TheComted’Artois，who，probablywisely，certainlycautiously，hadrefusedtogowithDeVitrollestostirupthesouthuntilhehadplacedtheKinginsafety，hadendedbygoingtoGhenttoo，whiletheDucdeBerrywasatAlost，closeby，withatinyarmycomposedoftheremainsoftheMaisonduRoi，ofwhichthemostwasmadeinreports.TheDucd’Orleans，alwaysanobjectofsuspiciontotheKing，hadleftFrancewiththeRoyalparty，buthadrefusedtostayinBelgium，asheallegedthatitwasanenemy’scountry.HecrossedtoEnglandwhereheremained，greatlyaddingtotheanxietyofLouisbyrefusingtojoinhim.
TheendofthesePrincesiswellknown.Louisdiedin1824，leavinghisthronetohisbrother;butCharlesonlyheldittill1830，whenaftertherisingcalled"thethreegloriousdaysofJuly，"hewascivillyescortedfromFrance，andtookshelterinEngland.TheDueAngou1emediedwithoutissue.TheDucdeBerrywasassassinatedin1820，buthiswidowgavebirthtoaposthumoussontheDucdeBordeaux，or，tofervidRoyalists，HenriV.，thoughbetterknowntousastheComtedeChambord，whodiedin1883withoutissue，thusendingthetheneldestlineofBourbons，andtransmittinghisclaimstotheOrleansfamily.OnthefallofCharlesX.
theDucd’OrleansbecameKingoftheFrench，buthewasunseatedbytheRevolutionof1848，anddiedarefugeeinEngland.AsthethreePrincesoftheHouseofConde，thePrincedeConde，hisson，theDucdeBourbon，andhis：grandson，theDued’Enghien，alldiedwithoutfurthermaleissue，thatnoblelineisextinct.
WhenthenewsoftheescapeofNapoleonfromElbareachedViennaonthe7thofMarch1815，thethreeheadsoftheAllies，theEmperorsofAustriaandRussia，andtheKingofPrussia，werestillthere.ThoughitwassaidthattheCongressdancedbutdidnotadvance，stillagreatdealofworkhadreallybeendone，andthenewsofNapoleon’slandingcreatedafreshbondofunionbetweentheAllieswhichstoppedallfurtherchancesofdisunion，andenabledthemtopracticallycompletetheirworkbythe9thofJune1815，thoughthetreatiesrequiredcobblingforsomeyearsafterwards.
France，Austria，andEnglandhadsnatchedthegreaterpartofSaxonyfromthejawsofPrussia，andAlexanderhadbeenforcedtoleavetheKingofSaxonytoreignoverhalfofhisformersubjects，without，ashewished，sparinghimthepainofsuchadegradationbytakingallfromhim.
RussiahadtobecontentedwithalargeincreaseofherPolishdominions，gettingmostoftheGrand—DuchyofWestphalia.Austriahad，probablyunwisely，withdrawnfromherformeroutlyingprovincesinSwabiaandtheNetherlands，whichhadbeforetheRevolutionmadehernecessarilytheguardianofEuropeagainstFrance，preferringtotakehergainsinItaly，gainswhichshehasgraduallylostinourdays;whilePrussia，byacceptingtheRhineprovinces，completelysteppedintotheformerpostofAustria.Indeed，fromthewayinwhichPrussiawas，after1815，asitwere，scatteredacrossGermany，itwasevidentthatherfatemustbe.
eithertobecrushedbyFrance，orelse，byannexingthestatesenclosedinherdominions，tobecomethepredominatingpowerinGermany.Itwasimpossibleforhertoremainasshewasleft.
TheAlliestightlyboundFrance.TheyhadnodesiretohaveagaintomarchonParistorestoreLouistothesubjectswhohadsuchunfortunateobjectionstobeingsubjectedtothatdesirablemonarch.BythesecondTreatyofParis，onthe20thofNovember1815，FrancewastobeoccupiedbyanAlliedforce，inmilitarypositionsonthefrontier，nottoexceed150，000men，tobetakenfromalltheAlliedarmies，underacommanderwhowaseventuallytheDukeofWellington.Originallytheoccupation.
wasnottoexceedfiveyears，butinFebruary1817thearmywasreducedby30，000men，one—fifthofeachcontingent;andbytheTreatyofAix—la—
Chapelleof9thOctober1818，Francewasto—beevacuatedbythe30thofNovember1818.
ThethreemonarchswereprobablynotsorrytogettheCongressoveronanyterms.AlexanderhadhadhisfillofdisplayinghimselfinthesalonsinhisfavouritepartofanAgamemnongeneroustowardsTroy，andhehadwornouthisfirstpopularity.HewasstungbyfindingsomeofhisfavouriteplansboldlyopposedbyTalleyrandandbyMetternich，and，indeed，wasanxioustomeetthelastinopencombat.FrancishadrequiredallthefirmnessofwhathecalledhisBohemianheadtoresistthethreats，entreaties，andcajoleriesemployedtogethimtoacquiesceinthedethronementoftheKingofSaxony，andthewipingoutoftheSaxonnationalitybytheveryalliancewhichprofessedtofightonlyfortherightsofnationsandoftheirlawfulsovereigns.
AllthreemonarchshadagainthesatisfactionofenteringParis，butwithoutenjoyingthefullgloriesof1814."Ourfriends，theenemies"
werenotsopopulartheninFrance，andthespoliationoftheLouvrewasnotpleasanteventotheRoyalists.TheforeignmonarchssoonreturnedtotheirowndrainedandimpoverishedStates.
TheEmperorFrancishadafterwardsaquietreigntohisdeathin1835，havingonlytoassisthisMinisterinsnuffingouttheoccasionalflashesofaloveoffreedominGermany.
TheKingofPrussiareturnedinatriumphwellwonbyhissturdysubjects，and，inthelightofhisnewhonours，theCountessVonVosstellsushewasreallyhandsome.Hewasnowatleisuretoresumethediscussionsonuniform，andtheworkoffasteningandunfasteningthenumerousbuttonsofhispantaloons，inwhichhehadbeensoroughlyinterruptedbyJena.ThefirstinstitutionoftheZollverein，orcommercialunionwithseveralStates，graduallyextended，wasameasurewhichdidmuchfortheunificationofGermany.WithhisbrothersovereignsherevisitedParisattheendofthemilitaryoccupationin1818，remainingtherelongerthantheothers，"because，"saidtheParisians，"hehaddiscoveredanactoratasmalltheatrewhoachievedthefeatofmakinghimlaugh."Hediedin1840.HisQueen——heartbroken，itwassaid——haddiedin1810.
Alexanderwasstillbrimmingoverwiththebestandmostbenevolentintentionstowardseveryone.Theworldwastobefree，happy，andreligious;buthehadrathervagueideasastohowhisplansweretobecarriedout.ThusitischaracteristicthatwhenhissuccessordesiredtohaveasolemncoronationasKingofPolanditwasfoundthatAlexanderhadnotforeseenthedifficultieswhichweremetwithintryingtoarrangeforthecoronationofaSovereignoftheGreekChurchasKingofaRomanCatholicState.Themuch—dreadedbutverymistyHolyAlliancewasoneofthefewfruitsofAlexander’svisions.Hismindisdescribedaspassingthrougharegularseriesofstageswitheachinfluenceunderwhichheacted.Heendedhislife，tiredout，disillusioned，"deceivedineverything，weigheddownwithregret;"obligedtocrushtheveryhopesofhispeoplehehadencouraged，dyingin1825atTaganrog，leavinghisnewPolishKingdomtobewipedoutby—hissuccessors.
Theminorsovereignsrequirelittlemention.TheyretainedanytitlestheyhadreceivedfromNapoleon，whiletheyexulted，atbeingfreefromhisheavyhandandsharpsuperintendence.Eachgotashare，smallorgreat，ofthespoilexceptthepoorKingofDenmark，who，beingassuredbyAlexanderonhisdeparturethathecarriedawayallhearts，answered，"Yes，butnotanysouls."
Thereintroductionofmuchthatwasbadintheoldsystem（onecountryevengoingsofarastore—establishtorture），thesteadyattackonlibertyandonallliberalideas，WurtembergbeingpracticallytheonlyStatewhichgrumbledatthetighteningofthereinssodeartoMetternich，——allformedafittingcommentaryontheproclamationsbywhichtheSovereignshadhoundedontheirpeopleagainstthemantheyrepresentedastheoneobstacletothefreedomandpeaceofEurope.
Ingloomanddisenchantmentthenationssatdowntolicktheirwounds：
Thecontemptshownbythemonarchsforeverythingbuttherightofconquest，themannerinwhichtheytreatedthelandswonfromNapoleonasagigantic"pool"whichwastobesharedamongstthem，somanysoulstoeach;theirtotalfailuretofulfiltheirpromisestotheirsubjectsofgrantingliberty，——alltheseslowlyboretheirfruitsinafteryears，andtheireffectsarenotevenyetexhausted.Therightofasovereigntoholdhislandswasnow，bythepubliclawofEurope，tobedecidedbyhisstrength，Therightsofthepeopleweretreatedasnotexisting.Truly，asourmostgiftedpoetesshassung——
TheKingscreptout—thepeoplessatathome，Andfindingthelonginvocatedpeace（ApallembroideredwithwornimagesOfrightsdivine）tooscanttocoverdoomSuchastheysuffered，nursedthecornthatgrewRanklytobitterbread，onWaterloo."
EndofTheMemoirsofNapoleon，V15，1815
MemoirsofNapoleonBonaparte，V16
byLouisAntoineFauveletdeBourrienneHisPrivateSecretaryEditedbyR.W.PhippsColonel，LateRoyalArtillery1891
CONTENTS：
CHAPTERXIII.toXIV.andAPPENDIX1815—1821
CHAPTERXIII
——[Thischapter;bytheeditorofthe1836edition，isbaseduponthe’Memorial’，andO’Meara’sandAntommarchi’sworks.]——
1815—1821.
VoyagetoSt.Helena——PersonaltraitsoftheEmperor——ArrivalatJamesTown——Napoleon’stemporaryresidenceatTheBriars——RemovaltoLongwood——Thedailyroutinethere—TheCampaignofItaly——ThearrivalofSirHudsonLowe——UnpleasantrelationsbetweentheEmperorandthenewGovernor——VisitorsatSt.Helena——CaptainBasilHall’sinterviewwithNapoleon——AnecdotesoftheEmperor——DepartureofLasCasesandO’Meara——ArrivalsfromEurope——PhysicalhabitsoftheEmperor——Dr.
Antommarchi——TheEmperor’stoilet——Creationofanewbishopric——
TheEmperor’senergywiththespade——Hisincreasingillness——
LastdaysofNapoleon——HisDeath——Lyinginstate——Militaryfuneral——
Marchand’saccountoftheEmperor’slastmoments——Napoleon’slastbequests——TheWatchofRivoli.
TheclosingscenesinthelifeofthegreatEmperoronlynowremaintobebrieflytouchedupon.InapreviouschapterwehavenarratedthesurrenderofNapoleon，hisvoyagetoEngland，andhistransferencefromtheBellerophontotheNorthumberland.Thelattervesselwasingreatconfusionfromtheshortnoticeatwhichshehadsailed，andforthetwofirstdaysthecrewwasemployedinrestoringorder.Thespaceabaftthemizenmastcontainedadining—roomabouttenfeetbroad，andextendingthewholewidthoftheship，asaloon，andtwocabins.TheEmperoroccupiedthecabinontheleft;inwhichhiscamp—bedsteadhadbeenputup;thatontherightwasappropriatedtotheAdmiral.Itwasperemptorilyenjoinedthatthesaloonshouldbeincommon.Theformofthedining—
tableresembledthatofthedining—room.Napoleonsatwithhisbacktothesaloon;onhisleftsatMadameBertrand，andonhisrighttheAdmiral，who，withMadamedeMontholon，filleduponesideofthetable.
Nextthatlady，butattheendofthetable，wasCaptainRoss，whocommandedtheship，andattheoppositeendM.deMontholon;MadameBertrand，andtheAdmiral’ssecretary.ThesideofthetablefacingtheEmperorwasoccupiedbytheGrand—Marshal，theColonelofthefieldRegiment，LasCases，andGourgaud.TheAdmiralinvitedoneortwooftheofficerstodinnereveryday，andthebandofthe53d，newly—formed，playedduringdinner—time.
Onthe10thofAugusttheNorthumberlandclearedtheChannel，andlostsightofland.ThecourseoftheshipwasshapedtocrosstheBayofBiscayanddoubleCapeFinisterre.Thewindwasfair，thoughlight，andtheheatexcessive.Napoleonbreakfastedinhisowncabinatirregularhours.Hesentforoneofhisattendantseverymorningtoknowthedistancerun，thestateofthewind，andotherparticularsconnectedwiththeirprogress.Hereadagreatdeal，dressedtowardsfouro’clock，andthencameintothepublicsaloon;hereheplayedatchesswithoneoftheparty;atfiveo’clocktheAdmiralannouncedthatdinnerwasonthetable.ItiswellknownthatNapoleonwasscarcelyevermorethanfifteenminutesatdinner;herethetwocoursesalonetookupnearlyanhourandahalf.Thiswasaseriousannoyancetohim，thoughhisfeaturesandmanneralwaysevincedperfectequanimity.Neitherthenewsystemofcookerynorthequalityofthedishesevermetwithhiscensure.Hewaswaitedonbytwovalets，whostoodbehindhischair.
AtfirsttheAdmiralwasinthehabitofofferingseveraldishestotheEmperor，buttheacknowledgmentofthelatterwasexpressedsocoldlythatthepracticewasgivenup.TheAdmiralthenceforthonlypointedouttotheservantswhatwaspreferable.Napoleonwasgenerallysilent，asifunacquaintedwiththelanguage，thoughitwasFrench.Ifhespoke，itwastoasksometechnicalorscientificquestion，ortoaddressafewwordstothosewhomtheAdmiraloccasionallyaskedtodinner.
TheEmperorroseimmediatelyaftercoffeehadbeenhandedround，andwentondeck，followedbytheGrand—MarshalandLasCases.ThisdisconcertedAdmiralCockburn，whoexpressedhissurprisetohisofficers;butMadameBertrand，whosematernallanguagewasEnglish，repliedwithspirit，"Donotforget，sir，thatyourguestisamanwhohasgovernedalargeportionoftheworld，andthatkingsoncecontendedforthehonourofbeingadmittedtohistable."——"Verytrue，"rejoinedtheAdmiral;andfromthattimehedidhisutmosttocomplywithNapoleon’shabits.Heshortenedthetimeofsittingattable，orderingcoffeeforNapoleonandthosewhoaccompaniedhimevenbeforetherestofthecompanyhadfinishedtheirdinner.TheEmperorremainedwalkingondecktilldark.
Onreturningtotheafter—cabinhesatdowntoplayvingtetunwithsomeofhissuite，andgenerallyretiredinabouthalfanhour.Onthemorningofthe15thofAugustallhissuiteaskedpermissiontobeadmittedtohispresence.Hewasnotawareofthecauseofthisvisit;
itwashisbirthday，whichseemedtohavealtogetherescapedhisrecollection.
OnthefollowingdaytheydoubledCapeFinisterre，anduptothe21st，passingofftheStraitsofGibraltar，continuedtheircoursealongthecoastofAfricatowardsMadeira.Napoleoncommonlyremainedinhiscabinthewholemorning，andfromtheextremeheatheworeaveryslightdress.
Hecouldnotsleepwell，andfrequentlyroseinthenight.Readingwashischiefoccupation.HeoftensentforCountLasCasestotranslatewhateverrelatedtoSt.Helenaorthecountriesbywhichtheyweresailing.Napoleonusedtostartasubjectofconversation;orrevivethatofsomeprecedingday，andwhenhehadtakeneightornineturnsthewholelengthofthedeckhewouldseathimselfonthesecondgunfromthegangwayonthelarboardside.Themidshipmensoonobservedthishabitualpredilection，sothatthecannonwasthenceforthcalledtheEmperor’sgun.ItwasherethatNapoleonoftenconversedforhourstogether.
Onthe22dofAugusttheycamewithinsightofMadeira，andatnightarrivedofftheport.Theystoppedforadayortwototakeinprovisions.Napoleonwasindisposed.AsuddengalearoseandtheairwasfilledwithsmallparticlesofsandandthesuffocatingexhalationsfromthedesertsofAfrica.Ontheeveningofthe24ththeygotunderweighagain，andprogressedsmoothlyandrapidly.TheEmperoraddedtohisamusementsagameatpiquet.Hewasbutan，indifferentchess—
player，andtherewasnoverygoodoneonboard.Heasked，jestingly，"Howitwasthathefrequentlybeatthosewhobeatbetterplayersthanhimself？"Vingtetunwasgivenup，astheyplayedtoohighatit;andNapoleonhadagreataversiontogaming.Onenightanegrothrewhimselfoverboardtoavoidaflogging，whichoccasionedagreatnoiseandbustle.
AyoungmidshipmanmeetingLasCasesdescendingintothecabin，andthinkinghewasgoingtoinformNapoleon，caughtholdofhiscoatandinatoneofgreatconcernexclaimed，"Ahsir，donotalarmtheEmperor！
Tellhimthenoiseisowingtoanaccident！"IngeneralthemidshipmenbehavedwithmarkedrespectandattentiontoBonaparte，andoftenbysignsorwordsdirectedthesailorstoavoidincommodinghim：Hesometimesnoticedthisconduct，andremarkedthatyouthfulheartswerealwayspronetogenerousinstincts.
Onthe1stofSeptembertheyfoundthemselvesinthelatitudeoftheCapedeVerdIslands.Everythingnowpromisedaprosperouspassage，butthetimehungheavily.LasCaseshadundertakentoteachhissonEnglish，andtheEmperoralsoexpressedawishtolearn.He，however，soongrewtiredandlaiditaside，norwasitresumeduntillongafterwards.Hismannersandhabitswerealwaysthesame;heinvariablyappearedcontented，patient，andgood—humoured.TheAdmiralgraduallylaidasidehisreserve，andtookaninterestinhisgreatcaptive.Hepointedoutthedangerincurredbycomingondeckafterdinner，owingtothedampoftheevening：theEmperor，wouldthensometimestakehisarmandprolongtheconversation，talkingsometimesonnavalaffairs，ontheFrenchresourcesinthesouth，andontheimprovementshehadcontemplatedintheportsandharboursoftheMediterranean，toallwhichtheAdmirallistenedwithdeepattention.
MeanwhileNapoleonobservedthatLasCaseswasbusilyemployed，andobtainedasightofhisjournal，withwhichhewasnotdispleased.He，however，noticedthatsomeofthemilitarydetailsandanecdotesgavebutameagreideaofthesubjectofwar：ThisfirstledtotheproposalofhiswritinghisownMemoirs.AtlengththeEmperorcametoadetermination，andonSaturday，the9thofSeptemberhecalledhissecretaryintohiscabinanddictatedtohimsomeparticularsofthesiegeofToulon.Onapproachingthelinetheyfellinwiththetrade—
winds，thatblowhereconstantlyfromtheeast.Onthe16ththerewasaconsiderablefallofrain，tothegreatjoyofthesailors，whowereinwantofwater.TherainbegantofallheavilyjustastheEmperorhadgotupondecktotakehisafternoonwalk.Butthisdidnotdisappointhimofhisusualexercise;hemerelycalledforhisfamousgraygreatcoat，whichthecrewregardedwithmuchinterest.
Onthe23dofSeptembertheypassedtheline.Thiswasadayofgreatmerrimentanddisorderamongthecrew：itwastheceremonywhichtheEnglishsailorscallthe"christening."Nooneisspared;andtheofficersaregenerallymoreroughlyhandledthananyoneelse.TheAdmiral，whohadpreviouslyamusedhimselfbygivinganalarmingdescriptionofthisceremony，nowverycourteouslyexemptedhisguestsfromtheinconvenienceandridiculeattendingit.NapoleonwasscrupulouslyrespectedthroughthewholeofthisSaturnalianfestivity.
OnbeinginformedofthedecorumwhichhadbeenobservedwithregardtohimheorderedahundredNapoleonstobepresentedtothegrotesque—
Neptuneandhiscrew;whichtheAdmiralopposed，perhapsfrommotivesofprudenceaswellaspoliteness.
OwingtothehastewithwhichtheyhadleftEnglandthepaintingoftheshiphadbeenonlylatelyfinished，andthiscircumstanceconfinedNapoleon，whosesenseofsmellwasveryacute，tohisroomfortwodays.
Theywerenow，inthebeginningofOctober，drivenintotheGulfofGuinea，wheretheymetaFrenchvesselboundfortheIsleofBourbon.
Theyspokewiththecaptain，whoexpressedhissurpriseandregretwhenhelearntthatNapoleonwasonboard.Thewindwasunfavourable，andtheshipmadelittleprogress.ThesailorsgrumbledattheAdmiral，whohadgoneoutoftheusualcourse.Atlengththeyapproachedtheterminationoftheirvoyage.Onthe14thofOctobertheAdmiralhadinformedthemthatheexpectedtocomewithinsightofSt.Helenathatday.Theyhadscarcelyrisenfromtablewhentheirearsweresalutedwiththecryof"land！"Thiswaswithinaquarterofanhourofthetimethathadbeenfixedon.TheEmperorwentontheforecastletoseetheisland;butitwasstillhardlydistinguishable.AtdaybreaknextmorningtheyhadatolerablyclearviewofitAtlength，aboutseventydaysafterhisdeparturefromEngland，andahundredandtenafterquittingParis，NapoleonreachedSt.Helena.Intheharbourwereseveralvesselsofthesquadronwhichhadseparatedfromthem，andwhichtheythoughttheyhadleftbehind.Napoleon，contrarytocustom，dressedearlyandwentupondeck：hewentforwardtothegangwaytoviewtheisland.Hebeheldakindofvillagesurroundedbynumerousbarrenhillstoweringtotheclouds.Everyplatform，everyaperture，thebrowofeveryhillwasplantedwithcannon.TheEmperorviewedtheprospectthroughhisglass.Hiscountenanceunderwentnochange.Hesoonleftthedeck;andsendingforLasCases，proceededtohisday’swork.TheAdmiral，whohadgoneashoreveryearly，returnedaboutsixmuchfatigued.Hehadbeenwalkingovervariouspartsoftheisland，andatlengththoughthehadfoundahabitationthatwouldsuithiscaptives.
Theplacestoodinneedofrepairs，whichmightoccupytwomonths.HisorderswerenottolettheFrenchquitthevesseltillahouseshouldbepreparedtoreceivethem.He，however，undertook，onhisownresponsibility，tosetthemonshorethenextday.
Onthe16th，afterdinner，Napoleon，accompaniedbytheAdmiralandtheGrand—Marshal，Bertrand，gotintoaboattogoashore.Ashepassed，theofficersassembledonthequarter—deck，andthegreaterpartofthecrewonthegangways.TheEmperor，beforehesteppedintotheboat，sentforthecaptainofthevessel，andtookleaveofhim，desiringhimatthesametimetoconveyhisthankstotheofficersandcrew.Thesewordsappearedtoproducetheliveliestsensationinallbywhomtheywereunderstood，ortowhomtheywereinterpreted.Theremainderofhissuitelandedabouteight.TheyfoundtheEmperorintheapartmentswhichhadbeenassignedtohim：，afewminutesafterhewentupstairstohischamber.HewaslodgedinasortofinninJamesTown，whichconsistsonly，ofoneshortstreet，orrowofhousesbuiltinanarrowvalleybetweentworockyhills.
ThenextdaytheEmperor，theGrand—Marshal，andtheAdmiral，ridingouttovisitLongwood，whichhadbeenchosenfortheEmperor’sresidence，ontheirreturnsawasmallvilla，withapavilionattachedtoit，abouttwomilesfromthetown，theresidenceofMr.Balcombe;amerchantoftheisland.ThisspotpleasedNapoleon，andtheAdmiralwasofopinionthatitwouldbebetterforhimtoremainherethantoreturntothetown，wherethesentinelsathisdoor，withthecrowdscollectedroundit，inamannerconfinedhimtohischamber.Thepavilionwasasortofsummer—
houseonapyramidaleminence，aboutthirtyorfortypacesfromthehouse，wherethefamilywereaccustomedtoresortinfineweather：thiswashiredforthetemporaryabodeoftheEmperor，andhetookpossessionofitimmediately.Therewasacarriage—roadfromthetown，andthevalleywasinthispartlessruggedinitsaspect.LasCaseswassoonsentfor.AsbeascendedthewindingpathleadingtothepavilionhesawNapoleonstandingatthethresholdofthedoor.Hisbodywasslightlybent，andhishandsbehindhisback：heworehisusualplainandsimpleuniformandthewell—knownhat.TheEmperorwasalone.Hetookafancytowalkalittle;buttherewasnolevelgroundonanysideofthepavilion，whichwassurroundedbyhugepiecesofrock.Takingthearmofhiscompanion，however，hebegantoconverseinacheerful...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：