlyill，whichisnouncommoncase
　　amongwomenwithchild，shemay，withoutdisturbingtherest，rise
　　andgotothenurses’room，whoaretherewiththesucking
　　children，wherethereisalwayscleanwaterathand，andcradles
　　inwhichtheymaylaytheyoungchildren，ifthereisoccasionfor
　　it，andafirethattheymayshiftanddressthembeforeit。
　　Everychildisnursedbyitsownmother，ifdeathorsicknessdoes
　　notintervene;andinthatcasethesyphogrants’wivesfindouta
　　nursequickly，whichisnohardmatter;foranyonethatcandoit
　　offersherselfcheerfully;forastheyaremuchinclinedtothat
　　pieceofmercy，sothechildwhomthenurseconsidersthenurseas
　　itsmother。Allthechildrenunderfiveyearsoldsitamongthe
　　nurses，therestoftheyoungersortofbothsexes，tilltheyare
　　fitformarriage，eitherservethosethatsitattableor，ifthey
　　arenotstrongenoughforthat，standbythemingreatsilence，
　　andeatwhatisgiventhem;norhavetheyanyotherformalityof
　　dining。Inthemiddleofthefirsttable，whichstandsacrossthe
　　upperendofthehall，sitthesyphograntandhiswife;forthat
　　isthechiefandmostconspicuousplace：nexttohimsittwoof
　　themostancient，fortheregoalwaysfourtoamess。Ifthereis
　　atemplewithinthatsyphogranty，thepriestandhiswifesitwith
　　thesyphograntabovealltherest：nextthemthereisamixtureof
　　oldandyoung，whoaresoplaced，thatastheyoungaresetnear
　　others，sotheyaremixedwiththemoreancient;whichtheysay
　　wasappointedonthisaccount，thatthegravityoftheoldpeople，
　　andthereverencethatisduetothem，mightrestraintheyounger
　　fromallindecentwordsandgestures。Dishesarenotservedupto
　　thewholetableatfirst，butthebestarefirstsetbeforethe
　　old，whoseseatsaredistinguishedfromtheyoung，andafterthem
　　alltherestareservedalike。Theoldmendistributetothe
　　youngeranycuriousmeatsthathappentobesetbeforethem，if
　　thereisnotsuchanabundanceofthemthatthewholecompanymay
　　beservedalike。
　　Thusoldmenarehonoredwithaparticularrespect;yetallthe
　　restfareaswellasthey。Bothdinnerandsupperarebegunwith
　　somelectureofmoralitythatisreadtothem;butitissoshort，
　　thatitisnottediousnoruneasytothemtohearit：fromhence
　　theoldmentakeoccasiontoentertainthoseaboutthemwithsome
　　usefulandpleasantenlargements;buttheydonotengrossthe
　　wholediscoursesotothemselves，duringtheirmeals，thatthe
　　youngermaynotputinforashare：onthecontrary，theyengage
　　themtotalk，thatsotheymayinthatfreewayofconversation
　　findouttheforceofeveryone’sspiritandobservehistemper。
　　Theydespatchtheirdinnersquickly，butsitlongatsupper;
　　becausetheygotoworkaftertheone，andaretosleepafterthe
　　other，duringwhichtheythinkthestomachcarriesonthe
　　concoctionmorevigorously。Theyneversupwithoutmusic;and
　　thereisalwaysfruitservedupaftermeat;whiletheyareat
　　table，someburnperfumesandsprinkleaboutfragrantointments
　　andsweetwaters：inshort，theywantnothingthatmaycheerup
　　theirspirits：theygivethemselvesalargeallowancethatway，
　　andindulgethemselvesinallsuchpleasuresasareattendedwith
　　noinconvenience。Thusdothosethatareinthetownslive
　　together;butinthecountry，wheretheyliveatgreatdistance，
　　everyoneeatsathome，andnofamilywantsanynecessarysortof
　　provision，foritisfromthemthatprovisionsaresentuntothose
　　thatliveinthetowns。
　　BOOKII：OFTHETRAVELLINGOFTHEUTOPIANS
　　IFanymanhasamindtovisithisfriendsthatliveinsomeother
　　town，ordesirestotravelandseetherestofthecountry，he
　　obtainsleaveveryeasilyfromthesyphograntandtraniborswhen
　　thereisnoparticularoccasionforhimathome：suchastravel，
　　carrywiththemapassportfromthePrince，whichbothcertifies
　　thelicensethatisgrantedfortravelling，andlimitsthetimeof
　　theirreturn。Theyarefurnishedwithawagon，andaslavewho
　　drivestheoxenandlooksafterthem;butunlesstherearewomen
　　inthecompany，thewagonissentbackattheendofthejourney
　　asaneedlessencumbrance。Whiletheyareontheroad，theycarry
　　noprovisionswiththem;yettheywantnothing，butareeverywhere
　　treatedasiftheywereathome。Iftheystayinanyplacelonger
　　thananight，everyonefollowshisproperoccupation，andisvery
　　wellusedbythoseofhisowntrade;butifanymangoesoutof
　　thecitytowhichhebelongs，withoutleave，andisfoundrambling
　　withoutapassport，heisseverelytreated，heispunishedasa
　　fugitive，andsenthomedisgracefully;andifhefallsagaininto
　　thelikefault，iscondemnedtoslavery。Ifanymanhasamindto
　　travelonlyovertheprecinctofhisowncity，hemayfreelydo
　　it，withhisfather’spermissionandhiswife’sconsent;butwhen
　　hecomesintoanyofthecountryhouses，ifheexpectstobe
　　entertainedbythem，hemustlaborwiththemandconformtotheir
　　rules：andifhedoesthis，hemayfreelygooverthewhole
　　precinct;beingthusasusefultothecitytowhichhebelongs，as
　　ifhewerestillwithinit。Thusyouseethattherearenoidle
　　personsamongthem，norpretencesofexcusinganyfromlabor。
　　Therearenotaverns，noalehousesnorstewsamongthem;norany
　　otheroccasionsofcorruptingeachother，ofgettingintocorners，
　　orformingthemselvesintoparties：allmenliveinfullview，so
　　thatallareobliged，bothtoperformtheirordinarytasks，andto
　　employthemselveswellintheirsparehours。Anditiscertain
　　thatapeoplethusorderedmustliveingreatabundanceofall
　　things;andthesebeingequallydistributedamongthem，nomancan
　　want，orbeobligedtobeg。
　　IntheirgreatCouncilatAmaurot，towhichtherearethreesent
　　fromeverytownonceayear，theyexaminewhattownsaboundin
　　provisionsandwhatareunderanyscarcity，thatsotheonemaybe
　　furnishedfromtheother;andthisisdonefreely，withoutany
　　sortofexchange;foraccordingtotheirplentyorscarcitythey
　　supplyoraresuppliedfromoneanother;sothatindeedthewhole
　　islandis，asitwere，onefamily。Whentheyhavethustakencare
　　oftheirwholecountry，andlaidupstoresfortwoyears，which
　　theydotopreventtheill-consequencesofanunfavorableseason，
　　theyorderanexportationoftheoverplus，ofcorn，honey，wool，
　　flax，wood，wax，tallow，leather，andcattle;whichtheysendout
　　commonlyingreatquantitiestoothernations。Theyordera
　　seventhpartofallthesegoodstobefreelygiventothepoorof
　　thecountriestowhichtheysendthem，andselltherestat
　　moderaterates。Andbythisexchange，theynotonlybringback
　　thosefewthingsthattheyneedathome（forindeedtheyscarce
　　needanythingbutiron），butlikewiseagreatdealofgoldand
　　silver;andbytheirdrivingthistradesolong，itisnottobe
　　imaginedhowvastatreasuretheyhavegotamongthem：sothatnow
　　theydonotmuchcarewhethertheysellofftheirmerchandisefor
　　moneyinhand，orupontrust。
　　Agreatpartoftheirtreasureisnowinbonds;butinalltheir
　　contractsnoprivatemanstandsbound，butthewritingrunsinthe
　　nameofthetown;andthetownsthatowethemmoneyraiseitfrom
　　thoseprivatehandsthatoweittothem，layitUpintheirpublic
　　chamber，orenjoytheprofitofittilltheUtopianscallforit;
　　andtheychooserathertoletthegreatestpartofitlieintheir
　　handswhomakeadvantagebyit，thantocallforitthemselves：
　　butiftheyseethatanyoftheirotherneighborsstandmorein
　　needofit，thentheycallitinandlendittothem：whenever
　　theyareengagedinwar，whichistheonlyoccasioninwhichtheir
　　treasurecanbeusefullyemployed，theymakeuseofitthemselves。
　　Ingreatextremitiesorsuddenaccidentstheyemployitinhiring
　　foreigntroops，whomtheymorewillinglyexposetodangerthan
　　theirownpeople：theygivethemgreatpay，knowingwellthatthis
　　willworkevenontheirenemies，thatitwillengagethemeither
　　tobetraytheirownside，oratleasttodesertit，andthatitis
　　thebestmeansofraisingmutualjealousiesamongthem：forthis
　　endtheyhaveanincredibletreasure;buttheydonotkeepitasa
　　treasure，butinsuchamannerasIamalmostafraidtotell，lest
　　youthinkitsoextravagant，astobehardlycredible。ThisIhave
　　themorereasontoapprehend，becauseifIhadnotseenitmyself，
　　Icouldnothavebeeneasilypersuadedtohavebelieveditupon
　　anyman’sreport。
　　Itiscertainthatallthingsappearincredibletous，in
　　proportionastheydifferfromourowncustoms。Butonewhocan
　　judgearightwillnotwondertofindthat，sincetheir
　　constitutiondifferssomuchfromours，theirvalueofgoldand
　　silvershouldbemeasuredbyaverydifferentstandard;forsince
　　theyhavenouseformoneyamongthemselves，butkeepitasa
　　provisionagainsteventswhichseldomhappen，andbetweenwhich
　　therearegenerallylonginterveningintervals，theyvalueitno
　　fartherthanitdeserves，thatis，inproportiontoitsuse。So
　　thatitisplaintheymustpreferironeithertogoldorsilver;
　　formencannomorelivewithoutironthanwithoutfireorwater，
　　butnaturehasmarkedoutnousefortheothermetals，so
　　essentialasnoteasilytobedispensedwith。Thefollyofmenhas
　　enhancedthevalueofgoldandsilver，becauseoftheirscarcity。
　　Whereas，onthecontrary，itistheiropinionthatnature，asan
　　indulgentparent，hasfreelygivenusallthebestthingsingreat
　　abundance，suchaswaterandearth，buthaslaidupandhidfrom
　　usthethingsthatarevainanduseless。
　　Ifthesemetalswerelaidupinanytowerinthekingdom，itwould
　　raiseajealousyofthePrinceandSenate，andgivebirthtothat
　　foolishmistrustintowhichthepeopleareapttofall，ajealousy
　　oftheirintendingtosacrificetheinterestofthepublicto
　　theirownprivateadvantage。Iftheyshouldworkitintovessels
　　oranysortofplate，theyfearthatthepeoplemightgrowtoo
　　fondofit，andsobeunwillingtolettheplateberundownifa
　　warmadeitnecessarytoemployitinpayingtheirsoldiers。To
　　preventalltheseinconveniences，theyhavefallenuponan
　　expedient，which，asitagreeswiththeirotherpolicy，soisit
　　verydifferentfromours，andwillscarcegainbeliefamongus，
　　whovaluegoldsomuchandlayitupsocarefully。Theyeatand
　　drinkoutofvesselsofearth，orglass，whichmakeanagreeable
　　appearancethoughformedofbrittlematerials：whiletheymake
　　theirchamber-potsandclose-stoolsofgoldandsilver;andthat
　　notonlyintheirpublichalls，butintheirprivatehouses：of
　　thesamemetalstheylikewisemakechainsandfettersfortheir
　　slaves;tosomeofwhich，asabadgeofinfamy，theyhanganear-
　　ringofgold，andmakeotherswearachainorcoronetofthesame
　　metal;andthustheytakecare，byallpossiblemeans，torender
　　goldandsilverofnoesteem。Andfromhenceitisthatwhile
　　othernationspartwiththeirgoldandsilverasunwillinglyasif
　　onetoreouttheirbowels，thoseofUtopiawouldlookontheir
　　givinginalltheypossessofthose（metals，whentherewasany
　　useforthem）butasthepartingwithatrifle，oraswewould
　　esteemthelossofapenny。Theyfindpearlsontheircoast，and
　　diamondsandcarbunclesontheirrocks;theydonotlookafter
　　them，but，iftheyfindthembychance，theypolishthem，andwith
　　themtheyadorntheirchildren，whoaredelightedwiththem，and
　　gloryinthemduringtheirchildhood;butwhentheygrowtoyears，
　　andseethatnonebutchildrenusesuchbaubles，theyoftheirown
　　accord，withoutbeingbidbytheirparents，laythemaside;and
　　wouldbeasmuchashamedtousethemafterwardaschildrenamong
　　us，whentheycometoyears，areoftheirpuppetsandothertoys。
　　Ineversawaclearerinstanceoftheoppositeimpressionsthat
　　differentcustomsmakeonpeople，thanIobservedinthe
　　ambassadorsoftheAnemolians，whocametoAmaurotwhenIwas
　　there。Astheycametotreatofaffairsofgreatconsequence，the
　　deputiesfromseveraltownsmettogethertowaitfortheircoming。
　　TheambassadorsofthenationsthatlienearUtopia，knowingtheir
　　customs，andthatfineclothesareinnoesteemamongthem，that
　　silkisdespised，andgoldisabadgeofinfamy，usedtocomevery
　　modestlyclothed;buttheAnemolians，lyingmoreremote，and
　　havinghadlittlecommercewiththem，understandingthattheywere
　　coarselyclothed，andallinthesamemanner，tookitforgranted
　　thattheyhadnoneofthosefinethingsamongthemofwhichthey
　　madenouse;andtheybeingavaingloriousratherthanawise
　　people，resolvedtosetthemselvesoutwithsomuchpomp，that
　　theyshouldlooklikegods，andstriketheeyesofthepoor
　　Utopianswiththeirsplendor。Thusthreeambassadorsmadetheir
　　entrywith100attendants，allcladingarmentsofdifferent
　　colors，andthegreaterpartinsilk;theambassadorsthemselves，
　　whowereofthenobilityoftheircountry，wereincloth-of-gold，
　　andadornedwithmassychains，ear-rings，andringsofgold：their
　　capswerecoveredwithbraceletssetfullofpearlsandother
　　gems：inaword，theyweresetoutwithallthosethingsthat，
　　amongtheUtopians，werethebadgesofslavery，themarksof
　　infamy，ortheplaythingsofchildren。
　　Itwasnotunpleasanttosee，ontheoneside，howtheylooked
　　big，whentheycomparedtheirrichhabitswiththeplainclothes
　　oftheUtopians，whowerecomeoutingreatnumberstoseethem
　　maketheirentry：and，ontheother，toobservehowmuchtheywere
　　mistakenintheimpressionwhichtheyhopedthispompwouldhave
　　madeonthem。Itappearedsoridiculousashowtoallthathad
　　neverstirredoutoftheircountry，andhadnotseenthecustoms
　　ofothernations，thatthoughtheypaidsomereverencetothose
　　thatwerethemostmeanlyclad，asiftheyhadbeenthe
　　ambassadors，yetwhentheysawtheambassadorsthemselves，sofull
　　ofgoldandchains，theylookeduponthemasslaves，andforbore
　　totreatthemwithreverence。Youmighthaveseenthechildren，
　　whoweregrownbigenoughtodespisetheirplaythings，andwhohad
　　thrownawaytheirjewels，calltotheirmothers，pushthemgently，
　　andcryout，"Seethatgreatfoolthatwearspearlsandgems，as
　　ifhewereyetachild。"Whiletheirmothersveryinnocently
　　replied，"Holdyourpeace;this，Ibelieve，isoneofthe
　　ambassador’sfools。"Otherscensuredthefashionoftheirchains，
　　andobservedthattheywereofnouse;fortheyweretooslightto
　　bindtheirslaves，whocouldeasilybreakthem;andbesideshung
　　solooseaboutthemthattheythoughtiteasytothrowthemaway，
　　andsogetfromthem。
　　Butaftertheambassadorshadstayedadayamongthem，andsawso
　　vastaquantityofgoldintheirhouses，whichwasasmuch
　　despisedbythemasitwasesteemedinothernations，andbeheld
　　moregoldandsilverinthechainsandfettersofoneslavethan
　　alltheirornamentsamountedto，theirplumesfell，andtheywere
　　ashamedofallthatgloryforwhichtheyhadformerlyvalued
　　themselves，andaccordinglylaiditaside;aresolutionthatthey
　　immediatelytook，whenontheirengaginginsomefreediscourse
　　withtheUtopians，theydiscoveredtheirsenseofsuchthingsand
　　theirothercustoms。TheUtopianswonderhowanymanshouldbeso
　　muchtakenwiththeglaringdoubtfullustreofajewelorastone，
　　thatcanlookuptoastarortothesunhimself;orhowany
　　shouldvaluehimselfbecausehisclothismadeofafinerthread：
　　forhowfinesoeverthatthreadmaybe，itwasoncenobetterthan
　　thefleeceofasheep，andthatsheepwasasheepstillforall
　　itswearingit。Theywondermuchtohearthatgoldwhichinitself
　　issouselessathing，shouldbeeverywheresomuchesteemed，that
　　evenmenforwhomitwasmade，andbywhomithasitsvalue，
　　shouldyetbethoughtoflessvaluethanthismetal。Thatamanof
　　lead，whohasnomoresensethanalogofwood，andisasbadas
　　heisfoolish，shouldhavemanywiseandgoodmentoservehim，
　　onlybecausehehasagreatheapofthatmetal;andthatifit
　　shouldhappenthatbysomeaccidentortrickoflaw（which
　　sometimesproducesasgreatchangesaschanceitself）allthis
　　wealthshouldpassfromthemastertothemeanestvarletofhis
　　wholefamily，hehimselfwouldverysoonbecomeoneofhis
　　servants，asifhewereathingthatbelongedtohiswealth，and
　　sowereboundtofollowitsfortune。Buttheymuchmoreadmireand
　　detestthefollyofthosewho，whentheyseearichman，though
　　theyneitherowehimanythingnorareinanysortdependentonhis
　　bounty，yetmerelybecauseheisrichgivehimlittlelessthan
　　divinehonors，eventhoughtheyknowhimtobesocovetousand
　　base-mindedthatnotwithstandingallhiswealthhewillnotpart
　　withonefarthingofittothemaslongashelives。
　　Theseandsuchlikenotionshasthatpeopleimbibed，partlyfrom
　　theireducation，beingbredinacountrywhosecustomsandlaws
　　areoppositetoallsuchfoolishmaxims，andpartlyfromtheir
　　learningandstudies;forthoughtherearebutfewinanytown
　　thataresowhollyexcusedfromlaborastogivethemselves
　　entirelyuptotheirstudies，thesebeingonlysuchpersonsas
　　discoverfromtheirchildhoodanextraordinarycapacityand
　　dispositionforletters;yettheirchildren，andagreatpartof
　　thenation，bothmenandwomen，aretaughttospendthosehoursin
　　whichtheyarenotobligedtowork，inreading：andthistheydo
　　throughthewholeprogressoflife。Theyhavealltheirlearning
　　intheirowntongue，whichisbothacopiousandpleasant
　　language，andinwhichamancanfullyexpresshismind。Itruns
　　overagreattractofmanycountries，butitisnotequallypure
　　inallplaces。Theyhadneversomuchasheardofthenamesofany
　　ofthosephilosophersthataresofamousinthesepartsofthe
　　world，beforewewentamongthem;andyettheyhadmadethesame
　　discoveriesastheGreeks，inmusic，logic，arithmetic，and
　　geometry。Butastheyarealmostineverythingequaltothe
　　ancientphilosophers，sotheyfarexceedourmodernlogicians;for
　　theyhaveneveryetfallenuponthebarbarousnicetiesthatour
　　youthareforcedtolearninthosetriflinglogicalschoolsthat
　　areamongus;theyaresofarfrommindingchimeras，and
　　fantasticalimagesmadeinthemind，thatnoneofthemcould
　　comprehendwhatwemeantwhenwetalkedtothemofmaninthe
　　abstract，ascommontoallmeninparticular（sothatthoughwe
　　spokeofhimasathingthatwecouldpointatwithourfingers，
　　yetnoneofthemcouldperceivehim），andyetdistinctfrom
　　everyone，asifheweresomemonstrousColossusorgiant。
　　Yetforallthisignoranceoftheseemptynotions，theyknew
　　astronomy，andwereperfectlyacquaintedwiththemotionsofthe
　　heavenlybodies，andhavemanyinstruments，wellcontrivedand
　　divided，bywhichtheyveryaccuratelycomputethecourseand
　　positionsofthesun，moon，andstars。Butforthecheat，of
　　diviningbythestarsbytheiroppositionsorconjunctions，ithas
　　notsomuchasenteredintotheirthoughts。Theyhaveaparticular
　　sagacity，foundeduponmuchobservation，injudgingofthe
　　weather，bywhichtheyknowwhentheymaylookforrain，wind，or
　　otheralterationsintheair;butastothephilosophyofthese
　　things，thecausesofthesaltnessofthesea，ofitsebbingand
　　flowing，andoftheoriginandnaturebothoftheheavensandthe
　　earth;theydisputeofthem，partlyasourancientphilosophers
　　havedone，andpartlyuponsomenewhypothesis，inwhich，asthey
　　differfromthem，sotheydonotinallthingsagreeamong
　　themselves。
　　Astomoralphilosophy，theyhavethesamedisputesamongthemas
　　wehavehere：theyexaminewhatareproperlygoodbothforthe
　　bodyandthemind，andwhetheranyoutwardthingcanbecalled
　　trulygood，orifthattermbelongonlytotheendowmentsofthe
　　soul。Theyinquirelikewiseintothenatureofvirtueand
　　pleasure;buttheirchiefdisputeisconcerningthehappinessofa
　　man，andwhereinitconsists？Whetherinsomeonething，orina
　　greatmany？Theyseem，indeed，moreinclinabletothatopinion
　　thatplaces，ifnotthewhole，yetthechiefpartofaman’s
　　happinessinpleasure;and，whatmayseemmorestrange，theymake
　　useofargumentsevenfromreligion，notwithstandingitsseverity
　　androughness，forthesupportofthatopinionsoindulgentto
　　pleasure;fortheyneverdisputeconcerninghappinesswithout
　　fetchingsomeargumentsfromtheprinciplesofreligion，aswell
　　asfromnaturalreason，sincewithouttheformertheyreckonthat
　　allourinquiriesafterhappinessmustbebutconjecturaland
　　defective。
　　Thesearetheirreligiousprinciples，thatthesoulofmanis
　　immortal，andthatGodofhisgoodnesshasdesignedthatitshould
　　behappy;andthathehasthereforeappointedrewardsforgoodand
　　virtuousactions，andpunishmentsforvice，tobedistributed
　　afterthislife。Thoughtheseprinciplesofreligionareconveyed
　　downamongthembytradition，theythinkthatevenreasonitself
　　determinesamantobelieveandacknowledgethem，andfreely
　　confessthatiftheseweretakenawaynomanwouldbeso
　　insensibleasnottoseekafterpleasurebyallpossiblemeans，
　　lawfulorunlawful;usingonlythiscaution，thatalesser
　　pleasuremightnotstandinthewayofagreater，andthatno
　　pleasureoughttobepursuedthatshoulddrawagreatdealofpain
　　afterit;fortheythinkitthemaddestthingintheworldto
　　pursuevirtue，thatisasouranddifficultthing;andnotonlyto
　　renouncethepleasuresoflife，butwillinglytoundergomuchpain
　　andtrouble，ifamanhasnoprospectofareward。Andwhatreward
　　cantherebeforonethathaspassedhiswholelife，notonly
　　withoutpleasure，butinpain，ifthereisnothingtobeexpected
　　afterdeath？Yettheydonotplacehappinessinallsortsof
　　pleasures，butonlyinthosethatinthemselvesaregoodand
　　honest。
　　Thereisapartyamongthemwhoplacehappinessinbarevirtue;
　　othersthinkthatournaturesareconductedbyvirtueto
　　happiness，asthatwhichisthechiefgoodofman。Theydefine
　　virtuethus，thatitisalivingaccordingtonature，andthink
　　thatwearemadebyGodforthatend;theybelievethatamanthen
　　followsthedictatesofnaturewhenhepursuesoravoidsthings
　　accordingtothedirectionofreason;theysaythatthefirst
　　dictateofreasonisthekindlinginusofaloveandreverence
　　fortheDivineMajesty，towhomweowebothallthatwehaveand
　　allthatwecaneverhopefor。Inthenextplace，reasondirects
　　ustokeepourmindsasfreefrompassionandascheerfulaswe
　　can，andthatweshouldconsiderourselvesasboundbythetiesof
　　good-natureandhumanitytouseourutmostendeavorstohelp
　　forwardthehappinessofallotherpersons;forthereneverwas
　　anymansuchamoroseandseverepursuerofvirtue，suchanenemy
　　topleasure，thatthoughhesethardrulesformentoundergomuch
　　pain，manywatchings，andotherrigors，yetdidnotatthesame
　　timeadvisethemtodoalltheycould，inordertorelieveand
　　easethemiserable，andwhodidnotrepresentgentlenessandgood-
　　natureasamiabledispositions。Andfromthencetheyinferthatif
　　amanoughttoadvancethewelfareandcomfortoftherestof
　　mankind，therebeingnovirtuemoreproperandpeculiartoour
　　nature，thantoeasethemiseriesofothers，tofreefromtrouble
　　andanxiety，infurnishingthemwiththecomfortsoflife，in
　　whichpleasureconsists，naturemuchmorevigorouslyleadsthemto
　　doallthisforhimself。
　　Alifeofpleasureiseitherarealevil，andinthatcasewe
　　oughtnottoassistothersintheirpursuitofit，butonthe
　　contrary，tokeepthemfromitallwecan，asfromthatwhichis
　　mosthurtfulanddeadly;orifitisagoodthing，sothatwenot
　　onlymay，butoughttohelpotherstoit，why，then，oughtnota
　　mantobeginwithhimself？Sincenomancanbemoreboundtolook
　　afterthegoodofanotherthanafterhisown;fornaturecannot
　　directustobegoodandkindtoothers，andyetatthesametime
　　tobeunmercifulandcrueltoourselves。Thus，astheydefine
　　virtuetobelivingaccordingtonature，sotheyimaginethat
　　naturepromptsallpeopleontoseekafterpleasure，astheendof
　　alltheydo。Theyalsoobservethatinordertooursupportingthe
　　pleasuresoflife，natureinclinesustoenterintosociety;for
　　thereisnomansomuchraisedabovetherestofmankindastobe
　　theonlyfavoriteofnaturewho，onthecontrary，seemstohave
　　placedonalevelallthosethatbelongtothesamespecies。Upon
　　thistheyinferthatnomanoughttoseekhisownconveniencesso
　　eagerlyastoprejudiceothers;andthereforetheythinkthatnot
　　onlyallagreementsbetweenprivatepersonsoughttobeobserved，
　　butlikewisethatallthoselawsoughttobekept，whicheithera
　　goodprincehaspublishedindueform，ortowhichapeoplethat
　　isneitheroppressedwithtyrannynorcircumventedbyfraud，has
　　consented，fordistributingthoseconveniencesoflifewhich
　　affordusallourpleasures。
　　Theythinkitisanevidenceoftruewisdomforamantopursue
　　hisownadvantagesasfarasthelawsallowit。Theyaccountit
　　pietytopreferthepublicgoodtoone’sprivateconcerns;but
　　theythinkitunjustforamantoseekforpleasurebysnatching
　　anotherman’spleasuresfromhim。Andonthecontrary，theythink
　　itasignofagentleandgoodsoul，foramantodispensewith
　　hisownadvantageforthegoodofothers;andthatbythismeansa
　　goodmanfindsasmuchpleasureonewayashepartswithanother;
　　forashemayexpectthelikefromotherswhenhemaycometoneed
　　it，soifthatshouldfailhim，yetthesenseofagoodaction，
　　andthereflectionsthathemakesontheloveandgratitudeof
　　thosewhomhehassoobliged，givesthemindmorepleasurethan
　　thebodycouldhavefoundinthatfromwhichithadrestrained
　　itself。TheyarealsopersuadedthatGodwillmakeupthelossof
　　thosesmallpleasures，withavastandendlessjoy，ofwhich
　　religioneasilyconvincesagoodsoul。
　　Thus，uponaninquiryintothewholematter，theyreckonthatall
　　ouractions，andevenallourvirtues，terminateinpleasure，as
　　inourchiefendandgreatesthappiness;andtheycallevery
　　motionorstate，eitherofbodyormind，inwhichnatureteaches
　　ustodelight，apleasure。Thustheycautiouslylimitpleasure
　　onlytothoseappetitestowhichnatureleadsus;fortheysay
　　thatnatureleadsusonlytothosedelightstowhichreasonas
　　wellassensecarriesus，andbywhichweneitherinjureanyother
　　personnorlosethepossessionofgreaterpleasures，andofsuch
　　asdrawnotroublesafterthem;buttheylookuponthosedelights
　　whichmenbyafoolishthoughcommonmistakecallpleasure，asif
　　theycouldchangeaseasilythenatureofthingsastheuseof
　　words;asthingsthatgreatlyobstructtheirrealhappiness
　　insteadofadvancingit，becausetheysoentirelypossessthe
　　mindsofthosethatareoncecaptivatedbythemwithafalse
　　notionofpleasure，thatthereisnoroomleftforpleasuresofa
　　truerorpurerkind。
　　Therearemanythingsthatinthemselveshavenothingthatis
　　trulydelightful;onthecontrary，theyhaveagooddealof
　　bitternessinthem;andyetfromourperverseappetitesafter
　　forbiddenobjects，arenotonlyrankedamongthepleasures，but
　　aremadeeventhegreatestdesignsoflife。Amongthosewhopursue
　　thesesophisticatedpleasures，theyreckonsuchasImentioned
　　before，whothinkthemselvesreallythebetterforhavingfine
　　clothes;inwhichtheythinktheyaredoublymistaken，bothinthe
　　opinionthattheyhaveoftheirclothes，andinthattheyhaveof
　　themselves;forifyouconsidertheuseofclothes，whyshoulda
　　finethreadbethoughtbetterthanacoarseone？Andyetthese
　　men，asiftheyhadsomerealadvantagesbeyondothers，anddid
　　notowethemwhollytotheirmistakes，lookbig，seemtofancy
　　themselvestobemorevaluable，andimaginethatarespectisdue
　　tothemforthesakeofarichgarment，towhichtheywouldnot
　　havepretendediftheyhadbeenmoremeanlyclothed;andeven
　　resentitasanaffront，ifthatrespectisnotpaidthem。Itis
　　alsoagreatfollytobetakenwithoutwardmarksofrespect，
　　whichsignifynothing：forwhattrueorrealpleasurecanoneman
　　findinanother’sstandingbare，ormakinglegstohim？Willthe
　　bendinganotherman’skneesgiveeasetoyours？Andwillthe
　　head’sbeingbarecurethemadnessofyours？Andyetitis
　　wonderfultoseehowthisfalsenotionofpleasurebewitchesmany
　　whodelightthemselveswiththefancyoftheirnobility，andare
　　pleasedwiththisconceit，thattheyaredescendedfromancestors
　　whohavebeenheldforsomesuccessionsrich，andwhohavehad
　　greatpossessions;forthisisallthatmakesnobilityatpresent;
　　yettheydonotthinkthemselvesawhitthelessnoble，though
　　theirimmediateparentshaveleftnoneofthiswealthtothem，or
　　thoughtheythemselveshavesquandereditaway。
　　TheUtopianshavenobetteropinionofthosewhoaremuchtaken
　　withgemsandpreciousstones，andwhoaccountitadegreeof
　　happiness，nexttoadivineone，iftheycanpurchaseonethatis
　　veryextraordinary;especiallyifitbeofthatsortofstones
　　thatistheningreatestrequest;forthesamesortisnotatall
　　timesuniversallyofthesamevalue;norwillmenbuyitunlessit
　　bedismountedandtakenoutofthegold;thejewelleristhenmade
　　togivegoodsecurity，andrequiredsolemnlytoswearthatthe
　　stoneistrue，thatbysuchanexactcautionafalseonemightnot
　　beboughtinsteadofatrue：thoughifyouweretoexamineit，
　　youreyecouldfindnodifferencebetweenthecounterfeitandthat
　　whichistrue;sothattheyareallonetoyouasmuchasifyou
　　wereblind。Orcanitbethoughtthattheywhoheapupauseless
　　massofwealth，notforanyusethatitistobringthem，but
　　merelytopleasethemselveswiththecontemplationofit，enjoy
　　anytruepleasureinit？Thedelighttheyfindisonlyafalse
　　shadowofjoy。Thosearenobetterwhoseerrorissomewhat
　　differentfromtheformer，andwhohideit，outoftheirfearof
　　losingit;forwhatothernamecanfitthehidingitintheearth，
　　orrathertherestoringittoitagain，itbeingthuscutofffrom
　　beinguseful，eithertoitsownerortotherestofmankind？And
　　yettheownerhavinghiditcarefully，isglad，becausehethinks
　　heisnowsureofit。Ifitshouldbestolen，theowner，thoughhe
　　mightliveperhapstenyearsafterthetheft，ofwhichheknew
　　nothing，wouldfindnodifferencebetweenhishavingorlosingit;
　　forbothwaysitwasequallyuselesstohim。
　　Amongthosefoolishpursuersofpleasuretheyreckonallthat
　　delightinhunting，infowling，orgaming：ofwhosemadnessthey
　　haveonlyheard，fortheyhavenosuchthingsamongthem。Butthey
　　haveaskedus，whatsortofpleasureisitthatmencanfindin
　　throwingthedice？Foriftherewereanypleasureinit，they
　　thinkthedoingofitsooftenshouldgiveoneasurfeitofit：
　　andwhatpleasurecanonefindinhearingthebarkingandhowling
　　ofdogs，whichseemratherodiousthanpleasantsounds？Norcan
　　theycomprehendthepleasureofseeingdogsrunafterahare，more
　　thanofseeingonedogrunafteranother;foriftheseeingthem
　　runisthatwhichgivesthepleasure，youhavethesame
　　entertainmenttotheeyeonboththeseoccasions，sincethatis
　　thesameinbothcases：butifthepleasureliesinseeingthe
　　harekilledandtornbythedogs，thisoughtrathertostirpity，
　　thataweak，harmlessandfearfulhareshouldbedevouredby
　　strong，fierce，andcrueldogs。Thereforeallthisbusinessof
　　huntingis，amongtheUtopians，turnedovertotheirbutchers;and
　　those，ashasbeenalreadysaid，areallslaves;andtheylookon
　　huntingasoneofthebasestpartsofabutcher’swork：forthey
　　accountitbothmoreprofitableandmoredecenttokillthose
　　beaststhataremorenecessaryandusefultomankind;whereasthe
　　killingandtearingofsosmallandmiserableananimalcanonly
　　attractthehuntsmanwithafalseshowofpleasure，fromwhichhe
　　canreapbutsmalladvantage。Theylookonthedesireofthe
　　bloodshed，evenofbeasts，asamarkofamindthatisalready
　　corruptedwithcruelty，orthatatleastbythefrequentreturns
　　ofsobrutalapleasuremustdegenerateintoit。
　　Thus，thoughtherabbleofmankindlookuponthese，andon
　　innumerableotherthingsofthesamenature，aspleasures，the
　　Utopians，onthecontrary，observingthatthereisnothinginthem
　　trulypleasant，concludethattheyarenottobereckonedamong
　　pleasures：forthoughthesethingsmaycreatesometicklinginthe
　　senses（whichseemstobeatruenotionofpleasure），yetthey
　　imaginethatthisdoesnotarisefromthethingitself，butfroma
　　depravedcustom，whichmaysovitiateaman’staste，thatbitter
　　thingsmaypassforsweet;aswomenwithchildthinkpitchor
　　tallowtastessweeterthanhoney;butasaman’ssensewhen
　　corrupted，eitherbyadiseaseorsomeillhabit，doesnotchange
　　thenatureofotherthings，soneithercanitchangethenatureof
　　pleasure。
　　Theyreckonupseveralsortsofpleasures，whichtheycalltrue
　　ones：somebelongtothebodyandotherstothemind。The
　　pleasuresofthemindlieinknowledge，andinthatdelightwhich
　　thecontemplationoftruthcarrieswithit;towhichtheyaddthe
　　joyfulreflectionsonawell-spentlife，andtheassuredhopesof
　　afuturehappiness。Theydividethepleasuresofthebodyintotwo
　　sorts;theoneisthatwhichgivesoursensessomerealdelight，
　　andisperformed，eitherbyrecruitingnature，andsupplyingthose
　　partswhichfeedtheinternalheatoflifebyeatinganddrinking;
　　orwhennatureiseasedofanysurchargethatoppressesit;when
　　wearerelievedfromsuddenpain，orthatwhicharisesfrom
　　satisfyingtheappetitewhichnaturehaswiselygiventoleadus
　　tothepropagationofthespecies。Thereisanotherkindof
　　pleasurethatarisesneitherfromourreceivingwhatthebody
　　requiresnoritsbeingrelievedwhenovercharged，andyetbya
　　secret，unseenvirtueaffectsthesenses，raisesthepassions，and
　　strikesthemindwithgenerousimpressions;thisisthepleasure
　　thatarisesfrommusic。Anotherkindofbodilypleasureisthat
　　whichresultsfromanundisturbedandvigorousconstitutionof
　　body，whenlifeandactivespiritsseemtoactuateeverypart。
　　Thislivelyhealth，whenentirelyfreefromallmixtureofpain，
　　ofitselfgivesaninwardpleasure，independentofallexternal
　　objectsofdelight;andthoughthispleasuredoesnotso
　　powerfullyaffectus，noractsostronglyonthesensesassomeof
　　theothers，yetitmaybeesteemedasthegreatestofall
　　pleasures，andalmostalltheUtopiansreckonitthefoundation
　　andbasisofalltheotherjoysoflife;sincethisalonemakes
　　thestateoflifeeasyanddesirable;andwhenthisiswanting，a
　　manisreallycapableofnootherpleasure。Theylookuponfreedom
　　frompain，ifitdoesnotrisefromperfecthealth，tobeastate
　　ofstupidityratherthanofpleasure。
　　Thissubjecthasbeenverynarrowlycanvassedamongthem;andit
　　hasbeendebatedwhetherafirmandentirehealthcouldbecalled
　　apleasureornot？Somehavethoughtthattherewasnopleasure
　　butwhatwasexcitedbysomesensiblemotioninthebody。Butthis
　　opinionhasbeenlongagoexcludedfromamongthem，sothatnow
　　theyalmostuniversallyagreethathealthisthegreatestofall
　　bodilypleasures;andthatasthereisapaininsickness，which
　　isasoppositeinitsnaturetopleasureassicknessitselfisto
　　health，sotheyholdthathealthisaccompaniedwithpleasure：and
　　ifanyshouldsaythatsicknessisnotreallypain，butthatit
　　onlycarriespainalongwithit，theylookuponthatasafetchof
　　subtilty，thatdoesnotmuchalterthematter。Itisallone，in
　　theiropinion，whetheritbesaidthathealthisinitselfa
　　pleasure，orthatitbegetsapleasure，asfiregivesheat;soit
　　begranted，thatallthosewhosehealthisentirehaveatrue
　　pleasureintheenjoymentofit：andtheyreasonthus——whatisthe
　　pleasureofeating，butthataman’shealthwhichhadbeen
　　weakened，does，withtheassistanceoffood，driveawayhunger，
　　andsorecruitingitselfrecoversitsformervigor？Andbeingthus
　　refreshed，itfindsapleasureinthatconflict;andifthe
　　conflictispleasure，thevictorymustyetbreedagreater
　　pleasure，exceptwefancythatitbecomesstupidassoonasithas
　　obtainedthatwhichitpursued，andsoneitherknowsnorrejoices
　　initsownwelfare。Ifitissaidthathealthcannotbefelt，they
　　absolutelydenyit;forwhatmanisinhealththatdoesnot
　　perceiveitwhenheisawake？Isthereanymanthatissodulland
　　stupidasnottoacknowledgethathefeelsadelightinhealth？
　　Andwhatisdelightbutanothernameforpleasure？
　　Butofallpleasures，theyesteemthosetobemostvaluablethat
　　lieinthemind，thechiefofwhicharisesoutoftruevirtue，and
　　thewitnessesofagoodconscience。Theyaccounthealththechief
　　pleasurethatbelongstothebody;fortheythinkthatthe
　　pleasureofeatinganddrinking，andalltheotherdelightsof
　　sense，areonlysofardesirableastheygiveormaintainhealth。
　　Buttheyarenotpleasantinthemselves，otherwisethanasthey
　　resistthoseimpressionsthatournaturalinfirmitiesarestill
　　makinguponus：forasawisemandesiresrathertoavoiddiseases
　　thantotakephysic，andtobefreedfrompain，ratherthanto
　　findeasebyremedies;soitismoredesirablenottoneedthis
　　sortofpleasure，thantobeobligedtoindulgeit。Ifanyman
　　imaginesthatthereisarealhappinessintheseenjoyments，he
　　mustthenconfessthathewouldbethehappiestofallmenifhe
　　weretoleadhislifeinperpetualhunger，thirst，anditching，
　　andbyconsequenceinperpetualeating，drinking，andscratching
　　himself;whichanyonemayeasilyseewouldbenotonlyabasebut
　　amiserablestateoflife。Theseareindeedthelowestof
　　pleasures，andtheleastpure;forwecanneverrelishthem，but
　　whentheyaremixedwiththecontrarypains。Thepainofhunger
　　mustgiveusthepleasureofeating;andherethepainout-
　　balancesthepleasure;andasthepainismorevehement，soit
　　lastsmuchlonger;forasitbeginsbeforethepleasure，soit
　　doesnotceasebutwiththepleasurethatextinguishesit，and
　　bothexpiretogether。
　　Theythink，therefore，noneofthosepleasuresistobevaluedany
　　furtherthanasitisnecessary;yettheyrejoiceinthem，and
　　withduegratitudeacknowledgethetendernessofthegreatAuthor
　　ofnature，whohasplantedinusappetites，bywhichthosethings
　　thatarenecessaryforourpreservationarelikewisemadepleasant
　　tous。Forhowmiserableathingwouldlifebe，ifthosedaily
　　diseasesofhungerandthirstweretobecarriedoffbysuch
　　bitterdrugsaswemustuseforthosediseasesthatreturn
　　seldomeruponus？Andthusthesepleasantaswellaspropergifts
　　ofnaturemaintainthestrengthandthesprightlinessofour
　　bodies。
　　Theyalsoentertainthemselveswiththeotherdelightsletinat
　　theireyes，theirears，andtheirnostrils，asthepleasant
　　relishesandseasoningsoflife，whichnatureseemstohavemarked
　　outpeculiarlyforman;sincenoothersortofanimals
　　contemplatesthefigureandbeautyoftheuniverse;noris
　　delightedwithsmells，anyfurtherthanastheydistinguishmeats
　　bythem;nordotheyapprehendtheconcordsordiscordsofsound;
　　yetinallpleasureswhatsoevertheytakecarethatalesserjoy
　　doesnothinderagreater，andthatpleasuremayneverbreedpain，
　　whichtheythinkalwaysfollowsdishonestpleasures。Butthey
　　thinkitmadnessforamantowearoutthebeautyofhisface，or
　　theforceofhisnaturalstrength;tocorruptthesprightlinessof
　　hisbodybyslothandlaziness，ortowasteitbyfasting;thatit
　　ismadnesstoweakenthestrengthofhisconstitution，andreject
　　theotherdelightsoflife;unlessbyrenouncinghisown
　　satisfaction，hecaneitherservethepublicorpromotethe
　　happinessofothers，forwhichheexpectsagreaterrecompense
　　fromGod。Sothattheylookonsuchacourseoflifeasthemark
　　ofamindthatisbothcrueltoitself，andungratefultothe
　　Authorofnature，asifwewouldnotbebeholdentoHimforHis
　　favors，andthereforerejectallHisblessings;asonewhoshould
　　afflicthimselffortheemptyshadowofvirtue;orfornobetter
　　endthantorenderhimselfcapableofbearingthosemisfortunes
　　whichpossiblywillneverhappen。