Craniumofawoman，fromCro-Magnon，seenfullface。
　　IntheBaumes-Chaudescaves，situatedinthatpartofthevalleyoftheTarnwhichbelongstothedepartmentofLozere，Dr。Prunierespickedupnumerousbonesbearingscars，characteristicofwoundsproducedbystoneweapons。[183]Somefifteenofthesebones，suchastherightandlefthipbones，tibiae，andvertebrae，stillcontainflintpointsflungwithsufficientforcetopenetratedeeplythebonytissue。Alwaysindefatigableinhisresearches，Dr。PrunieresalsomentionshavingfoundinthecaveknownasthatofL’HOMMEMORT
　　bonesbearingtracesofcicatrizedwounds，andhepresentedtotheScientificCongressatClermontahumanvertebrafoundbeneaththeAumededolmenpiercedwithanarrow-head，whichis，sotospeak，encasedinthewoundbytheformationofbonytissue。
　　SkullofawomanfoundatSordes，showingaseverewoundfromwhichsherecovered。
　　OfthenineteencraniafoundintheNeolithicsepulchreofVaurealtwoshowtracesofoldwounds。Oneofthem，thatofawoman，hasthreedifferentscars，twoofwhichwereofwoundsthathadhealed，whilstthethirdintheocciputwasagapinghole，whichhadevidentlycauseddeath。
　　AsepulchralcaveatNogent-les-ViergesOisecontainstheskeletonofamanwithawoundontheforehead，nolessthanfourandahalfincheslongbythreebroad。Thisman，whowasduneyoung，thesuturesbeingstillveryapparent，survivedthisseriouswoundforsometime。
　　TheGourdanCavehasyieldedcraniaandjawsbrokenbybluntweapons，whilstonothercraniahavebeenmadeoutscratchesandstripeswhichcouldonlyhavebeenproducedafterthehairandskinhadbeenremoved。InthecavesofthePetit-Morinvalley，M。deBayepickedupsomehumanvertebrapiercedwithflints，thepointsofwhichwerestillimbeddedinthebones。IntheVillevenardCaveoneskullwasfoundcontainingthreearrow-beadswithtransversepointsimbeddedintheskull，theboneofwhichhadcloseduponthem。Anotherarrowwaslodgedbetweenthedorsalvertebrae。Itisprobablethatthesearrowshadremainedinthewounds；certainlythatisthesimplestwaytoaccountfortheirposition。Abouttwomilesfromthecavesofwhichwehavebeenspeaking，M。deBayediscoveredasepulchrecontainingthirtyskeletons，allofadultandstronglybuiltindividuals。Thebodieswerelaidoneabovetheother，andseparatedbylargeflatstonesandathinlayerofearth。Thissepulchralcavecontainedseventy-threeflintpoints。AsinthecaseofVillevenard，theirpositionleadsustosupposethatthesepointshadbeenstickinginthefleshofthebodieswhentheywereinterred，andhadfallenoutwhendecompositionsetin。Probablythebodieswerethoseofmenwhohadfallenvictimsinabloodyconflictthathadtakenplaceinthevalley。InacaveatthestationofOyes，wasfoundstretcheduponabedofstonesaskeletonwithapieceofflint，whichhadbeenflungwithgreatforce，imbeddedintheupperpartofthehumerus。Roundaboutthewoundarethemarksofmanyattemptsathealingit。
　　ManyofthehumanbonesfoundintheVivaraisCavebeartracesofhavingbeenviolentlyfracturedbystoneweaponswithtaperingpoints。IntheChallesCaveSavoyliestheskeletonofawomanwhoseskullwasfracturedbyaflintweapon，butinthiscasedeathwasevidentlyimmediate，atleastifwemayjudgefromthefactthattherearenosignsofthewoundhavingreceivedanytreatment。IntheCastelletCave，ahumanvertebracontainedtheweaponwhichhadpiercedit，butwhenthebonewastouchedthearrow-headbrokeoff。Ithad，however，beenflungwithsuchasurehandthatithadbeendriventeninchesdeepintothebonytissue。Here，too，theabsenceofanyexostosisprovesthatdeathquicklyfollowedthewound。
　　Fragmentofhumantibiawithexostosisenclosingtheendofaflintarrow。
　　Inothercasesthevictimsseemtohavelivedforsometime。Wehavealreadyspokenofwoundsincraniathathadhealed，andwemayaddthatafewyearsagoa，humanbonewaspresentedtotheArchaeologicalSocietyofBordeauxwhichstillretainedaflintarrow-headinthewoundithadmade。Tracescouldclearlybemadeoutoftheinflammationcausedbythepresenceoftheforeignbody，andthebonytissuesecretedbytheperiosteumhad，sotospeak，takenthemouldofthearrowFig。78。
　　InthecaveknownastheTroud’ArgentBasses-Alpesamongstthebonesofruminantsandcarnivora，fragmentsofpotteryandrubbishofallkinds，wasfoundapieceofhumerusFig。79piercedattheelbowjointandveryneatlycutatthelowerend，nodoubtwiththehelpofsomeoftheimplementsofhardrockscatteredaboutthecave。Thepositionofthishumanboneamongsttheremainsofanimalsandfragmentsofameal，pointstoitsbeingarelicofasceneofcannibalism；addingyetanotherprooftowhatIsaidatthebeginningofthiswork。
　　Fragmentofhumanhumeruspiercedattheelbowjoint，foundintheTroud’Argent。
　　SimilarfactsarereportedfrontEnglandandGermany。Dr。WankelmentionsaninterestingprehistoricdepositatPrerau，nearOlmutz，amongstthebonesofanimalsbelongingtothemostancientQuaternaryfauna，suchasthemammoth，thecave-bear，thecave-lion，theglutton，andthearcticfox；andamongstclumsyboneandivoryweaponsandornamentshefoundahumanjawandafemurcoveredwithstripproducedbyflinthatchets。In1801Mr。CunningtontookseveralskeletonsfromabarrownearHeytesbury，theskullofoneofwhichhadbeenbrokenwithabluntimplement；andSirR。HoarespeaksofaskullfromtheneighborhoodofStonehengesplitopenbyablowfromoneoftheseformidableweapons。SeveralcraniatakenfromalongbarrowatWestKennethavesimilarwounds。
　　SimilarfactswerenoticedatLittleton-Drew，atUley，atCotswold，andatRodmarten，andfromthisDr。Thurmamconcludedthatnearlyallthosewhowereburiedinlongbarrowshadmetwithaviolentdeath。[184]Hespeaks，however，ofoneskullpiercedwithalargehole，theedgesofwhichhadbecomeroundedsmooth，showingtheactionofarecuperativeprocess，andprovingthattheinjuredmanhadlongsurvivedhisseriouswound。In1809，afarmerofKirkcudbrightshiresettoworktodemolishalargecairnthatinterferedwithhistillingofthesoil，andwhich，accordingtopopulartradition，wasthetombofaScotchking。Intakingawaytheearththeworkmenfoundalargestonecoffin，inwhichlaytheskeletonofamanofgreatstature。Thearmhadbeenalmostseparatedfromthetrunkbytheblowofadioritehatchet，abrokenbitofwhichremainedimbeddedinthebone。[185]
　　OneofthefewcraniathatcanwithcertaintybesaidtohavebelongedtoLakeDwellersofSwitzerlandwasfoundatSutz，nearZurich；
　　thisskullwasfracturedattheback。Theroundnessofthewound，whichhadbeenseriousenoughtocausedeath，hasledauthoritiestoconcludethatitwasmadewithoneoftheformidablepick-hammers，somanyofwhichwerefoundinthelakeofBienne。[186]Nilssonspeaksofahumancraniumpiercedwithaflintarrow，andofanother，bothfoundatTygelsoScandinavia，containingadartmadeoutoftheantlerofaneland。[187]AtChauvaux，atCesareda，andGibraltarothercraniahavebeenfoundbearingthemarksofmortalwounds，andifwecrosstheAtlanticwemeetwithsimilarinstances。LundtellsusthatatLagoadoSumidourocraniawerefoundpiercedwithcirculartools，whilstnearthemlaytheimplementsthathadcauseddeath。[188]AtComox，inVancouverIsland，askeletonwasfoundwithaflintknifeimbeddedinoneofthebones，andatMadisonvilleOhioanother，oneofthebonesofwhichwaspiercedbyatriangularstonearrow；
　　whilstbeneathamoundinIndianawaspickedupaskullpiercedbyaflintarrowmorethansixincheslong。ExcavationsatCopiapoChili
　　broughttolighttheskeletonofamanwhohadsustainednolessthaneightwoundsfromarrows。Theforcewithwhichtheymusthavebeenshotisreallyastonishing；onehadbrokentheupperjawandknockedoutseveralteeth，penetratingtothebrain；andotherswerestillstickinginthevertebraeandribs。[189]
　　IntheNewasintheOldWorldmansurvivedmanyofthesehorriblewounds，andaskullfoundunderamoundnearDevil’sRivershowsaseriouswoundinflictedmanyyearsbeforedeath，andoneofthePeruviancraniainthePeabodyMuseumbearsalongfrontalfracture，doubtlessproducedbytheviolentblowofaclub；thefiveorsixfragmentsstilltobemadeoutare，sotospeak，solidified，andthewoundedmanhadevidentlylivedonformanyyears，thanksapparentlytohisgoodconstitutionalone，fortherearenosignsoftheperformingofanysurgicaloperation，suchastheremovalofthesplintersofbone，forinstance。[190]
　　In1884ahumanvertebra，withanarrow-headimbeddedinit，waspickedupontheislandofSantaCruz。Theapophysiswasbroken，andtheextentofthefractureshowsthegreatforceoftheblow。Thevictimevidentlydiedofthewound，forthereisnosignofitshavingbeenhealed。
　　Ihavedweltuponthesedeathsandwoundsinspiteoftheinevitablemonotonyofsuchalist，notbecauseIwishtobringintoprominencethefactthatfromtheearliesttimesthestruggleforexistencewasfierceandbloody，butbecauseIamanxioustoprovethatintheseremotedaysanorganizedandintelligentsocietyhadgrownup。Noonecouldhavesurvivedsuchwoundsaswehavedescribed，butforthecareandnursingofthosearoundhim，suchastheothermembersofhisfamilyorofhistribe。Thewoundedonemusthavebeenfedbyothersformonths；naymore，hemusthavebeencarriedinmigrations，andhisfoodandresting-placemusthavebeenpreparedforhim。Moreover，andthisisofevenyetmoreimportancetoourargument，theymusthavebeenmenabletotreatwoundsandtosetbones。
　　Thislastfacthasbeenprovedbeyondadoubtbythediscoveryofnumerousboneswiththeoldwoundscompletelycicatrized。“Inseveralexamples，“saysDr。Prunieres，speakinginthisconnection，“wecanmakeoutthefracturessetwithaneatnesswhichgivesusaveryhighopinionoftheskilloftheNeolithicbonesetters。Thesettingofonefractureatthelowerendofthetibiaandofanotherattheneckofthefemur，arenotinferiortowhatweshouldexpectfromthemostskilfulsurgeonsoftheglobe。“[191]Aremarkablefacttruly，butoneoftenmetwithinthemostwidelyseparatedregionsoftheearth，theimportanceofwhichcannotbeoverrated，andjustifiesthegivingofafewmoredetails。
　　In1873Dr。Prunieres，towhomsciencehasreasontobeverygratefulforhissingulardiscovery，presentedtothemembersoftheFrenchAssociation，insessionatLyons，ahumanparietalwitharoundedpieceofboneletintoit。Thispieceofbonewasratherlargerthanafive-francpiece，andtheskullintowhichithadbeenfixedwasfoundbeneaththeLozeredolmen。Alargeopening，somethreeinchesindiameter，theedgesofwhichwerewornsmooth，hadbeenmadeinthisskull，andthepieceofboneletintoitwasthickerthantheskullitself，aswellasdifferentincolor，thecraniumbeingdarkandtheforeignpieceofbonepaleyellow。Itwasevidentthereforethatthetwopiecesdidnotbelonginlifetooneperson，andthattheroundedpiecehadbeencutoutofsomeotherskull。ThefollowingyearDr。Prunieresaddedfreshdetailsaboutotherroundedpiecesofskullthatbehaddiscoveredletintocrania，someofwhichpieceshadevidentlybeenintroducedduringthelifeofthepatient，whohaddiedundertheoperationoftrepanation，whilstothershadbeenputinafterdeath。Dr。PrunieresineverycasespeaksofRONDELLESorroundedpiecesofskulls，andweprefertoquotehimexactly，butasamatteroffactthetrepanationwassometimesdonewithelliptical，triangular，orevenpyramidalpiecesofbone。
　　Laternolessthansixtyfreshexamples，corroboratingDr。Prunieres’
　　discoveries，werefoundintheBaumes-Chaudescaves，andBrocainhisturnreportedthefindingofthreecraniainthecaveofL’HOMMEMORT，fromwhichgreatpieceshadbeentakenwhichhadevidentlynotbeenlostbyaccident。
　　FromthistimeexcavationsanddiscoveriesmadeunderDr。Prunieressucceededeachotherrapidly。In1887hiscollectioncontained167
　　craniaorfragmentsofcrania，allperforated，115ofwhichwerepickedupinthecavesofLozere，whichareprobablyofmorerecentdate，beneaththedolmensoftheDEVEZES，asthosevastplainsgivenliptopasturagearecalled。Thesedolmens，whichweredoubtlessreservedfortheburialofchiefs，oftencontainmanyvaluableobjects。Beneathone，forinstance，werefoundfifteenbeautifuldartsofvariegatedflint，fourpolishedboars’tusks，someschistpendants，someshellscutintotheshapeofteeth，someboneandstonenecklacebeads，and，lastly，twosmallbronzebeads。Theselast-namedobjectsjustifyusindatingthedolmenfromtheBronzeepoch，whentheuseofbronzebegantospreadoverthedistrict，thoughitwasstillnotgenerallyemployed。
　　Attentiononceawakened，similarfactsbegantobeannouncedfrommanydifferentquarters。IntheNeolithiccavesofMarnewerefoundskullswithroundedholesinthem，piecesofskullsuchasareshowninFig。28，whichwereprobablywornasamulets。M。deBayehasinhisfinecollectionmorethantwentyexamplesoftrepanation，oneof。whichisshowninFig。80。Innearlyeverycasetheoperationhadbeenperformedafterdeath；threeexamplesaloneshowittohavebeendoneduringlife，andthatthepatientcertainlysurvived，forthewoundshowsveryevidentsignsofhavinghealed，andtheedgesoftheopeningsnolongerbearthemarksofthetooloftheoperator。Ononeofthethreecraniathereweretwowoundsneareachother，buttheywerequiteseparate，andwereevidentlynottreatedatthesametime。