GeneralDupasnotunderstandingthemeaningofthishurrah！supposedittobeasignalforsedition，andinsteadoforderingthegatestobeopenedhecommandedthemilitarytofireuponthepeacefulcitizens，.
whoonlywantedtoreturntotheirhomes.Severalpersonswerekilled，andothersmoreorlessseriouslywounded.Fortunately，afterthisfirstdischargethefuryofDupaswasappeased;butstillhepersistedinkeepingthegatesclosedatnight.Nextdayanorderwaspostedaboutthecityprohibitingthecryofhurrah！underpainofaseverepunishment.Itwasalsoforbiddenthatmorethanthreepersonashouldcollecttogetherinthestreets.ThusitwasthatcertainpersonsimposedtheFrenchyokeupontownsandprovinceswhichwerepreviouslyhappy.
DupaswasasmuchexecratedintheHanseTownsasClarkehadbeeninBerlinwhenhewasgovernorofthatcapitalduringthecampaignof1807.
ClarkehadburdenedthepeopleofBerlinwitheverykindofoppressionandexaction.He，aswellasmanyothers，manifestedareadyobedienceinexecutingtheImperialorders，howevertyrannicaltheymightbe;andHeavenknowswhatepithetsinvariablyaccompaniedthenameofClarkewhenpronouncedbythelipsofaPrussian.
DupasseemedtohavetakenClarkeashismodel.Anartilleryofficer，whowasinHamburgatthetimeofthedisturbanceIhavejustmentioned，toldmethatitwashewhowasdirectedtoplacetwopiecesoflight—
artillerybeforethegateofAltona.Havingexecutedthisorder，hewenttoGeneralDupas，whomhefoundinafuriousfitofpassion，breakinganddestroyingeverythingwithinhisreach.Inthepresenceoftheofficerhebrokemorethantwodozenplateswhichwereonthetablebeforehim：
theseplates，ofcourse，hadcosthimverylittle！
OnthedayafterthedisturbancewhichhadsofatalaterminationIwrotetoinformthePrinceofPorte—Corvoofwhathadtakenplace;andinmyletterIsolicitedthesuppressionofanextraordinarytribunalwhichhadbeencreatedbyGeneralDupas.Hereturnedmeanimmediateanswer，complyingwithmyrequest.Hisletterwasasfollows：
Ihavereceivedyourletter，mydearMinister：itforciblyconveystheexpressionofyourrightfeeling，whichrevoltsagainstoppression，severity，andtheabaseofpower.Ientirelyconcurinyourviewofthesubject，andIamdistressedwheneverIseesuchactsofinjusticecommitted.Onanexaminationoftheeventswhichtookplaceonthe19thitisimpossibletodenythattheofficerwhoorderedthegatestobeclosedsosoonwasinthewrong;andnext，itmaybeasked，whywerenotthegatesopenedinsteadofthe，militarybeingorderedtofireonthepeople？But，ontheotherhand，didnotthepeopleevincedecidedobstinacyandinsubordination？weretheynottoblameinthrowingstonesattheguard，forcingthepalisades，andevenrefusingtolistentothevoiceofthemagistrates？Itismelancholythattheyshouldhavefallenintotheseexcesses，fromwhich，doubtless，theywouldhaverefrainedhadtheylistenedtothecivilchiefs，whooughttobetheirfirstdirectors.Finally，mydearMinister，theSenatorwhodistributedmoneyatthegateofAltonatoappeasethemultitudewouldhavedonebetterhadheadvisedthemtowaitpatientlyuntilthegateswereopened;andhemight，Ithink，havegonetotheCommandantortheGeneraltosolicitthatconcession.
Wheneveranirritatedmobresortstoviolencethereisnosafetyforanyone.Theprotectingpowermastthenexertitsutmostauthoritytostopmischief.TheSenateofancientRome，sojealousofitsprerogatives，assignedtoaDictator，intimesoftrouble，thepoweroflifeanddeath，andthatmagistrateknewnoothercodethanhisownwillandtheaxeofhislictors.Theordinarylawsdidnotresumetheircourseuntilthepeoplereturnedtosubmission.
TheeventwhichtookplaceinHamburgproducedafeelingofagitationofwhichevil—disposedpersonsmighttakeadvantagetostirupopeninsurrection.Thatfeelingcouldonlyberepressedbyaseveretribunal，which，however，isnolongernecessary.GeneralDupashas，accordingly，receivedorderstodissolveit，andjusticewillresumeherusualcourse.
J.BERNADOTTE
DENSEL，4thMay，1808.
WhenBernadottereturnedtoHamburghesent.DupastoLubeck.Thatcity，whichwaspoorerthanHamburg，sufferedcruellyfromthevisitationofsuchaguest.
Dupasleviedallhisexactionsinkind，andindignantlyspurnedeveryofferofacceptingmoney，theveryideaofwhich，hesaid，shockedhisdelicacyoffeeling.ButhisdemandsbecamesoextravagantthatthecityofLubeckwasutterlyunabletosatisfythem.Besideshistable，whichwasprovidedinthesamestyleofprofusionasatHamburg，herequiredtobefurnishedwithplate，linen，wood，andcandles;inshort，withthemosttrivialarticlesofhouseholdconsumption.
TheSenatedeputedtotheincorruptibleGeneralDupasM.Nolting，avenerableoldman，whomildlyrepresentedtohimtheabuseswhichwereeverywherecommittedinhisname，andentreatedthathewouldvouchsafetoaccepttwentyLouisadaytodefraytheexpensesofhistablealone.
AtthispropositionGeneralDupesflewintoarage.Toofferhimmoneywasaninsultnottobeendured！HefuriouslydrovetheterrifiedSenatoroutofthehouse，andatonceorderedhis’aidedecamp’Barreltoimprisonhim.M.deBarrel，startledatthisextraordinaryorder，venturedtoremonstratewiththeGeneral，butinvain;and，thoughagainsthisheart，hewasobligedtoobey.TheaidedecampaccordinglywaitedupontheSenatorNotting，andovercomebythatfeelingofrespectwhichgrayhairsinvoluntarilyinspireinyouth，insteadofarrestinghim，hebesoughttheoldmannottoleavehishouseuntilheshouldprevailontheGeneraltoretracthisorders.ItwasnottillthefollowingdaythatM.deBarrelsucceededingettingtheseordersrevoked——thatistosay，heobtainedM.Notting’sreleasefromconfinement;forDupaswouldnotbesatisfieduntilheheardthattheSenatorhadsufferedatleastthecommencementofthepunishmenttowhichhiscapriciousfuryhaddoomedhim.
InspiteofhisparadeofdisinterestednessGeneralDupasyieldedsofarastoacceptthetwentyLouisadayfortheexpenseofhistablewhichM.NottinghadofferedhimonthepartoftheSenateofLubeck;butitwasnotwithoutmurmurings，complaints，andmenacesthathemadethisgenerousconcession;andheexclaimedmorethanonce，"Thesefellowshaveportionedoutmyallowanceforme."LubeckwasnotreleasedfromthepresenceofGeneralDupesuntilthemonthofMarch1809，whenhewassummonedtocommandadivisionintheEmperor’snewcampaignagainstAustria.Strangeasitmayappear，itisneverthelessthefact，that，oppressiveashadbeenhispresenceatLubeck，theHanseTownssoonhadreasontoregrethim.
CHAPTERXV.
1808.
PromulgationoftheCodeofCommerce——ConquestsbyStatus—consulte——
Threeeventsinoneday——Recollections——ApplicationofalineofVoltaire——CreationoftheImperialnobility——Restorationoftheuniversity——AggrandisementofthekingdomofItalyattheexpenseofRome——CardinalCaprara’adeparturefromParis——TheinterviewatErfurt.
Theyear1808wasfertileinremarkableevents.OccupiedasIwaswithmyownduties，IyetemployedmyleisurehoursinobservingthecourseofthosegreatactsbywhichBonaparteseemeddeterminedtomarkeverydayofhislife.Atthecommencementof1808IreceivedoneofthefirstcopiesoftheCodeofCommerce，promulgatedonthe1stofJanuarybytheEmperor’sorder.Thiscodeappearedtomeanactofmockery;atleastitwasextraordinarytopublishacoderespectingasubjectwhichitwastheeffectofalltheImperialdecreestodestroy.WhattradecouldpossiblyexistundertheContinentalsystem，andtheruinousseverityofthecustoms？Thelinewasalreadyextendedwidelyenoughwhen，bya’Senatus—consulte’，itwasstillfurtherwidened.TheEmperor，towhomalltheContinentsubmitted，hadrecoursetonootherformalityforthepurposeofannexingtotheEmpirethetownsofKehl，CasselnearMayence，Wesel，andFlushing，withtheterritoriesdependingonthem.
——[Aresolutionofthesenate，ora"Senatus—consulte"wasthemeansinventedbyNapoleonforalteringtheimperialConstitutions，andeventheextentoftheEmpire.Byoneofthese，dated21stJanuary1808，thetownsofKehl，Cassel，andWesel，withFlushing，allalreadyseized，weredefinitelyunitedtoFrance.ThelossofWesel，whichbelongedtoMurat’sGrandDuchyofBerg，wasaverysorepointwithMurat.]——
Theseconquests，gainedbydecreesandsenatorialdecisions，hadatleasttheadvantageofbeingeffectedwithoutbloodshed.AllthesethingswerecarefullycommunicatedtomebytheMinisterswithwhomIcorresponded，formysituationatHamburghadacquiredsuchimportancethatitwasnecessaryIshouldknoweverything.
AtthisperiodIobservedamongthenewswhichIreceivedfromdifferentplacesasingularcoincidenceofdates，worthyofbeingnotedbytheauthorsofephemrides.Onthesameday—namely，the1stofFebruaryParis，Lisbon，andRomewerethescenesofeventsofdifferentkinds，but，astheyallhappenedononeday，affordingastrikingexampleoftherapidityofmovementwhichmarkedthereignofBonaparte.AtParisthenieceofJosephine，MademoiselledeTascher，whomNapoleonhadlatelyexaltedtotherankofPrincess，wasmarriedtothereigningPrinceofAhremberg，whileatthesametimeJunotdeclaredtoPortugalthatthehouseofBraganzahadceasedtoreign，andFrenchtroopswere，underthecommandofGeneralMiollis，occupyingRome.Thisoccupationwasthecommencementofprolongedstruggles，duringwhichPinsVII.expiatedthecondescensionhehadshowningoingtoParistocrownNapoleon.
Lookingovermynotes，IseeitwasthedayafterthesethreeeventsoccurredthatBonapartegavetohisbrother—in—law，PrinceBorghese，theGovernorship—GeneralofthedepartmentsbeyondtheAlpswhichhehadjustfounded;andofwhichhemadetheeighthGrandDignitaryoftheEmpire.
GeneralMenou，whomIhadnotseensinceEgypt，wasobligedbythisappointmenttoleaveTurin，wherehehadalwaysremained.Bonaparte，notwishingtopermithimtocometoParis，sentMenoutopresideovertheJuntaofTuscany，ofwhichhesoonafterwardsmadeanotherGeneral—
Governorship，whichheentrustedtothecareofhissisterElisa.
——[PrinceCamillePhilippeLouisBorghese（1755—1832），anItalian，hadmarried，6thNovember1808，PaulineBonaparte，thesisterofNapoleon，andthewidowofGeneralLeclerc.HehadbeenmadePrinceandDukeofGuastallawhenthatduchywasgiventohiswife，30thMarsh1806.Heseparatedfromhiswifeafterafewyears.IndeedPaulinewasimpossibleasawifeifhalfofthestoriesaboutheraretrue.Itwasshewho，findingthataladywassurprisedatherhavingsatnakedwhileastatueofherwasbeingmodelledforCanova，believedshehadsatisfactorilyexplainedmattersbysaying，"buttherewasafireintheroom."]——
MycorrespondencerelativetowhatpassedinthesouthofFranceandofEuropepresentedtome，ifImaysoexpressmyself，merelyananecdotalinterest.Notsothenewswhichcamefromthenorth.AtHamburgIwaslikethesentinelofanadvancedpost，alwaysonthealert.IfrequentlyinformedtheGovernmentofwhatwouldtakeplacebeforetheeventactuallyhappened.IwasoneofthefirsttohearoftheplansofRussiarelativetoSweden.ThecourierwhomIsenttoParisarrivedthereattheverymomentwhenRussiamadethedeclarationofwar.AbouttheendofFebruarytheRussiantroopsenteredSwedishFinland，andoccupiedalsothecapitalofthatprovince，whichhadatalltimesbeencovetedbytheRussianGovernment.IthasbeensaidthatattheinterviewatErfurtBonaparteconsentedtotheusurpationofthatprovincebyAlexanderinreturnforthecomplaisanceofthelatterinacknowledgingJosephasKingofSpainandtheIndies.
TheremovalofJosephfromthethroneofNaplestothethroneofMadridbelongs，indeed，tothatperiodrespectingwhichIamnowthrowingtogetherafewrecollections.MurathadsucceededJosephatNaples，andthisaccessionofthebrother—in—lawofNapoleontooneofthethronesoftheHouseofBourbongaveBonaparteanotherjuniorinthecollegeofkings，ofwhichhewouldhaveinfalliblybecometheseniorifhehadgoneonashebegan.
IwillrelatealittlecircumstancewhichnowoccurstomerespectingthekingsmanufacturedbyNapoleon.IrecollectthatduringtheKingofEtruria’sstayinParis——theFirstConsulwentwiththatPrincetotheComedieFrancaise，whereVoltaire’s’OEdipus’wasperformed.Thispiece，Imayobserve，BonapartelikedbetterthananythingVoltaireeverwrote.
Iwasinthetheatre，butnotintheFirstConsul’sbox，andIobserved，asallpresentmusthavedone，theeagernesswithwhichtheaudienceappliedtoNapoleonandtheKingofEtruriathelineinwhichPhiloctetessays——
"J’aifaitdessouverainsetn’aipasvoulul’etre."
[Ihavemadesovereigns，buthavenotwishedtobeonemyself."]
TheapplicationwassomarkedthatitcouldnotfailtobecomethesubjectofconversationbetweentheFirstConsulandme."Youremarkedit，Bourrienne？""Yes，General.""Thefools！
Theyshallsee！Theyshallsee！"Wedidindeedsee.Notcontentwithmakingkings，Bonaparte，whenhisbrowwasencircledbyadoublecrown，aftercreatingprincesatlengthrealisedtheobjecthehadlongcontemplated，namely，tofoundanewnobilityendowedwithhereditaryrights.ItwasatthecommencementofMarch1808thatheaccomplishedthisproject;andIsawinthe’Moniteur’alonglistofprinces，dukes，counts，barons，andknightsoftheEmpire;therewerewantingonlyviscountsandmarquises.
AtthesametimethatBonapartewasfoundinganewnobilityhedeterminedtoraiseuptheoldedificeoftheuniversity，butonanewfoundation.
Theeducationofyouthhadalwaysbeenoneofhisrulingideas，andIhadanopportunityofobservinghowhewaschangedbytheexerciseofsovereignpowerwhenIreceivedatHamburgthestatutesofthenewelderdaughteroftheEmperoroftheFrench，andcomparedthemwiththeideaswhichBonaparte，whenGeneralandFirstConsul，hadoftenexpressedtomerespectingtheeducationwhichoughttobegivenyouth.Thoughtheswornenemyofeverythinglikeliberty，Bonapartehadatfirstconceivedavastsystemofeducation，comprisingaboveallthestudyofhistory，andthosepositivesciences，suchasgeologyandastronomy，whichgivetheutmostdegreeofdevelopmenttothehumanmind.TheSovereign，however，shrunkfromthefirstideasofthemanofgenius，andhisuniversity，confidedtotheelegantsupplenessofM.deFontaines，wasmerelyaschoolcapableofproducingeducatedsubjectsbutnotenlightenedmen.
BeforetakingcompletepossessionofRome，andmakingitthesecondcityoftheEmpire，thevauntedmoderationofBonapartewasconfinedtodismemberingfromitthelegationsofAncona，Urbino，Macerata，andCamerino，whichweredividedintothreedepartments;andaddedtotheKingdomofItaly.ThepatienceoftheHolySeecouldnolongerholdoutagainstthisactofviolence，andCardinalCaprara，whohadremainedinParissincethecoronation，atlastleftthatcapital.ShortlyafterwardstheGrandDuchiesofParmaandPiacenzawereunitedtotheFrenchEmpire，andannexedtothegovernmentofthedepartmentsbeyondtheAlps.ThesetransactionswerecoincidentwiththeeventsinSpainandBayonnebeforementioned.
AfterthesnarelaidatBayonnetheEmperorenteredParisonthe14thofAugust，theeveofhisbirthday.ScarcelyhadhearrivedinthecapitalwhenheexperiencedfreshanxietyinconsequenceoftheconductofRussia，which，asIhavestated，haddeclaredopenwarwithSweden，anddidnotconcealtheintentionofseizingFinland.ButBonaparte，desirousofactivelycarryingonthewarinSpain，feltthenecessityofremovinghistroopsfromPrussiatothePyrenees.HethenhastenedtheinterviewatErfurt，wherethetwoEmperorsofFranceandRussiahadagreedtomeet.HehopedthatthisinterviewwouldinsurethetranquillityoftheContinent，whileheshouldcompletethesubjectionofSpaintothesceptreofJoseph.ThatPrincehadbeenproclaimedonthe8thofJune;andonthe21stofthesamemonthhemadehisentryintoMadrid，buthavingreceived，tendaysafter，informationofthedisasteratBaylen，hewasobligedtoleavetheSpanishcapital.
——[TheimportantbattleofDaylen，wheretheFrench，underGeneralDupont，werebeatenbytheSpaniards，wasfoughtonthe19thofJuly1808.]——
Bonaparte’swishesmustatthistimehavebeenlimitedtothetranquillityoftheContinent，forthestrugglebetweenhimandEnglandwasmoredesperatethanever.EnglandhadjustsenttroopstoPortugalunderthecommandofSirArthurWellesley.TherewasnolongeranyhopeofareconciliationwithGreatBritain：TheinterviewatErfurthavingbeendeterminedon，theEmperor，whohadreturnedfromBayonnetoParis，againleftthecapitalabouttheendofSeptember，andarrivedatMetzwithoutstopping，exceptforthepurposeofreviewingtheregimentswhichwereechelonedonhisroute，andwhichwereontheirmarchfromtheGrandArmytoSpain.
Ihadheardsometimepreviouslyoftheinterviewwhichwasabouttotakeplace，andwhichwassomemorableinthelifeofNapoleon.ItexcitedsomuchinterestinGermanythattheroadswerecoveredwiththeequipagesofthePrinceswhoweregoingtoErfurttowitnessthemeeting.TheFrenchEmperorarrivedtherebeforeAlexander，andwentforwardthreeleaguestomeethim.Napoleonwasonhorseback，Alexanderinacarriage.
Theyembraced，itissaid，inamannerexpressiveofthemostcordialfriendship.ThisinterviewwaswitnessedbymostofthesovereignPrincesofGermany.However，neithertheKingofPrussianortheEmperorofAustriawaspresent.ThelattersovereignsentalettertoNapoleon，ofwhichIobtainedacopy.Itwasasfollows：
SIRE，MYBROTHER，——MyAmbassadorinParisinformsmethatyourMajestyisabouttoproceedtoErfurttomeettheEmperorAlexander.
IeagerlyseizetheopportunityofyourapproachtomyfrontiertorenewthosetestimonialsoffriendshipandesteemwhichIhavepledgedtoyou;andIsendmyLieutenant—General，BaronVincent，toconveytoyoutheassuranceofmyunalterablesentiments.IfthefalseaccountsthathavebeencirculatedrespectingtheinternalinstitutionswhichIhaveestablishedinmymonarchyshouldforamomenthaveexcitedyourMajesty’sdoubtsastomyintentions，I
fattermyselfthattheexplanationsgivenonthatsubjectbyCountMetternichtoyourMinisterwillhaveentirelyremovedthem.BaronVincentisenabledtoconfirmtoyourMajestyallthathasbeensaidbyCountMetternichonthesubject，andtoaddanyfurtherexplanations，youmaywishfor.IbegthatyourMajestywillgranthimthesamegraciousreceptionheexperiencedatParisandatWarsaw.Therenewedmarksoffavouryoumaybestowonhimwillbeanunequivocalpledgeofthereciprocityofyoursentiments，andwillsealthatconfidencewhichwillrenderoursatisfactionmutual.
DeigntoaccepttheassuranceoftheunalterableaffectionandrespectwithwhichIam，Sire，myBrother，YourimperialandroyalMajesty’sfaithfulbrotherandfriend，（Signed）FRANCIS.
PRESBURG，8thSeptember1808.
Thisletterappearstobeamodelofambiguity，bywhichitisimpossibleNapoleoncouldhavebeenimposedupon.However，asyethehadnosuspicionofthehostilityofAustria，whichspeedilybecamemanifest;
hisgrandobjectthenwastheSpanishbusiness，and，asIhavebeforeobserved，oneofthesecretsofNapoleon’sgeniuswas，thathedidnotapplyhimselftomorethanonethingatatime.
AtErfurtBonaparteattainedtheprincipalobjecthehadpromisedhimselfbythemeeting.AlexanderrecognizedJosephinhisnewcharacterofKingofSpainandtheIndies.IthasbeensaidthatasthepriceofthisrecognitionNapoleonconsentedthatAlexandershouldhaveSwedishFinland;butforthetruthofthisIcannotvouch.However，Irememberthatwhen，aftertheinterviewatErfurt，Alexanderhadgiven—orderstohisambassadortoCharlesIV.tocontinuehisfunctionsunderKingJoseph，theSwedishcharged’affairesatHamburgtoldmethatconfidentiallettersreceivedbyhimfromErfurtledhimtofearthattheEmperorAlexanderhadcommunicatedtoNapoleonhisdesignsonFinland，andthatNapoleonhadgivenhisconsenttotheoccupation.Bethisasitmay，assoonastheinterviewwasoverNapoleonreturnedtoParis，wherehepresidedwithmuchsplendourattheopeningoftheLegislativeBody，andsetoutinthemonthofNovemberforSpain.
CHAPTERXVI.
1808.
TheSpanishtroopsinHamburg——Romana’ssiesta——HisdepartureforFunen——CelebrationofNapoleon’sbirthday——Romana’sdefection——
EnglishagentsandtheDutchtroops——FacilityofcommunicationbetweenEnglandandtheContinent——DelayofcouriersfromRussia——
Alarmandcomplaints——ThepeopleofHamburg——MontesquieuandtheMinisteroftheGrandDukeofTuscany——Invitationsatsixmonths——
Napoleon’sjourneytoItaly——AdoptionofEugene——Lucien’sdaughterandthePrinceoftheAsturias——M.AugustedeStael’sinterviewwithNapoleon.
PrevioustotheinterviewatErfurtaneventtookplacewhichcreatedastronginterestinHamburgandthroughoutEurope，aneventwhichwasplannedandexecutedwithinconceivablesecrecy.IalludetothedefectionoftheMarquisdelaRomans，whichIhavenothithertonoticed，inorderthatImightnotseparatethedifferentfactswhichcametomyknowledgerespectingthatdefectionandthecircumstanceswhichaccompaniedit.
TheMarquisdelaRomanshadcometotheHanseTownsattheheadofanarmycorpsof18，000men，whichtheEmperorintheprecedingcampaignclaimedinvirtueoftreatiespreviouslyconcludedwiththeSpanishGovernment.TheSpanishtroopsatfirstmetwithagoodreceptionintheHanseTowns.Thedifferenceoflanguage，indeed，occasionallycauseddiscord，butwhenbetteracquaintedtheinhabitantsandtheirvisitorsbecamegoodfriends.TheMarquisdelaRomanswasalittleswarthyman，ofunprepossessingandrathercommonappearance;buthehadaconsiderableshar...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：