Ath。Thenletusnotleavethemeaningofeducationambiguousorill-defined。Atpresent，whenwespeakintermsofpraiseorblameaboutthebringing-upofeachperson，wecallonemaneducatedandanotheruneducated，althoughtheuneducatedmanmaybesometimesverywelleducatedforthecallingofaretailtrader，orofacaptainofaship，andthelike。Forwearenotspeakingofeducationinthisnarrowersense，butofthatothereducationinvirtuefromyouthupwards，whichmakesamaneagerlypursuetheidealperfectionofcitizenship，andteacheshimhowrightlytoruleandhowtoobey。
　　Thisistheonlyeducationwhich，uponourview，deservesthename；
　　thatothersortoftraining，whichaimsattheacquisitionofwealthorbodilystrength，ormereclevernessapartfromintelligenceandjustice，ismeanandilliberal，andisnotworthytobecallededucationatall。Butletusnotquarrelwithoneanotheraboutaword，providedthatthepropositionwhichhasjustbeengrantedholdgood：towit，thatthosewhoarerightlyeducatedgenerallybecomegoodmen。Neithermustwecastaslightuponeducation，whichisthefirstandfairestthingthatthebestofmencaneverhave，andwhich，thoughliabletotakeawrongdirection，iscapableofreformation。
　　Andthisworkofreformationisthegreatbusinessofeverymanwhilehelives。
　　Cle。Verytrue；andweentirelyagreewithyou。
　　Ath。Andweagreedbeforethattheyaregoodmenwhoareabletorulethemselves，andbadmenwhoarenot。
　　Cle。Youarequiteright。
　　Ath。Letmenowproceed，ifIcan，toclearupthesubjectalittlefurtherbyanillustrationwhichIwillofferyou。
　　Cle。Proceed。
　　Ath。Dowenotconsidereachofourselvestobeone？
　　Cle。Wedo。
　　Ath。Andeachoneofushasinhisbosomtwocounsellors，bothfoolishandalsoantagonistic；ofwhichwecalltheonepleasure，andtheotherpain。
　　Cle。Exactly。
　　Ath。Alsothereareopinionsaboutthefuture，whichhavethegeneralnameofexpectations；andthespecificnameoffear，whentheexpectationisofpain；andofhope，whenofpleasure；andfurther，thereisreflectionaboutthegoodorevilofthem，andthis，whenembodiedinadecreebytheState，iscalledLaw。
　　Cle。Iamhardlyabletofollowyou；proceed，however，asifIwere。
　　Meg。Iaminthelikecase。
　　Ath。Letuslookatthematterthus：MaywenotconceiveeachofuslivingbeingstobeapuppetoftheGods，eithertheirplaythingonly，orcreatedwithapurpose-whichofthetwowecannotcertainlyknow？Butwedoknow，thattheseaffectionsinusarelikecordsandstrings，whichpullusdifferentandoppositeways，andtooppositeactions；andhereinliesthedifferencebetweenvirtueandvice。
　　Accordingtotheargumentthereisoneamongthesecordswhicheverymanoughttograspandneverletgo，buttopullwithitagainstalltherest；andthisisthesacredandgoldencordofreason，calledbyusthecommonlawoftheState；thereareotherswhicharehardandofiron，butthisoneissoftbecausegolden；andthereareseveralotherkinds。Nowweoughtalwaystocooperatewiththeleadofthebest，whichislaw。Forinasmuchasreasonisbeautifulandgentle，andnotviolent，herrulemustneedshaveministersinordertohelpthegoldenprincipleinvanquishingtheotherprinciples。Andthusthemoralofthetaleaboutourbeingpuppetswillnothavebeenlost，andthemeaningoftheexpression“superiororinferiortoaman’sself“
　　willbecomeclearer；andtheindividual，attainingtorightreasoninthismatterofpullingthestringsofthepuppet，shouldliveaccordingtoitsrule；whilethecity，receivingthesamefromsomegodorfromonewhohasknowledgeofthesethings，shouldembodyitinalaw，tobeherguideinherdealingswithherselfandwithotherstates。Inthiswayvirtueandvicewillbemoreclearlydistinguishedbyus。Andwhentheyhavebecomeclearer，educationandotherinstitutionswillinlikemannerbecomeclearer；andinparticularthatquestionofconvivialentertainment，whichmayseem，perhaps，tohavebeenaverytriflingmatter，andtohavetakenagreatmanymorewordsthanwerenecessary。
　　Cle。Perhaps，however，thethememayturnoutnottobeunworthyofthelengthofdiscourse。
　　Ath。Verygood；letusproceedwithanyenquirywhichreallybearsonourpresentobject。
　　Cle。Proceed。
　　Ath。Supposethatwegivethispuppetofoursdrink-whatwillbetheeffectonhim？
　　Cle。Havingwhatinviewdoyouaskthatquestion？
　　Ath。Nothingasyet；butIaskgenerally，whenthepuppetisbroughttothedrink，whatsortofresultislikelytofollow。Iwillendeavourtoexplainmymeaningmoreclearly：whatIamnowaskingisthis-Doesthedrinkingofwineheightenandincreasepleasuresandpains，andpassionsandloves？
　　Cle。Verygreatly。
　　Ath。Andareperceptionandmemory，andopinionandprudence，heightenedandincreased？Donotthesequalitiesentirelydesertamanifhebecomessaturatedwithdrink？
　　Cle。Yes，theyentirelydeserthim。
　　Ath。Doeshenotreturntothestateofsoulinwhichhewaswhenayoungchild？
　　Cle。Hedoes。
　　Ath。Thenatthattimehewillhavetheleastcontroloverhimself？
　　Cle。Theleast。
　　Ath。Andwillhenotbeinamostwretchedplight？
　　Cle。Mostwretched。
　　Ath。Thennotonlyanoldmanbutalsoadrunkardbecomesasecondtimeachild？
　　Cle。Wellsaid，Stranger。
　　Ath。Isthereanyargumentwhichwillprovetousthatweoughttoencouragethetastefordrinkinginsteadofdoingallwecantoavoidit？
　　Cle。Isupposethatthereis；youatanyrate，werejustnowsayingthatyouwerereadytomaintainsuchadoctrine。
　　Ath。True，Iwas；andIamreadystill，seeingthatyouhavebothdeclaredthatyouareanxioustohearme。
　　Cle。Tosureweare，ifonlyforthestrangenessoftheparadox，whichassertsthatamanoughtofhisownaccordtoplungeintoutterdegradation。
　　Ath。Areyouspeakingofthesoul？
　　Cle。Yes。
　　Ath。Andwhatwouldyousayaboutthebody，myfriend？Areyounotsurprisedatanyoneofhisownaccordbringinguponhimselfdeformity，leanness，ugliness，decrepitude？
　　Cle。Certainly。
　　Ath。Yetwhenamangoesofhisownaccordtoadoctor’sshop，andtakesmedicine，ishenotawarethatsoon，andformanydaysafterwards，hewillbeinastateofbodywhichhewoulddieratherthanacceptasthepermanentconditionofhislife？Arenotthosewhotrainingymnasia，atfirstbeginningreducedtoastateofweakness？
　　Cle。Yes，allthatiswellknown。
　　Ath。Alsothattheygooftheirownaccordforthesakeofthesubsequentbenefit？
　　Cle。Verygood。
　　Ath。Andwemayconceivethistobetrueinthesamewayofotherpractices？
　　Cle。Certainly。
　　Ath。Andthesameviewmaybetakenofthepastimeofdrinkingwine，ifwearerightinsupposingthatthesamegoodeffectfollows？
　　Cle。Tobesure。
　　Ath。Ifsuchconvivialitiesshouldturnouttohaveanyadvantageequalinimportancetothatofgymnastic，theyareintheirverynaturetobepreferredtomerebodilyexercise，inasmuchastheyhavenoaccompanimentofpain。
　　Cle。True；butIhardlythinkthatweshallbeabletodiscoveranysuchbenefitstobederivedfromthem。
　　Ath。Thatisjustwhatwemustendeavourtoshow。Andletmeaskyouaquestion：-Dowenotdistinguishtwokindsoffear，whichareverydifferent？
　　Cle。Whatarethey？
　　Ath。Thereisthefearofexpectedevil。
　　Cle。Yes。
　　Ath。Andthereisthefearofanevilreputation；weareafraidofbeingthoughtevil，becausewedoorsaysomedishonourablething，whichfearweandallmentermshame。
　　Cle。Certainly。
　　Ath。Thesearethetwofears，asIcalledthem；oneofwhichistheoppositeofpainandotherfears，andtheoppositealsoofthegreatestandmostnumeroussortofpleasures。
　　Cle。Verytrue。