Mesaticephalicskull，withwoundwhichhasbeentrepanned。
　　AtumulusintheGuissenycommuneFinistere，excavatedabouttwoyearsago，coveredoverasepulchralcrypt。Atthesoutheasternextremitywaspickedupabadlybakedhand-madeearthenwarevasewithfourhandles。Besidethevaselayaskull，onwhichcouldbemadeouttracesofoxidation，whichhadprobablybeencausedbythewearingofametalband，whichhasnotbeenfound。Thisskullbearsontherightsidealittleovalholewithcicatrizededgesaboutaninchlongbytwofifthsofaninchbroad。Thediscoveryofabronzedaggerandtwobronzeplaquesleavesnodoubtastotheageofthistumulus。ThisexampleoftrepanationistheonlywellauthenticatedoneofwhichIknowinBrittany。ItistrueoneskullhasbeenmentionedasfoundbeneaththemegalithicmonumentofSaint-PicouxdeQuiberonMorbihan，whichisevensaidtobearmarksofsawingandscrapingmadeinattemptingtrepanation，butthisfacthasbeenverymuchquestioned，andthedateatwhichthetrepanationwasperformed，ifperformeditwere，isverydoubtful。[192]Theproofweareseekingoftheantiquityoftheoperationoftrepanationisnotthereforetobefoundhere。
　　OnaplainamongstthehillsoftherightbankoftheSeine，aboveParis，risesamoundresemblingapromontorywhichisknownastheGuerinmound，andconsistsofavastdepositofchalkwhichwasexcavatedlongago。Successiveoperationshavebroughttolighteightcaves，mostofwhichcontainedanumberofhumanremains，whichwereunfortunatelydispersedwithouthavingbeenscientificallyexamined。Onealone，openedin1874，containednumerousbonesbelongingtoindividualsofeveryageandofbothsexes，withpolishedflints，fragmentsofpottery，andimplementsofstag-horn。Amongsttheserelicswasfoundtheskullofanoldmanshowingaverycuriousexampleoftrepanation。Itwasunfortunatelybrokenbytheworkmenintheverymomentofdiscovery，andcouldonlybeveryinsufficientlyexamined。Otherexamples，however，whichcouldbeproperlyauthenticated，arenotwantingfromthebanksoftheSeineandMarne；twofragmentsofskullwerefoundinthecantonofMoret，oneofwhichhadbeentrepannedduringthelifeofitsowner，andtheotherafterdeath。WemustalsomentionthecraniapresentedtothelearnedsocietiesattheSorbonne，oneofwhichcamefromtheplateauofAvrigny，nearMousseaux-les-BraySeine-et-Marne。Sidebysidewiththeskeletonlaypolishedhatchets，scrapers，andarrow-heads，fragmentsofpotteryblackenedbysmoke，andlastlyasolitaryboneofanox，piercedwiththreeholesatregulardistances，whichhadprobablybeenusedasaflute。Ofninecraniafoundinthisexcavationthreewerepierced，twoafterdeathandoneduringlife，theedgesofthelastnamedbearingveryevidenttracesoftreatment。
　　AtrepannedskullwasalsodiscoveredinaNeolithicsepulchrenearCrecy-sur-Morin，wherelaynolessthanthirtyskeletons，remarkableforthestronglydefinedsectionofthetibiae，whilstaroundwerestrewnhatchets，flintknives，bones，stilettosandpicksofsiliceouslimestonewithhandlesmadeofpiecesofstag-horn。Thetomb，builtofstoneswithoutmortar，containedtwocontiguouschambersseparatedbyawall，andcoveredoverbyastoneweighingmorethan1，200tons。Itseemslikelythatthishugestonehadnotbeenmoved——itmusthavebeenbeyondthestrengthofthemakersofthetombtoliftit，——butthatthespacesbeneath，inwhichthedeadhadbeenplaced，hadbeenmerelyhollowedout。InthecoveredAVENUEDESMUREAUX，ofwhichIhavealreadyspoken，werepickedupseveraltrepannedcrania。Thetools，scrapers，andpiercers，whichhadprobablybeenusedfortheoperation，laynearthecrania。
　　ANeolithicsepulchrecontainingthreetrepannedcraniawasopenedatDampont，nearDieppe。Theoperationhadbeenasneatlyexecutedasifithadbeenperformedbyoneofourmostdistinguishedsurgeons。AsatCrecy，thesepulchralcryptwasdividedintotwochambers，andtheslabbetweenthemwaspiercedwithasquareopening，[193]——afreshexampleofthecuriouspracticeofmakingopenings，ofwhichwehavespokenintreatingofsomanydifferentregions，oftenapparentlycompletelycutofffromcommunicationwitheachother。
　　BeneaththeBougondolmenDeux-Sevres，inthewestofFrance，wasfoundaskull，andatLizieresinthesamedepartment，theskeletonofatalloldmanwithadolichocephalicskullandplatycnemictibiaebearingtracesofoldwoundsbadlyhealed。Thebonytissueoftheskullwasinanunhealthystateandthetrepanationhadevidentlybeenpartofmedicaltreatment。AtSaint-Martin-la-RiviereVienna，atombdatingfromNeolithictimescontainedfivetrepannedcrania，ononeofwhichtheperforationhadbeenmadebyscraping。Inthistombwasalsofoundaroundpieceofskullwithaholeinit，whichhaddoubtlessbeenusedasapendant。Theotherobjectsfoundinthissepulchrewereofaremarkablecharacter，andincludedhatchetsmadeofcorallinelimestone，jade，fibrolite，andserpentine，thebladesofflintknives，arrows，somefeathered，othersstalked，somenecklacebeads，andanumberofvases，someapodal，otherswithflatstands，andnearlyallwithoutanyattemptatornamentation。BeneathadolmennearSt。Affrique，M。Cartailhacdiscoveredaskullwithtwoholesinit；onenearthebregma，whichhadbeenmadeduringlife，andtheotheronalevelwiththelambda，whichhadnotbeenmadeuntilafterdeath。[194]Wecannotnownotetheimportantconclusionsfoundedonthesetwoperforations，wemustbecontentwithaddingherethatthetombcontainedfourotherskeletonswithcraniashowingnotraceoftrepanation；thetibiaewereplatycnemicandthehumerihadtheso-calledperforationoftheolecranonfarces，whichcertainanthropologists，asIthinkwithoutsufficientreason，considercharacteristicofinferiorraces。Wemustmentionyetonemorediscoverywhichitwillnotdotoomit。Ahumanparietalwithapiecemissingthathadevidentlybeentakenout，wasfoundbeneaththerock-shelterofEntre-RochesnearAngouleme。Theskullboreveryevidenttracesoftheperformanceofanoperationwhichmayormaynothavebeenexecutedduringlife。Wasitdonetoremovethediseasedbone——foritwasdiseased——inthehopeofprolonginglife？Didthepatientdieunderthehandsofthesurgeon，orwasthepieceofbonetakenoutafterdeathtobeusedasanornamentoranamulet？Anyoneofthesehypothesesispossible，andallwecansayforcertainisthatthereisnosignofthewoundhavingbeenhealedinanyway。Thisisacommonthingenough，andtheinterestofthediscoveryarisesfromadifferentcause。Therock-shelterofEntre-RochesissupposedtodatefromPaleolithictimes，andifitwerecertainthattherehasbeennodisplacementofthesoilonwhichtheparietalwasfound，itistobeconcludedthattrepanationwaspractisedintheQuaternaryperiodwhenmanwaslivingamongstthelargeextinctpachydermataandfelidae。Butitwillbedifficulttoadmitthisunlessotherdiscoveriesconfirmingitaremade。If，however，wecannotprovethattrepanationwaspractisedinFranceinPalaeolithictimes，wecanassertthatitwascontinueddowntotheearliestcenturiesoftheChristianera。Oneremarkablecaseoftrepanationwasfound，forinstance，intheMerovingiancemeterynearSt。Quentin；andatrepannedskullwasrecentlyexhibitedatameetingoftheAnthropologicalSocietyinParis，whichhadbeenfoundbeneathaMerovingiantombatJeuilly。Thepatienthadlongsurvivedhiswound。Theskeletonwasfoundinastonetrough，narroweratthefootthanatthehead。TheskeletonofamanbetweenfortyandfiftyyearsofagewasfoundinaFrankcemeteryatLimet，nearLiege。Ontheleftparietaloftheskullwasanovalholeasbigasapigeon’segg，bearingtracesofhavingbeenmedicallytreated。Thepatient，likethemanofJeuilly，certainlysurvivedtheoperation。Histomb，asweretheresting-placesofhisneighborsindeath，wascoveredoverwithahugeunhewnstone，andbesidehimlayanotherskeleton。Afewnailsandbitsofwoodweretheonlythingsfoundinthetomb。WemayalsomentiontheskeletonofaFrankofbetweenfifty-fiveandsixty-fiveyearsofagewithatrepannedskull，foundbyM。Pilloy，inacemeteryoftheSt。QuentinARRONDISSEMENT，whichalsocontainednumerousobjectsdatingfromthesixthcenturyA。D。
　　SofarwehaveonlyspokenofFrance，butsimilarfactsarereportedalloverEurope，andthedifficultyreallyistomakeaselection。Someroundpiecesofskull，likethoseofLozere，havebeenpickedupinUmbria[195]；andaskull，bearingtracesofanoperation，theaimofwhichwastoremoveaportionoftheleftparietal，wasfoundintheCasadaMouvaPortugal，whichdates，asdosomanyinFrance，fromNeolithictimes。
　　Gossmentionsadiscoveryinoneofthepile-dwellingsofLakeBienne，ofaskullwithalargeholeinitwithbevellededges。Thereisnotraceofthiswoundhavinghealed，andthepatienthadevidentlydiedsoonaftertheoperation。
　　ThePragueMuseumpossessestwocraniafoundatBilininBohemia；
　　one，ofapronounceddolichocephalictype，hasnearthemiddleoftherightparietalanopeningmeasuringoneandahalfbytwoandathirdinches；thecicatrizationiscomplete，andtrepanationwasevidentlyperformedlongbeforedeath。Theotherismesaticephalic，andbearsaroundopeningaboutoneandahalfinchesindiameter。Dr。Wankel，towhomweowethesedetails，iswellknownthroughotherdiscoveries；hisexcavationsintheBytchiskalaCavebroughttolighttheskeletonofayounggirloftenortwelveyearsold，whobadundergonetheoperationoftrepanation。Thewound，whichwasontherightsideoftheforehead，washalfhealed。Thechildstillworetheornamentsshehadbeenfondofinlife——bronzebraceletsandanecklaceoflargeglassbeads。
　　DiscoveriesofasimilarcharactersucceededeachotherinBohemia，andinnearlyeverycasetheoperationoftrepanationhadbeenperformedontheupperpartoftheforehead。NotverylongagoitwasreportedtotheAnthropologicalSocietyofBerlinthatinexcavatingtwotombscontainingtheremainsofburntbodiesatTrupschutz，onthewestofBrux，somefragmentsofskullwerepickedup，showingtracesoftrepanation。Theedgesofthewoundinthiscasebadbeenhealed，andthepatienthadlivedonaftertheoperation。ProfessorVirchowcametothesameconclusionwithregardtoaskullfromaNeolithictombwhichboreontherightparietaltracesofanancientcicatrizedwound。HealsotellsusofthefindinginPolandofaroundpieceofskullwhichhadevidentlybeenwornasanamulet。[196]
　　InthenorthofEuropesimilardiscoverieshavebeenmade。AtBorreby，inDenmark，askullwasfoundfromwhichlargepieceshadbeentaken；
　　andanotherfrombeneathadolmenatNoes，intheislandofFalster，hadaholeinitnolessthantwoandaquarterbyoneandthreequarterinchesinsize。Intheonecasetheholeswerepartsofawoundtowhichthevictimhadsuccumbed；intheothertheedgesweretooregulartohavebeencausedbytraumatism。ARussianskull，acastofwhichhasrecentlybeenpresentedtotheItalianAnthropologicalSociety，bearstracesoftwotrepanations；oneperformedduringlife，theotherafterdeath。Theformerhadevidentlybeencausedneitherbyillnessnorbyawound。
　　GeneralFaidherbediscoveredatRoknia，inAlgeria，twotrepannedskulls，datingfromaremoteantiquity，inoneofwhichthewoundishalfaninchindiameter，andshowsnosignofcicatrization；andtravellersspeakofevidenttracesofsimilaroperationsonskullsdatingfromthetimeoftheAinos；，theancestorsorpredecessorsoftheJapaneseatthepresentday；andifwecrosstheAtlantic，weshallmeetwithinstancesoftrepanationsexecutedinasimilarmanner，andprobablyforsimilarreasons。
　　WemeetwithnumerousexamplesoftrepanationinAmerica，andfreshdiscoveriesaredailymadebytheenergeticmenofscienceinthatcountry。Dr。Mantegazza[197]mentionsthreeexamplesoftrepanationfromPeru，whichareofverygreatinterest。Oneskull，stillboundupinmanycloths，wasfoundintheSanja-HuaraCaveprovinceofAnta，whichhadbeentwicetrepanned，andonwhichyettwomoreattemptsattrepanationbadbeenmade。Thelatterseemtohavetakenplaceatdifferenttimes，anddeathseemstohavesucceededthelastoperation。AnotherskullwhichhadbelongedtoanadultofHuarocondohastwofrontalopeningsclosetoeachother；theupper，ofellipticalshape，isoflargesizeandwasevidentlymadeafterdeath。YetanotherskullfromtheprovinceofOllantay-tambobearsadoubletrepanation，evidentlymadeduringlife。Thehealingoftheparietalopeningprovesthatitwasmadebeforethewoundintheforehead，inwhichtheedgeshaveremainedrough。Dr。Mantegazzathinksthatinthetwofirstcasestheoperationstookplaceafterthepatienthadbeenwounded，butthatinthethird，thepatientoperateduponbadbeenepilepticorperhapseveninsane。Wefinditdifficulttofollowthelearnedprofessorhere，asweareignorantofthegroundsforhisconclusions。
　　WegiveanillustrationFig。81ofatrepannedskullfoundinacemeteryintheYucayvalley。Asquarepiecehasbeencutoutbymakingfourregularincisions。Theboneshowstracesofanancientinflammation，andmanyeminentsurgeons，includingNelatonandBroca，havenothesitatedtoattributetheopening，largeasitissevenbysixinches，toasurgicaloperation。Iftheincisionsarecarefullyexamineditiseasytoseethattheyweremadewiththehelpofapointedinstrument，suchasaclumsilymadedrill，forinstance。Eachincisionmusthavetakenalongtimetomake，andwenotewitheverincreasingastonishmentthattheancientPeruvianswerenotacquaintedwiththeuseofironorsteel，andthatthehardestmetaltheyemployedwasbronze。