andifoursenseofmeritarisesfromasympathywiththeone，oursenseofdemeritcanscarcemisstoproceedfromafellow-feelingwiththeother。
　　Letitbeconsideredtoothatresentment，though，inthedegreesinwhichwetoooftenseeit，themostodious，perhaps，ofallthepassions，isnotdisapprovedofwhenproperlyhumbledandentirelybroughtdowntothelevelofthesympatheticindignationofthespectator。Whenwe，whoarethebystanders，feelthatourownanimosityentirelycorrespondswiththatofthesufferer，whentheresentmentofthislastdoesnotinanyrespectgobeyondourown，whennoword，nogesture，escapeshimthatdenotesanemotionmoreviolentthanwhatwecankeeptimeto，andwhenheneveraimsatinflictinganypunishmentbeyondwhatweshouldrejoicetoseeinflicted，orwhatweourselveswoulduponthisaccountevendesiretobetheinstrumentsofinflicting，itisimpossiblethatweshouldnotentirelyapproveofhissentiments。Ourownemotioninthiscasemust，inoureyes，undoubtedlyjustifyhis。Andasexperienceteachesushowmuchthegreaterpartofmankindareincapableofthismoderation，andhowgreataneffortmustbemadeinordertobringdowntherudeandundisciplinedimpulseofresentmenttothissuitabletemper，wecannotavoidconceivingaconsiderabledegreeofesteemandadmirationforonewhoappearscapableofexertingsomuchself-commandoveroneofthemostungovernablepassionsofhisnature。Whenindeedtheanimosityofthesuffererexceeds，asitalmostalwaysdoes，whatwecangoalongwith，aswecannotenterintoit，wenecessarilydisapproveofit。Weevendisapproveofitmorethanweshouldofanequalexcessofalmostanyotherpassionderivedfromtheimagination。Andthistooviolentresentment，insteadofcarryingusalongwithit，becomesitselftheobjectofourresentmentandindignation。Weenterintotheoppositeresentmentofthepersonwhoistheobjectofthisunjustemotion，andwhoisindangerofsufferingfromit。
　　Revenge，therefore，theexcessofresentment，appearstobethemostdetestableofallthepassions，andistheobjectofthehorrorandindignationofeverybody。Andasinthewayinwhichthispassioncommonlydiscoversitselfamongmankind，itisexcessiveahundredtimesforoncethatitismoderate，weareveryapttoconsideritasaltogetherodiousanddetestable，becauseinitsmostordinaryappearancesitisso。Nature，however，eveninthepresentdepravedstateofmankind，doesnotseemtohavedealtsounkindlywithus，astohaveendoweduswithanyprinciplewhichiswhollyandineveryrespectevil，orwhich，innodegreeandinnodirection，canbetheproperobjectofpraiseandapprobation。Uponsomeoccasionswearesensiblethatthispassion，whichisgenerallytoostrong，maylikewisebetooweak。Wesometimescomplainthataparticularpersonshowstoolittlespirit，andhastoolittlesenseoftheinjuriesthathavebeendonetohim；andweareasreadytodespisehimforthedefect，astohatehimfortheexcessofthispassion。
　　TheinspiredwriterswouldnotsurelyhavetalkedsofrequentlyorsostronglyofthewrathandangerofGod，iftheyhadregardedeverydegreeofthosepassionsasviciousandevil，eveninsoweakandimperfectacreatureasman。
　　Letitbeconsideredtoo，thatthepresentinquiryisnotconcerningamatterofright，ifImaysayso，butconcerningamatteroffact。Wearenotatpresentexamininguponwhatprinciplesaperfectbeingwouldapproveofthepunishmentofbadactions；butuponwhatprinciplessoweakandimperfectacreatureasmanactuallyandinfactapprovesofit。TheprincipleswhichIhavejustnowmentioned，itisevident，haveaverygreateffectuponhissentiments；anditseemswiselyorderedthatitshouldbeso。Theveryexistenceofsocietyrequiresthatunmeritedandunprovokedmaliceshouldberestrainedbyproperpunishments；andconsequently，thattoinflictthosepunishmentsshouldberegardedasaproperandlaudableaction。Thoughman，therefore，benaturallyendowedwithadesireofthewelfareandpreservationofsociety，yettheAuthorofnaturehasnotentrustedittohisreasontofindoutthatacertainapplicationofpunishmentsisthepropermeansofattainingthisend；buthasendowedhimwithanimmediateandinstinctiveapprobationofthatveryapplicationwhichismostpropertoattainit。Theoeconomyofnatureisinthisrespectexactlyofapiecewithwhatitisuponmanyotheroccasions。
　　Withregardtoallthoseendswhich，uponaccountoftheirpeculiarimportance，mayberegarded，ifsuchanexpressionisallowable，asthefavouriteendsofnature，shehasconstantlyinthismannernotonlyendowedmankindwithanappetitefortheendwhichsheproposes，butlikewisewithanappetiteforthemeansbywhichalonethisendcanbebroughtabout，fortheirownsakes，andindependentoftheirtendencytoproduceit。Thusself-preservation，andthepropagationofthespecies，arethegreatendswhichNatureseemstohaveproposedintheformationofallanimals。Mankindareendowedwithadesireofthoseends，andanaversiontothecontrary；withaloveoflife，andadreadofdissolution；withadesireofthecontinuanceandperpetuityofthespecies，andwithanaversiontothethoughtsofitsintireextinction。Butthoughweareinthismannerendowedwithaverystrongdesireofthoseends，ithasnotbeenintrustedtotheslowanduncertaindeterminationsofourreason，tofindoutthepropermeansofbringingthemabout。Naturehasdirectedustothegreaterpartofthesebyoriginalandimmediateinstincts。
　　Hunger，thirst，thepassionwhichunitesthetwosexes，theloveofpleasure，andthedreadofpain，promptustoapplythosemeansfortheirownsakes，andwithoutanyconsiderationoftheirtendencytothosebeneficentendswhichthegreatDirectorofnatureintendedtoproducebythem。
　　BeforeIconcludethisnote，Imusttakenoticeofadifferencebetweentheapprobationofproprietyandthatofmeritorbeneficence。Beforeweapproveofthesentimentsofanypersonasproperandsuitabletotheirobjects，wemustnotonlybeaffectedinthesamemannerasheis，butwemustperceivethisharmonyandcorrespondenceofsentimentsbetweenhimandourselves。Thus，thoughuponhearingofamisfortunethathadbefallenmyfriend，Ishouldconceivepreciselythatdegreeofconcernwhichhegiveswayto；yettillIaminformedofthemannerinwhichhebehaves，tillIperceivetheharmonybetweenhisemotionsandmine，Icannotbesaidtoapproveofthesentimentswhichinfluencehisbehaviour。Theapprobationofproprietythereforerequires，notonlythatweshouldentirelysympathizewiththepersonwhoacts，butthatweshouldperceivethisperfectconcordbetweenhissentimentsandourown。Onthecontrary，whenIhearofabenefitthathasbeenbestoweduponanotherperson，lethimwhohasreceiveditbeaffectedinwhatmannerhepleases，if，bybringinghiscasehometomyself，I
　　feelgratitudeariseinmyownbreast，Inecessarilyapproveoftheconductofhisbenefactor，andregarditasmeritorious，andtheproperobjectofreward。Whetherthepersonwhohasreceivedthebenefitconceivesgratitudeornot，cannot，itisevident，inanydegreealteroursentimentswithregardtothemeritofhimwhohasbestowedit。Noactualcorrespondenceofsentiments，therefore，ishererequired。Itissufficientthatifhewasgrateful，theywouldcorrespond；andoursenseofmeritisoftenfoundedupononeofthoseillusivesympathies，bywhich，whenwebringhometoourselvesthecaseofanother，weareoftenaffectedinamannerinwhichthepersonprincipallyconcernedisincapableofbeingaffected。Thereisasimilardifferencebetweenourdisapprobationofdemerit，andthatofimpropriety。
　　OftheFoundationofourJudgmentsconcerningourownSentimentsandConduct，andoftheSenseofDutyConsistingofOneSectionChap。I
　　OfthePrincipleofSelf-approbationandofSelf-disapprobationInthetwoforegoingpartsofthisdiscourse，Ihavechieflyconsideredtheoriginandfoundationofourjudgmentsconcerningthesentimentsandconductofothers。Icomenowtoconsidermoreparticularlytheoriginofthoseconcerningourown。
　　Theprinciplebywhichwenaturallyeitherapproveordisapproveofourownconduct，seemstobealtogetherthesamewiththatbywhichweexercisethelikejudgmentsconcerningtheconductofotherpeople。Weeitherapproveordisapproveoftheconductofanothermanaccordingaswefeelthat，whenwebringhiscasehometoourselves，weeithercanorcannotentirelysympathizewiththesentimentsandmotiveswhichdirectedit。
　　And，inthesamemanner，weeitherapproveordisapproveofourownconduct，accordingaswefeelthat，whenweplaceourselvesinthesituationofanotherman，andviewit，asitwere，withhiseyesandfromhisstation，weeithercanorcannotentirelyenterintoandsympathizewiththesentimentsandmotiveswhichinfluencedit。Wecanneversurveyourownsentimentsandmotives，wecanneverformanyjudgmentconcerningthem；unlessweremoveourselves，asitwere，fromourownnaturalstation，andendeavourtoviewthemasatacertaindistancefromus。Butwecandothisinnootherwaythanbyendeavouringtoviewthemwiththeeyesofotherpeople，orasotherpeoplearelikelytoviewthem。Whateverjudgmentwecanformconcerningthem，accordingly，mustalwaysbearsomesecretreference，eithertowhatare，ortowhat，uponacertaincondition，wouldbe，ortowhat，weimagine，oughttobethejudgmentofothers。Weendeavourtoexamineourownconductasweimagineanyotherfairandimpartialspectatorwouldexamineit。If，uponplacingourselvesinhissituation，wethoroughlyenterintoallthepassionsandmotiveswhichinfluencedit，weapproveofit，bysympathywiththeapprobationofthissupposedequitablejudge。
　　Ifotherwise，weenterintohisdisapprobation，andcondemnit。
　　Wereitpossiblethatahumancreaturecouldgrowuptomanhoodinsomesolitaryplace，withoutanycommunicationwithhisownspecies，hecouldnomorethinkofhisowncharacter，oftheproprietyordemeritofhisownsentimentsandconduct，ofthebeautyordeformityofhisownmind，thanofthebeautyordeformityofhisownface。Alltheseareobjectswhichhecannoteasilysee，whichnaturallyhedoesnotlookat，andwithregardtowhichheisprovidedwithnomirrorwhichcanpresentthemtohisview。Bringhimintosociety，andheisimmediatelyprovidedwiththemirrorwhichhewantedbefore。Itisplacedinthecountenanceandbehaviourofthoseheliveswith，whichalwaysmarkwhentheyenterinto，andwhentheydisapproveofhissentiments；anditisherethathefirstviewstheproprietyandimproprietyofhisownpassions，thebeautyanddeformityofhisownmind。Toamanwhofromhisbirthwasastrangertosociety，theobjectsofhispassions，theexternalbodieswhicheitherpleasedorhurthim，wouldoccupyhiswholeattention。Thepassionsthemselves，thedesiresoraversions，thejoysorsorrows，whichthoseobjectsexcited，thoughofallthingsthemostimmediatelypresenttohim，couldscarceeverbetheobjectsofhisthoughts。Theideaofthemcouldneverinteresthimsomuchastocalluponhisattentiveconsideration。Theconsiderationofhisjoycouldinhimexcitenonewjoy，northatofhissorrowanynewsorrow，thoughtheconsiderationofthecausesofthosepassionsmightoftenexciteboth。Bringhimintosociety，andallhisownpassionswillimmediatelybecomethecausesofnewpassions。Hewillobservethatmankindapproveofsomeofthem，andaredisgustedbyothers。Hewillbeelevatedintheonecase，andcastdownintheother；hisdesiresandaversions，hisjoysandsorrows，willnowoftenbecomethecausesofnewdesiresandnewaversions，newjoysandnewsorrows:theywillnow，therefore，interesthimdeeply，andoftencalluponhismostattentiveconsideration。