BronzeobjectsfoundatKrasnojarskSiberia。
　　TonamethedistrictswheretoolsweremanufacturedinprehistorictimesinFrancewouldbetogivealistofallthedepartments。InthecommuneofSaint-JulienduSautwefindalargemanufactorywhereeverydivisionoftheStoneageisfullyrepresented，fromthetimeofthesimplychippedhatchettothatofthepolishedimplementofrareperfection。Everythingbearswitnesstotheprolongedresidenceofmaninaneighborhoodwhichofferedtheattractionofvastdepositsofchalkwithbandsofflintthatsuppliedalikeweaponsandtools。Amongstothers，wemustnametheso-calledATELIERDELA
　　TREICHE，nearToul，whichextendsforanareaofaboutahundredacres，thatofBonaruc，nearDax；surroundedbywastelandscoveredwithascantyvegetation；thatofRochebertierCharente，whichprobablydatesfromtheMadeleineperiod；andthatofEcorche-Boeuf，nearPerigueux。TheAbbeCochettellsusofanatelierintheAulnevalley，andMauriceSandofanothernearLaChatre，wherewemeetwiththemostancienttracesofmaninBerry。Inthefields，nearanalignmentnotfarfromAutun，werepickedupnumbersofhatchetsofbardrock，barbedarrows，flakesofflintworkedintoscrapersorchisels，whilstnearthemweretheverypolishersonwhichtheyhadbeenpointed。
　　Wehavejustspokenofpolishers，andwesaidsometimeagothatitwasbyprolongedrubbingthattheremarkableweaponsofNeolithictimeswereproduced。WemustaddnowthatawholeseriesofthepolishersusedaretobeseenontherightbankoftheLoing，nearNemours；
　　oneofwhichisaregulartableFig。72，onwhichcanbemadeoutnolessthanfiftygroovesandtwenty-fivecup-likedepressions。
　　Prehistoricpolisher，nearthefordofBeaumoulin，Nemours。
　　Onewouldhaveexpectedtofindthegroundnearthesepolisherscoveredwithflakesofflintandpiecesoftoolsofallkinds，butnothingofthekindhasbeendiscovered；afactwhichleadsitstosupposethattheworkmenonlycamedownintothevalleytofinishofftheirweaponsbypolishingthem。
　　Attheperiodweareconsideringallthecontinentswerepeopled，andwemustrepeat，foritisthemostimportantpointofourpresentstudy，thatthecivilizationattainedtobytheinhabitantswaseverywherealmostidentical。ThuswefindcentresofmanufacturesimilartothoseofEuropeatthefootofthemountainsofTunisandofAlgeria。Inoneofthelatter，atHassialRhatmaia，thekniveswerepiledupinoneplace，thescrapersinanother，andthearrow-headsinathird。InthisdispositionM。Rabourdinthinksheseesasignofthedivisionoflabor，oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofmodernprogress。M。ArcelinmentionsasimilardepositonthesummitoftheJebelKalabshee，nearEsnehinEgypt，andafewyearsagoanotherwasfoundinPalestine，neartheancientBerytus，containinggreatnumbersofhatchets，saws，scrapers，andalltheimplementscharacteristicoftheStoneage；whilstamongstthemlaytheblocksfromwhichtheyhadbeencut。AsiaMinorwasevidentlyanimportantmanufacturingcentreduringtheStoneage，and，asamatterofcourse，itmusthavehadaconsiderablepopulation；andeveninAmericadiscoveriesofsimilarextenthavebeenmade。AtKinosha，inWisconsin，Laphammadeoutamanufactoryofflintandquartzitearrow-heads，whichdatesfromprehistorictimes，andquiterecentlyayetmoreimportantcentreofindustryhasbeendiscoveredatSt。AndrewWinnipeg。
　　ThemanufactoriesofSpiennesandBrandondeservespecialnotice，astheyshowushowourancestorsgottheflinttheyusedinsteadofmetal。AtSpiennes，[171]theexcavationswerebegunintheopenair，thenthechalkcontainingtheflintwasreachedbythesinkingofverticalshafts，manyofwhichwereasmuchasfortyfeetindepth。Theseshaftswereconnectedwitheachotherbygalleriesrunningineverydirection，butalwaysfollowingthebeltsofflints。Cuttingshavebroughttolighttheveryimplementsoftheancientminers。Theywereofthesimplestdescription，suchaspicksmadeofstag-hornandheavystonehammers，allalikebearingmarksoflongservice。[172]
　　SimilarresultswereobtainedinEngland。CanonGreenwellexplorednearBrandon，inSuffolk，aseriesof254shafts，knownintheneighborhoodasGrime’sGraves。AsatSpiennes，theshaftswereconnectedbygalleriesfromthreetofivefeethigh，andoneofthetawastwenty-sevenfeetlong。TheshaftsandgallerieshadbeenhollowedoutwiththehelpofpicksexactlylikethosefoundinBelgium；seventy-ninewerepickedupthathadbeenthrownawaybytheworkmen。[173]
　　SomefewyearsagoMM。CartailhacandBoulediscoveredoneoftheseprimitivequarriesatMurdeBarrez，thechieftownofthedepartmentofAveyron。[174]
　　Theymadeouteightshaftsinthefaceofalayeroflimestonesomeeighty-onefeetlong，andateveryturnoftheirexcavationstheycametofreshshafts。Theseshaftsopenedouttowardsthetoplikefunnels，andthe，werenotmorethanthreefeetthreeinchesbelowthesurface，theflinthavingbeenstruckatthatdepthFig。73。Theseshaftswere，inmanycases，continuedbygalleries，asseeninourillustrationFig。74，orbytrenches，wherethelightis，however，moreorlessshutoutbysmalllandslips。Itisstilleasy，inspiteofthis，tomakeoutthefloorofthemine，foritistroddenhardbythefeetoftheancientminers。Tracesofcharcoal，too，revealthepaththeytook，andwelearnatthesametimethattheyusedfiretohelpthemintheirwork。
　　Sectionofaflintmine；Tvegetableearth，Cpurelimestone，CM
　　Marlylimestone，Sflint。
　　M。Boule，[175]fromwhomweborrowthesedetails，cannotrestrainhisastonishmentatthepracticalknowledgeshownbytheseprehistoricminers。Hetellsusthattheysometimeslefttheflintstandingaspillarsatprettyshortintervals，ortheyproppedupthegallerieswithevenmoreresistantmaterial，cementingthemwithclayorwithcalcareousearthtakenfromthedetritus。Inspiteoftheseprecautions，landslipsfrequentlyoccurred，andimplementsofstag-hornFig。75haveoftenbeenflattenedbythefalloftheroofofthegallery。ItisreallycurioustofindimplementsofanexactlysimilarkindusedforexactlysimilarpurposesatSpiennes，Brandon，MurdeBarrez，andatCissbury，towhich，however，weshallhavetoreferagain。IntheshaftsofAveyron，asinthoseofEngland，themarksofblowsofthepicksarestilltobeseen，andinmanycasesaflintorhorn-pickpointisstillimbeddedintherockorlimestone，asiftheminerhadbutjustlefthiswork。
　　Planofagallery，halfdestroyedinmakingtheexcavationwhichrevealeditsexistence。Ugallerystillvisible；G’gallerydestroyedbytheexcavation。
　　InthislastexampleofwhathasbeendoneinFrance，wemustalsoaddthatoftheshaftsofNointelOiseandthosediscoveredinMainebyM。deBaye，inbothofwhichwerefoundnodulesofflintindifferentstagesofpreparation，togetherwithsomestag-hornpicks。Innoneoftheseexcavationswasanymetalimplementfound，oranytraceoftheuseofmetal，sothatwemustconcludethattheminesdatefromNeolithictimes。
　　Wehaveseenhowmangraduallybroughttoperfectionthetoolsandweaponswhichwereatfirstsoclumsy。Thegrowthofindustryledtothebirthofcommerce，or，tospeakmoreaccurately，tothatofbarter。Fromthetimeoftheearliestmigrationsintercoursewasbegun，orratherwascarriedon，betweenthetribes，astheygraduallydispersed，oftentravellingconsiderabledistancesfromeachother，andfreshproofsoftheserelationsarecontinuallybroughttolightaswebecomebetteracquaintedwithprehistorictimes。Theflintsworkedbythecave-menofBelgium，thefossilshellssonumerousatChaleux，intheFrontalandNutoncaves，atThayngenonthefrontierbetweenSwitzerlandandGermany，inItaly，inthestationsofanteriordatetotheTERREMAREbeds，havebeenfoundtheshellsofthepearloysteroftheIndianOcean，whilstinthecavesofthesouthofFrance，suchastheMadeleine，thatofCro-Magnon，BizeinHerault，andSolutreonthebanksoftheSaonehavebeenpickeduptheshellsofArcticmarinemollusca。Thecave-manofGourdanwasdeckedwithshellsfromtheMediterranean，andthemanofMentoneinhisturnworeahead-dressmadeofAtlanticshells。Fossilshellswerealsomuchsoughtafter；
　　wehavealludedtothosefromChampagnefoundinBelgium；othersfromtheshell-marlofTouraineandAnjouhadbeentakenintothecavesofPerigord，whilstsea-urchinsfromthecretaceousstrataofthesouthofFrancewerefoundinaprehistoricstationofAuvergne，andM。MassenatpickedupatLaugerie-BassetwospecimensofaspeciesnotmetwithanywherebutintheEocenedepositsoftheisleofWight。TheNeolithicstationofChampigny，nearParis，hasyieldedsomeobjectsfromtheAlps，andfromBelgium，fromtheVosgesMountains，andthePuydeDome。
　　Picks，hammers，andmattocksmadeofstag-horn。
　　InthecavesofPerigordwerealsofoundfragmentsofhyalinequartz，whichmusthavebeenbroughtfromtheAlpsorthePyrenees。InBrittanyandinMarneflintsforeigntothesegranitedistrictsarenumerous；
　　andDr。PrunierestellsusthatsimilardiscoveriesweremadeunderthemegalithicmonumentsofFrance，andthatneitherintheerodedlimestonedistrictsofLozere，knownlocallyasLESCAUSSES，norunderthedolmensofHaute-Vienne，werefoundanybutimplementsmadeofrocknotnativetothecountry。
　　Hatchets，daggers，andnuclei，orastheyarecharacteristicallycalledbythecountrypeopleLIVRESDEBEURRE，fromGrand-Pressigny，havebeenpickedupinthebedoftheSeine，atLimagneinAuvergne，inBrittany，atSaintMedardnearBordeaux，onthebanksoftheMeuse，andevenasfarnorthastheShetlandIslands。AtConcisewasfoundredcoralfromtheMediterranean，whilsttheyellowamberoftheBalticwaspickedupintheLakeDwellingsofSwitzerland，beneaththedolmensofBrittany，insepulchralcaves，suchasthoseofOyesMarneorLombrivesAriege，beneaththemegalithictombofLaRoquette，atSaintPargoueHeraultbeneaththedolmenofGrailheGard，atMalpas，andatBaumeArdeche。[176]ThesearenearlyallNeolithictombs，thoughsomefewofthemmaydatefromthebeginningoftheBronzeage；butthecave-menofFranceownedamberevenearlierthanthis，forfivefragmentshavebeenfoundintheAurensanCavenearBagneres-de-Bigorre，whichwasinhabitedinPalaeolithictimes。Jadeiteandnephrite[177]aremetwithintheLakeDwellingsofSwitzerlandandBavaria，asinthecavesofLiguriaandSardinia；
　　chloromelanite[178]inFrance，andobsidian[179]inLorraine，intheislandofPianosaandintheCyclades。Wehavealreadyspokenofthecalaite[180]foundbeneaththedolmensofBrittany，andwemayaddnowthatithasalsobeenfoundinthecavesofPortugalandbeneaththemegalithicmonumentsofthesouthofFrance。
　　CommercedevelopedrapidlyduringNeolithictimes，and，asfaraswecanmakeoutfromtracesleft，itscoursewasfromthesoutheasttothenorthwest。Streamsandriverswerefollowedbymerchantsasbyemigrants，andatanextremelyremotedatetheseanolongerarrestedthejourneysofmen。AtarecentmeetingoftheBritishAnthropologicalInstitute，MissBucklanddweltontheresemblanceinthematerial，shape，andornamentationofagoldencupfoundin，Cornwall，toothercupsfoundatMykenaeandatTarquinii，andmaintainedthattheCornishcupmusthavebeentheworkofthesameartisans，andhavebeenbroughtbycommercefromwhatwasthentheextremityoftheknownworld。
　　ItisnotonlyinEuropethatwecantracetherelationsestablishedbetweenmenseparatedbyvastdistances，byoceans，andbyapparentlyimpassabledeserts。TheshellsoftheAtlanticandthoseofthePacific，thecopperofLakeSuperior，themicaoftheAlleghanies，andtheobsidianofMexicolietogetherbeneaththetumuliofOhio，andquiterecentlyMr。PutnamexhibitedtotheSocietyofAntiquariesacollectionofjadeceltsandornaments，somefromNicaragua，othersfromCostaRica，andahatchetwithbothedgessharpenedfromMichigan。NodepositofjadehassofarbeendiscoveredontheAmericancontinent，sothatwecanonlysupposetheseobjectstohavebeenbroughtfromAsiaatanunknowndate。Themarkstheyretainofhavingbeenrubbedup，andtheholesmadeinthemtohangthem。up，showwhatstorewassetbythem。
　　Monumentsofmanykindsscatteredoverdifferentcountries，weaponsandimplements，relicsastheyareofaremotepast，enableustogainacloserinsightintothemanners，customs，andmodeoflifeofourancestorsoftheStoneage。Wecanpicturetheirdailylife，whichweknowtohavebeenonelongstruggle，withoutbreakortruce，fortheyhadtocontend，notonlywithwildanimalsbutwitheachother，tofightfortheuseoftheircavesofrefuge，fortheirhuntingfields，andfortheirwatercourses；andlater，thefirstshepherdshadtodobattleforthepasturagenecessaryfortheirflocks。Itisonlytoocertainthat，fromtheearliestdawnofhumanity，mengaveway，withoutanyeffortatself-control，totheirbrutalpassions。Therightofthestrongestwastheonlylaw，andwherevermanpenetratedhiscoursewasmarkedbyviolenceandbydeath。OneofthefemoraofanoldmanwasfoundinthecelebratedCro-MagnonCave，bearingadeepdepressioncausedbyablowofaprojectile，andontheforeheadofthewomanthatlaybesidehimisalargewoundmadebyasmallflinthatchetFig。76。Thisgashonthefrontalbonepenetratedtheskull，andwasprobablythecauseofdeath，butnotofsuddendeath，forroundaboutthewoundaremarksofanattemptathealingit。[181]
　　AccordingtoDr。Hamy，manyofthebonesfoundintheSordesCavehaveverycuriouswounds。AgapingholeontherightparietalofawomanmusthavebeenaterriblewoundFig。77。ThewomanofSordes，likethatofCro-Magnon，musthavesurvivedforsometime；themarksoftheremovalofsplintersofbone，whichcanquiteeasilybemadeout，leavenodoubtonthatpoint。[182]