["Whenthereisleastfear，thereisforthemostpartleastdanger。"——Livy，xxii。5。]
　　Ourpeoplearetoblamewhosaythatsuchanoneisafraidofdeath，whentheywouldexpressthathethinksofitandforeseesit:foresightisequallyconvenientinwhatconcernsus，whethergoodorill。Toconsiderandjudgeofdangeris，insomesort，thereversetobeingastounded。
　　Idonotfindmyselfstrongenoughtosustaintheforceandimpetuosityofthispassionoffear，norofanyothervehementpassionwhatever:ifI
　　wasonceconqueredandbeatendownbyit，Ishouldneverriseagainverysound。Whoevershouldoncemakemysoulloseherfooting，wouldneversetheruprightagain:sheretastesandresearchesherselftooprofoundly，andtoomuchtothequick，andthereforewouldneverletthewoundshehadreceivedhealandcicatrise。Ithasbeenwellformethatnosicknesshasyetdiscomposedher:ateverychargemadeuponme，I
　　preservemyutmostoppositionanddefence;bywhichmeansthefirstthatshouldroutmewouldkeepmefromeverrallyingagain。Ihavenoafter—
　　gametoplay:onwhichsidesoevertheinundationbreaksmybanks，Ilieopen，andamdrownedwithoutremedy。Epicurussays，thatawisemancanneverbecomeafool;Ihaveanopinionreversetothissentence，whichis，thathewhohasoncebeenaveryfool，willneverafterbeverywise。
　　Godgrantsmecoldaccordingtomycloth，andpassionsproportionabletothemeansIhavetowithstandthem:naturehavinglaidmeopenontheoneside，hascoveredmeontheother;havingdisarmedmeofstrength，shehasarmedmewithinsensibilityandanapprehensionthatisregular，or，ifyouwill，dull。
　　Icannotnowlongendure（andwhenIwasyoungcouldmuchless）eithercoach，litter，orboat，andhateallotherridingbutonhorseback，bothintownandcountry。ButIcanbearalitterworsethanacoach;and，bythesamereason，aroughagitationuponthewater，whencefearisproduced，betterthanthemotionsofacalm。Atthelittlejerksofoars，stealingthevesselfromunderus，Ifind，Iknownothow，bothmyheadandmystomachdisordered;neither—canIenduretosituponatotteringchair。Whenthesailorthecurrentcarriesusequally，orthatwearetowed，theequalagitationdoesnotdisturbmeatall;’tisaninterruptedmotionthatoffendsme，andmostofallwhenmostslow:I
　　cannototherwiseexpressit。Thephysicianshaveorderedmetosqueezeandgirdmyselfaboutthebottomofthebellywithanapkintoremedythisevil;whichhoweverIhavenottried，beingaccustomedtowrestlewithmyowndefects，andovercomethemmyself。
　　Wouldmymemoryserveme，Ishouldnotthinkmytimeillspentinsettingdownheretheinfinitevarietythathistorypresentsusoftheuseofchariotsintheserviceofwar:various，accordingtothenationsandaccordingtotheage;inmyopinion，ofgreatnecessityandeffect;sothatitisawonderthatwehavelostallknowledgeofthem。Iwillonlysaythis，thatverylately，inourfathers’time，theHungariansmadeveryadvantageoususeofthemagainsttheTurks;havingineveryoneofthematargetterandamusketeer，andanumberofharquebusespiledreadyandloaded，andallcoveredwithapavesadelikeagalliot——[Canvasspreadalongthesideofashipofwar，inactiontoscreenthemovementsofthoseonboard。]——Theyformedthefrontoftheirbattlewiththreethousandsuchcoaches，andafterthecannonhadplayed，madethemallpourintheirshotupontheenemy，whohadtoswallowthatvolleybeforetheytastedoftherest，whichwasnolittleadvance;andthatdone，thesechariotschargedintotheirsquadronstobreakthemandopenawayfortherest;besidestheusetheymightmakeofthemtoflankthesoldiersinaplaceofdangerwhenmarchingtothefield，ortocoverapost，andfortifyitinhaste。Inmytime，agentlemanononeofourfrontiers，unwieldyofbody，andfindingnohorseabletocarryhisweight，havingaquarrel，rodethroughthecountryinachariotofthisfashion，andfoundgreatconvenienceinit。Butletusleavethesechariotsofwar。
　　Asiftheireffeminacy——[WhichCottontranslates:"asiftheinsignificancyofcoaches。"]——hadnotbeensufficientlyknownbybetterproofs，thelastkingsofourfirstracetravelledinachariotdrawnbyfouroxen。MarcAntonywasthefirstatRomewhocausedhimselftobedrawninacoachbylions，andasingingwenchwithhim。
　　[Cytheris，theRomancourtezan。——Plutarch’sLifeofAntony，c。3。
　　This，wasthesamepersonwhoisintroducedbyGallusunderthenameofLycoris。Gallusdoubtlessknewherpersonally。]
　　Heliogabalusdidsinceasmuch，callinghimselfCybele，themotherofthegods;andalsodrawnbytigers，takinguponhimthepersonofthegodBacchus;healsosometimesharnessedtwostagstohiscoach，anothertimefourdogs，andanotherfournakedwenches，causinghimselftobedrawnbytheminpomp，starknakedtoo。TheEmperorFirmuscausedhischariottobedrawnbyostrichesofaprodigioussize，sothatitseemedrathertoflythanroll。
　　Thestrangenessoftheseinventionsputsthisotherfancyinmyhead:
　　thatitisakindofpusillanimityinmonarchs，andatestimonythattheydonotsufficientlyunderstandthemselveswhattheyare，whentheystudytomakethemselveshonouredandtoappeargreatbyexcessiveexpense:itwereindeedexcusableinaforeigncountry，butamongsttheirownsubjects，wheretheyareinsovereigncommand，andmaydowhattheyplease，itderogatesfromtheirdignitythemostsupremedegreeofhonourtowhichtheycanarrive:justas，methinks，itissuperfluousinaprivategentlemantogofinelydressedathome;hishouse，hisattendants，andhiskitchensufficientlyanswerforhim。TheadvicethatIsocratesgiveshiskingseemstobegroundeduponreason:thatheshouldbesplendidinplateandfurniture;forasmuchasitisanexpenseofdurationthatdevolvesonhissuccessors;andthatheshouldavoidallmagnificencesthatwillinashorttimebeforgotten。IlovedtogofinewhenIwasayoungerbrother，forwantofotherornament;anditbecamemewell:therearesomeuponwhomtheirrichclothesweep:Wehavestrangestoriesofthefrugalityofourkingsabouttheirownpersonsandintheirgifts:kingswhoweregreatinreputation，valour，andfortune。
　　Demosthenesvehementlyopposesthelawofhiscitythatassignedthepublicmoneyforthepompoftheirpublicplaysandfestivals:hewouldthattheirgreatnessshouldbeseeninnumbersofshipswellequipped，andgoodarmieswellprovidedfor;andthereisgoodreasontocondemnTheophrastus，who，inhisBookonRiches，establishesacontraryopinion，andmaintainsthatsortofexpensetobethetruefruitofabundance。
　　Theyaredelights，saysAristotle，thataonlypleasethebasersortofthepeople，andthatvanishfromthememoryassoonasthepeoplearesatedwiththem，andforwhichnoseriousandjudiciousmancanhaveanyesteem。Thismoneywould，inmyopinion，bemuchmoreroyally，asmoreprofitably，justly，anddurably，laidoutinports，havens，walls，andfortifications;insumptuousbuildings，churches，hospitals，colleges，thereformingofstreetsandhighways:whereinPopeGregoryXIII。willleavealaudablememorytofuturetimes:andwhereinourQueenCatherinewouldtolongposteritymanifesthernaturalliberalityandmunificence，didhermeanssupplyheraffection。FortunehasdonemeagreatdespiteininterruptingthenoblestructureofthePont—Neufofourgreatcity，anddeprivingmeofthehopeofseeingitfinishedbeforeIdie。
　　Moreover，itseemstosubjects，whoarespectatorsofthesetriumphs，thattheirownrichesareexposedbeforethem，andthattheyareentertainedattheirownexpense:forthepeopleareapttopresumeofkings，aswedoofourservants，thattheyaretotakecaretoprovideusallthingsnecessaryinabundance，butnottouchitthemselves;andthereforetheEmperorGalba，beingpleasedwithamusicianwhoplayedtohimatsupper，calledforhismoney—box，andgavehimahandfulofcrownsthathetookoutofit，withthesewords:"Thisisnotthepublicmoney，butmyown。"Yetitsofallsoutthatthepeople，forthemostpart，havereasonontheirside，andthattheprincesfeedtheireyeswithwhattheyhaveneedoftofilltheirbellies。
　　Liberalityitselfisnotinitstruelustreinasovereignhand:privatemenhavethereinthemostright;for，totakeitexactly，akinghasnothingproperlyhisown;heoweshimselftoothers:authorityisnotgiveninfavourofthemagistrate，butofthepeople;asuperiorisnevermadesoforhisownprofit，butfortheprofitoftheinferior，andaphysicianforthesickperson，andnotforhimself:allmagistracy，aswellasallart，hasitsendoutofitselfwhereforethetutorsofyoungprinces，whomakeittheirbusinesstoimprintinthemthisvirtueofliberality，andpreachtothemtodenynothingandtothinknothingsowellspentaswhattheygive（adoctrinethatIhaveknowningreatcreditinmytime），eitherhavemoreparticularregardtotheirownprofitthantothatoftheirmaster，orillunderstandtowhomtheyspeak。Itistooeasyathingtoinculcateliberalityonhimwhohasasmuchashewilltopractiseitwithattheexpenseofothers;and，theestimatenotbeingproportionedtothemeasureofthegiftbuttothemeasureofthemeansofhimwhogivesit，itcomestonothinginsomightyhands;theyfindthemselvesprodigalbeforetheycanbereputedliberal。Anditisbutalittlerecommendation，incomparisonwithotherroyalvirtues:andtheonlyone，asthetyrantDionysiussaid，thatsuitswellwithtyrannyitself。Ishouldratherteachhimthisverseoftheancientlabourer:
　　["Thatwhoeverwillhaveagoodcropmustsowwithhishand，andnotpouroutofthesack。"——Plutarch，Apothegms，WhethertheAncientsweremoreexcellentinArmsthaninLearning。]
　　hemustscatteritabroad，andnotlayitonaheapinoneplace:andthat，seeingheistogive，or，tosaybetter，topayandrestoretosomanypeopleaccordingastheyhavedeserved，heoughttobealoyalanddiscreetdisposer。Iftheliberalityofaprincebewithoutmeasureordiscretion，Ihadratherhewerecovetous。
　　Royalvirtueseemsmosttoconsistinjustice;andofallthepartsofjusticethatbestdenotesakingwhichaccompaniesliberality，forthistheyhaveparticularlyreservedtobeperformedbythemselves，whereasallothersortsofjusticetheyremittotheadministrationofothers。
　　Animmoderatebountyisaveryweakmeanstoacquireforthemgoodwill;
　　itchecksmorepeoplethanitallures:
　　"Quoinpluresusussis，minusinmultosutipossis……
　　Quidautemeststultius，quam，quodlibenterfacias，curareutiddiutiusfacerenonpossis;"
　　["Byhowmuchmoreyouuseittomany，bysomuchlesswillyoubeinacapacitytouseittomanymore。Andwhatgreaterfollycantherebethantoorderitsothatwhatyouwouldwillinglydo，youcannotdolonger。"——Cicero，DeOffic。，ii。15。]
　　andifitbeconferredwithoutduerespectofmerit，itputshimoutofcountenancewhoreceivesit，andisreceivedungraciously。Tyrantshavebeensacrificedtothehatredofthepeoplebythehandsofthoseverymentheyhaveunjustlyadvanced;suchkindofmenasbuffoons，panders，fiddlers，andsuchragamuffins，thinkingtoassuretothemselvesthepossessionofbenefitsundulyreceived，iftheymanifesttohavehiminhatredanddisdainofwhomtheyholdthem，andinthisassociatethemselvestothecommonjudgmentandopinion。
　　Thesubjectsofaprinceexcessiveingiftsgrowexcessiveinasking，andregulatetheirdemands，notbyreason，butbyexample。Wehave，seriously，veryoftenreasontoblushatourownimpudence:weareover—
　　paid，accordingtojustice，whentherecompenseequalsourservice;fordoweowenothingofnaturalobligationtoourprinces？Ifhebearourcharges，hedoestoomuch;’tisenoughthathecontributetothem:theoverplusiscalledbenefit，whichcannotbeexacted:fortheverynameLiberalitysoundsofLiberty。
　　Inourfashionitisneverdone;weneverreckonwhatwehavereceived;
　　weareonlyforthefutureliberality;wherefore，themoreaprinceexhaustshimselfingiving，thepoorerhegrowsinfriends。Howshouldhesatisfyimmoderatedesires，thatstillincreaseastheyarefulfilled？
　　Hewhohashisthoughtsupontaking，neverthinksofwhathehastaken;
　　covetousnesshasnothingsoproperlyandsomuchitsownasingratitude。
　　TheexampleofCyruswillnotdoamissinthisplace，toservethekingsofthesetimesforatouchstonetoknowwhethertheirgiftsarewellorillbestowed，andtoseehowmuchbetterthatemperorconferredthemthantheydo，bywhichmeanstheyarereducedtoborrowofunknownsubjects，andratherofthemwhomtheyhavewrongedthanofthemonwhomtheyhaveconferredtheirbenefits，andsoreceiveaidswhereinthereisnothingofgratuitousbutthename。Croesusreproachedhimwithhisbounty，andcastuptohowmuchhistreasurewouldamountifhehadbeenalittlecloser—handed。Hehadamindtojustifyhisliberality，andthereforesentdespatchesintoallpartstothegrandeesofhisdominionswhomhehadparticularlyadvanced，entreatingeveryoneofthemtosupplyhimwithasmuchmoneyastheycould，forapressingoccasion，andtosendhimparticularsofwhateachcouldadvance。Whenalltheseanswerswerebroughttohim，everyoneofhisfriends，notthinkingitenoughbarelytoofferhimsomuchashehadreceivedfromhisbounty，andaddingtoitagreatdealofhisown，itappearedthatthesumamountedtoagreatdealmorethanCroesus’reckoning。WhereuponCyrus:"Iamnot，"saidhe，"lessinlovewithrichesthanotherprinces，butratherabetterhusband;youseewithhowsmallaventureIhaveacquiredtheinestimabletreasureofsomanyfriends，andhowmuchmorefaithfultreasurerstheyaretomethanmercenarymenwithoutobligation，withoutaffection;andmymoneybetterlaidupthaninchests，bringinguponmethehatred，envy，andcontemptofotherprinces。"
　　Theemperorsexcusedthesuperfluityoftheirplaysandpublicspectaclesbyreasonthattheirauthorityinsomesort（atleastinoutwardappearance）dependeduponthewillofthepeopleofRome，who，timeoutofmind，hadbeenaccustomedtobeentertainedandcaressedwithsuchshowsandexcesses。Buttheywereprivatecitizens，whohadnourishedthiscustomtogratifytheirfellow—citizensandcompanions（andchieflyoutoftheirownpurses）bysuchprofusionandmagnificenceithadquiteanothertastewhenthemasterscametoimitateit:
　　"Pecuniarumtranslatioajustisdominisadalienosnondebetliberalisvideri。"
　　["Thetransferringofmoneyfromtherightownerstostrangersoughtnottohavethetitleofliberality。"
　　——Cicero，DeOffic。，i。14。]
　　Philip，seeingthathissonwentaboutbypresentstogaintheaffectionoftheMacedonians，reprimandedhiminaletterafterthismanner:"What！
　　hastthouamindthatthysubjectsshalllookupontheeastheircash—
　　keeperandnotastheirking？Wiltthoutamperwiththemtowintheiraffections？Doit，then，bythebenefitsofthyvirtue，andnotbythoseofthychest。"Andyetitwas，doubtless，afinethingtobringandplantwithintheamphitheatreagreatnumberofvasttrees，withalltheirbranchesintheirfullverdure，representingagreatshadyforest，disposedinexcellentorder;and，thefirstday，tothrowintoitathousandostrichesandathousandstags，athousandboars，andathousandfallow—deer，tobekilledanddisposedofbythepeople:thenextday，tocauseahundredgreatlions，ahundredleopards，andthreehundredbearstobekilledinhispresence;andforthethirdday，tomakethreehundredpairofgladiatorsfightitouttothelast，astheEmperorProbusdid。Itwasalsoveryfinetoseethosevastamphitheatres，allfacedwithmarblewithout，curiouslywroughtwithfiguresandstatues，andwithinglitteringwithrareenrichments:
　　"Baltheusen！gemmis，enillitaporticusauro:"
　　["Abeltglitteringwithjewels，andaporticooverlaidwithgold。"
　　——Calpurnius，Eclog。，vii。47。Abaltheuswasashoulder—beltorbaldric。]
　　allthesidesofthisvastspacefilledandenvironed，fromthebottomtothetop，withthreeorfourscorerowsofseats，allofmarblealso，andcoveredwithcushions:
　　"Exeat，inquit，Sipudorest，etdepulvinosurgatequestri，Cujusresleginonsufficit;"
　　["Lethimgoout，hesaid，ifhehasanysenseofshame，andrisefromtheequestriancushion，whoseestatedoesnotsatisfythelaw。"
　　——Juvenal，iii。153。TheEquiteswererequiredtopossessafortuneof400sestertia，andtheysatonthefirstfourteenrowsbehindtheorchestra。]
　　whereahundredthousandmenmightsitattheirease:and，theplacebelow，wherethegameswereplayed，tomakeit，byart，firstopenandcleaveinchasms，representingcavesthatvomitedoutthebeastsdesignedforthespectacle;andthen，secondly，tobeoverflowedbyadeepsea，fullofseamonsters，andladenwithshipsofwar，torepresentanavalbattle;and，thirdly，tomakeitdryandevenagainforthecombatofthegladiators;and，forthefourthscene，tohaveitstrownwithvermiliongrainandstorax，——[Aresinousgum。]——insteadofsand，theretomakeasolemnfeastforallthatinfinitenumberofpeople:thelastactofoneonlyday:
　　"QuotiesnosdescendentisarenaeVidimusinpartes，ruptaquevoragineterraeEmersisseferas，eteisdemsaepelatebrisAureacumcroceocreveruntarbutalibro！……
　　NecsolumnobissilvestriacerneremonstraContigit;aequoreosegocumcertantibusursisSpectavivitulos，etequorumnominedignum，Sendeformepecus，quodinillonascituramni……"
　　["Howoftenhaveweseenthestageofthetheatredescendandpartasunder，andfromachasmintheearthwildbeastsemerge，andthenpresentlygivebirthtoagroveofgildedtrees，thatputforthblossomsofenamelledflowers。Noryetofsylvanmarvelsalonehadwesight:Isawsea—calvesfightwithbears，andadeformedsortofcattle，wemightcallsea—horses。"——Calpurnius，Eclog。，vii。64。]
　　Sometimestheymadeahighmountainadvanceitself，coveredwithfruit—
　　treesandotherleafytrees，sendingdownrivuletsofwaterfromthetop，asfromthemouthofafountain:otherwhiles，agreatshipwasseentocomerollingin，whichopenedanddividedofitself，andafterhavingdisgorgedfromtheholdfourorfivehundredbeastsforfight，closedagain，andvanishedwithouthelp。Atothertimes，fromthefloorofthisplace，theymadespoutsofperfumedwaterdarttheirstreamsupward，andsohighastosprinkleallthatinfinitemultitude。Todefendthemselvesfromtheinjuriesoftheweather，theyhadthatvastplaceonewhilecoveredoverwithpurplecurtainsofneedlework，andby—and—bywithsilkofoneoranothercolour，whichtheydrewofforoninamoment，astheyhadamind:
　　"Quamvisnonmodicocaleantspectaculasole，Velareducuntur，cumvenitHermogenes。"
　　["Thecurtains，thoughthesunshouldscorchthespectators，aredrawnin，whenHermogenesappears。"—Martial，xii。29，15。M。
　　TigelliusHermogenes，whomHoraceandothershavesatirised。Oneeditorcallshim"anotedthief，"another:"Hewasaliteraryamateurofnoability，whoexpressedhiscriticalopinionswithtoogreatafreedomtopleasethepoetsofhisday。"D。W。]
　　Thenetworkalsothatwassetbeforethepeopletodefendthemfromtheviolenceoftheseturned—outbeastswaswovenofgold:
　　"AuroquoquetortsrefulgentRetia。"
　　["Thewovennetsarerefulgentwithgold。"
　　——Calpurnius，ubisupra。]
　　Iftherebeanythingexcusableinsuchexcessesasthese，itiswherethenoveltyandinventioncreatemorewonderthantheexpense;eveninthesevanitieswediscoverhowfertilethoseageswereinotherkindofwitsthantheseofours。Itiswiththissortoffertility，aswithallotherproductsofnature:notthatshethereandthenemployedherutmostforce:wedonotgo;weratherrunupanddown，andwhirlthiswayandthat;weturnbackthewaywecame。Iamafraidourknowledgeisweakinallsenses;weneitherseefarforwardnorfarbackward;ourunderstandingcomprehendslittle，andlivesbutalittlewhile;’tisshortbothinextentoftimeandextentofmatter:
　　"VixerefortesanteAgamemnonaMufti，sedomnesillacrymabilesUrgentur，ignotiquelongsNocte。"
　　[ManybravemenlivedbeforeAgamemnon，butallarepressedbythelongnightunmournedandunknown。"——Horace，Od。，iv。9，25。]
　　"EtsuprabellumThebanumetfuneraTrojaeNonaliasaliiquoquerescecinerepoetae？"
　　["WhybeforetheThebanwarandthedestructionofTroy，havenototherpoetssungotherevents？"——Lucretius，v。327。MontaigneheredivertshimselfmgivingLucretius’wordsaconstructiondirectlycontrarytowhattheybearinthepoem。Lucretiusputsthequestion，Whyiftheearthhadexistedfromalleternity，therehadnotbeenpoets，beforetheThebanwar，tosingmen’sexploits。
　　——Coste。]
　　AndthenarrativeofSolon，ofwhathehadlearnedfromtheEgyptianpriests，touchingthelonglifeoftheirstate，andtheirmanneroflearningandpreservingforeignhistories，isnot，methinks，atestimonytoberefusedinthisconsideration:
　　"Siinterminataminomnespartesmagnitudinemregionumvideremusettemporum，inquamseinjiciensanimusetintendens，italatelongequeperegrinatur，utnullamoramultimivideat，inquapossitinsistere:inhaecimmensitate……infinitavisinnumerabiliumappareretfomorum。"
　　["Couldweseeonallpartstheunlimitedmagnitudeofregionsandoftimes，uponwhichthemindbeingintent，couldwandersofarandwide，thatnolimitistobeseen，inwhichitcanbounditseye，weshould，inthatinfiniteimmensity，discoveraninfiniteforceofinnumerableatoms。"HerealsoMontaigneputsasensequitedifferentfromwhatthewordsbearintheoriginal;buttheapplicationhemakesofthemissohappythatonewoulddeclaretheywereactuallyputtogetheronlytoexpresshisownsentiments。"Ettemporum"isanadditionbyMontaigne。——Coste。]
　　Thoughallthathasarrived，byreport，ofourknowledgeoftimespastshouldbetrue，andknownbysomeoneperson，itwouldbelessthannothingincomparisonofwhatisunknown。Andofthissameimageoftheworld，whichglidesawaywhilstweliveuponit，howwretchedandlimitedistheknowledgeofthemostcurious;notonlyofparticularevents，whichfortuneoftenrendersexemplaryandofgreatconcern，butofthestateofgreatgovernmentsandnations，ahundredmoreescapeusthanevercometoourknowledge。Wemakeamightybusinessoftheinventionofartilleryandprinting，whichothermenattheotherendoftheworld，inChina，hadathousandyearsago。Didwebutseeasmuchoftheworldaswedonotsee，weshouldperceive，wemaywellbelieve，aperpetualmultiplicationandvicissitudeofforms。Thereisnothingsingleandrareinrespectofnature，butinrespectofourknowledge，whichisawretchedfoundationwhereontogroundourrules，andthatrepresentstousaveryfalseimageofthings。Aswenowadaysvainlyconcludethedeclensionanddecrepitudeoftheworld，bytheargumentsweextractfromourownweaknessanddecay:
　　"Jamqueadeoestaffectaaetaseffoetaquetellus;"
　　["Ourageisfeeble，andtheearthlessfertile。"
　　——Lucretius，ii。1151。]
　　sodidhevainlyconcludeastoitsbirthandyouth，bythevigourheobservedinthewitsofhistime，aboundinginnoveltiesandtheinventionofdiversarts:
　　"Verum，utopinor，habetnovitatemsumma，recensqueNaturaestmundi，nequepridemexordiacoepitQuareetiamquaedamnuncartesexpoliuntur，Nuncetiamaugescunt;nuncadditanavigiissuntMulta。"
　　["But，asIamofopinion，thewholeoftheworldisofrecentorigin，norhaditscommencementinremotetimes;whereforeitisthatsomeartsarestillbeingrefined，andsomejustontheincrease;atpresentmanyadditionsarebeingmadetoshipping。"
　　——Lucretius，v。331。]
　　Ourworldhaslatelydiscoveredanother（andwhowillassureusthatitisthelastofitsbrothers，sincetheDaemons，theSybils，andweourselveshavebeenignorantofthistillnow？），aslarge，well—peopled，andfruitfulasthiswhereonweliveandyetsorawandchildish，thatwearestillteachingitit’saBC:’tisnotabovefiftyyearssinceitknewneitherletters，weights，measures，vestments，corn，norvines:itwasthenquitenakedinthemother’slap，andonlyliveduponwhatshegaveit。Ifwerightlyconcludeofourend，andthispoetoftheyouthfulnessofthatageofhis，thatotherworldwillonlyenterintothelightwhenthisofoursshallmakeitsexit;theuniversewillfallintoparalysis;onememberwillbeuseless，theotherinvigour。Iamverymuchafraidthatwehavegreatlyprecipitateditsdeclensionandruinbyourcontagion;andthatwehavesolditopinionsandourartsataverydearrate。Itwasaninfantworld，andyetwehavenotwhippedandsubjectedittoourdisciplinebytheadvantageofournaturalworthandforce，neitherhavewewonitbyourjusticeandgoodness，norsubdueditbyourmagnanimity。Mostoftheiranswers，andthenegotiationswehavehadwiththem，witnessthattheywerenothingbehindusinpertinencyandclearnessofnaturalunderstanding。TheastonishingmagnificenceofthecitiesofCuscoandMexico，and，amongstmanyotherthings，thegardenoftheking，whereallthetrees，fruits，andplants，accordingtotheorderandstaturetheyhaveinagarden，wereexcellentlyformedingold;as，inhiscabinet，werealltheanimalsbreduponhisterritoryandinitsseas;andthebeautyoftheirmanufactures，injewels，feathers，cotton，andpainting，gaveampleproofthattheywereaslittleinferiortousinindustry。Butastowhatconcernsdevotion，observanceofthelaws，goodness，liberality，loyalty，andplaindealing，itwasofusetousthatwehadnotsomuchasthey;fortheyhavelost，sold，andbetrayedthemselvesbythisadvantageoverus。
　　Astoboldnessandcourage，stability，constancyagainstpain，hunger，anddeath，IshouldnotfeartoopposetheexamplesIfindamongstthemtothemostfamousexamplesofeldertimesthatwefindinourrecordsonthissideoftheworld。Farastothosewhosubduedthem，takebutawaythetricksandartificestheypractisedtogullthem，andthejustastonishmentitwastothosenationstoseesosuddenandunexpectedanarrivalofmenwithbeards，differinginlanguage，religion，shape，andcountenance，fromsoremoteapartoftheworld，andwheretheyhadneverheardtherewasanyhabitation，mountedupongreatunknownmonsters，againstthosewhohadnotonlyneverseenahorse，buthadneverseenanyotherbeasttraineduptocarryamanoranyotherloading;shelledinahardandshiningskin，withacuttingandglitteringweaponinhishand，againstthem，who，outofwonderatthebrightnessofalookingglassoraknife，wouldexchangegreattreasuresofgoldandpearl;andwhohadneitherknowledge，normatterwithwhich，atleisure，theycouldpenetrateoursteel:towhichmaybeaddedthelightningandthunderofourcannonandharquebuses，enoughtofrightenCaesarhimself，ifsurprised，withsolittleexperience，againstpeoplenaked，exceptwheretheinventionofalittlequiltedcottonwasinuse，withoutotherarms，atthemost，thanbows，stones，staves，andbucklersofwood;peoplesurprisedundercolouroffriendshipandgoodfaith，bythecuriosityofseeingstrangeandunknownthings;takebutaway，Isay，thisdisparityfromtheconquerors，andyoutakeawayalltheoccasionofsomanyvictories。WhenIlookuponthatinvincibleardourwherewithsomanythousandsofmen，women，andchildrensooftenpresentedandthrewthemselvesintoinevitabledangersforthedefenceoftheirgodsandliberties;thatgenerousobstinacytosufferallextremitiesanddifficulties，anddeathitself，ratherthansubmittothedominionofthosebywhomtheyhadbeensoshamefullyabused;andsomeofthemchoosingtodieofhungerandfasting，beingprisoners，ratherthantoacceptofnourishmentfromthehandsoftheirsobaselyvictoriousenemies:Isee，thatwhoeverwouldhaveattackedthemuponequaltermsofarms，experience，andnumber，wouldhavehadahard，and，peradventure，ahardergametoplaythaninanyotherwarwehaveseen。
　　WhydidnotsonobleaconquestfallunderAlexander，ortheancientGreeksandRomans;andsogreatarevolutionandmutationofsomanyempiresandnations，fallintohandsthatwouldhavegentlylevelled，rootedup，andmadeplainandsmoothwhateverwasroughandsavageamongstthem，andthatwouldhavecherishedandpropagatedthegoodseedsthatnaturehadthereproduced;mixingnotonlywiththecultureoflandandtheornamentofcities，theartsofthispartoftheworld，inwhatwasnecessary，butalsotheGreekandRomanvirtues，withthosethatwereoriginalofthecountry？Whatareparationhaditbeentothem，andwhatageneralgoodtothewholeworld，hadourfirstexamplesanddeportmentsinthosepartsalluredthosepeopletotheadmirationandimitationofvirtue，andhadbegottenbetwixtthemandusafraternalsocietyandintelligence？Howeasyhaditbeentohavemadeadvantageofsoulssoinnocent，andsoeagertolearn，leaving，forthemostpart，naturallysogoodinclinationsbefore？Whereas，onthecontrary，wehavetakenadvantageoftheirignoranceandinexperience，withgreatereasetoinclinethemtotreachery，luxury，avarice，andtowardsallsortsofinhumanityandcruelty，bythepatternandexampleofourmanners。Whoeverenhancedthepriceofmerchandiseatsucharate？Somanycitieslevelledwiththeground，somanynationsexterminated，somanymillionsofpeoplefallenbytheedgeofthesword，andtherichestandmostbeautifulpartoftheworldturnedupsidedown，forthetrafficofpearlandpepper？Mechanicvictories！Neverdidambition，neverdidpublicanimosities，engagemenagainstoneanotherinsuchmiserablehostilities，insuchmiserablecalamities。
　　CertainSpaniards，coastingtheseainquestoftheirmines，landedinafruitfulandpleasantandverywellpeopledcountry，andtheremadetotheinhabitantstheiraccustomedprofessions:"thattheywerepeaceablemen，whowerecomefromaveryremotecountry，andsentonthebehalfoftheKingofCastile，thegreatestprinceofthehabitableworld，towhomthePope，God’svicegerentuponearth，hadgiventheprincipalityofalltheIndies;thatiftheywouldbecometributariestohim，theyshouldbeverygentlyandcourteouslyused";atthesametimerequiringofthemvictualsfortheirnourishment，andgoldwhereoftomakesomepretendedmedicine;settingforth，moreover，thebeliefinoneonlyGod，andthetruthofourreligion，whichtheyadvisedthemtoembrace，whereuntotheyalsoaddedsomethreats。Towhichtheyreceivedthisanswer:"Thatastotheirbeingpeaceable，theydidnotseemtobesuch，iftheywereso。
　　Astotheirking，sincehewasfaintobeg，hemustbenecessitousandpoor;andhewhohadmadehimthisgift，mustbeamanwholoveddissension，togivethattoanotherwhichwasnoneofhisown，tobringitintodisputeagainsttheancientpossessors。Astovictuals，theywouldsupplythem;thatofgoldtheyhadlittle;itbeingathingtheyhadinverysmallesteem，asofnousetotheserviceoflife，whereastheironlycarewastopassitoverhappilyandpleasantly:butthatwhattheycouldfindexceptingwhatwasemployedintheserviceoftheirgods，theymightfreelytake。AstooneonlyGod，thepropositionhadpleasedthemwell;butthattheywouldnotchangetheirreligion，bothbecausetheyhadsolongandhappilylivedinit，andthattheywerenotwonttotakeadviceofanybuttheirfriends，andthosetheyknew:astotheirmenaces，itwasasignofwantofjudgmenttothreatenthosewhosenatureandpowerweretothemunknown;that，therefore，theyweretomakehastetoquittheircoast，fortheywerenotusedtotakethecivilitiesandprofessionsofarmedmenandstrangersingoodpart;otherwisetheyshoulddobythemastheyhaddonebythoseothers，"showingthemtheheadsofseveralexecutedmenroundthewallsoftheircity。Afairexampleofthebabbleofthesechildren。Butsoitis，thattheSpaniardsdidnot，eitherinthisorinseveralotherplaces，wheretheydidnotfindthemerchandisetheysought，makeanystayorattempt，whateverotherconveniencesweretheretobehad;witnessmyCANNIBALS。——
　　[ChapterXXX。ofBookI。]
　　Ofthetwomostpuissantmonarchsofthatworld，and，peradventure，ofthis，kingsofsomanykings，andthelasttheyturnedout，heofPeru，havingbeentakeninabattle，andputtosoexcessivearansomasexceedsallbelief，anditbeingfaithfullypaid，andhehaving，byhisconversation，givenmanifestsignsofafrank，liberal，andconstantspirit，andofaclearandsettledunderstanding，theconquerorshadamind，afterhavingexactedonemillionthreehundredandtwenty—fivethousandandfivehundredweightofgold，besidessilver，andotherthingswhichamountedtonoless（sothattheirhorseswereshodwithmassygold），stilltosee，atthepriceofwhatdisloyaltyandinjusticewhatever，whattheremainderofthetreasuresofthiskingmightbe，andtopossessthemselvesofthatalso。Tothisendafalseaccusationwaspreferredagainsthim，andfalsewitnessesbroughttoprovethathewentabouttoraiseaninsurrectioninhisprovinces，toprocurehisownliberty;whereupon，bythevirtuoussentenceofthoseverymenwhohadbythistreacheryconspiredhisruin，hewascondemnedtobepubliclyhangedandstrangled，afterhavingmadehimbuyoffthetormentofbeingburntalive，bythebaptismtheygavehimimmediatelybeforeexecution;ahorridandunheardofbarbarity，which，nevertheless，heunderwentwithoutgivingwayeitherinwordorlook，withatrulygraveandroyalbehaviour。Afterwhich，tocalmandappeasethepeople，arousedandastoundedatsostrangeathing，theycounterfeitedgreatsorrowforhisdeath，andappointedmostsumptuousfunerals。
　　TheotherkingofMexico，——[Guatimosin]——havingforalongtimedefendedhisbeleagueredcity，andhavinginthissiegemanifestedtheutmostofwhatsufferingandperseverancecando，ifeverprinceandpeopledid，andhismisfortunehavingdeliveredhimaliveintohisenemies’hands，uponarticlesofbeingtreatedlikeaking，neitherdidheinhiscaptivitydiscoveranythingunworthyofthattitle。Hisenemies，aftertheirvictory，notfindingsomuchgoldastheyexpected，whentheyhadsearchedandrifledwiththeirutmostdiligence，theywentabouttoprocurediscoveriesbythemostcrueltormentstheycouldinventupontheprisonerstheyhadtaken:buthavingprofitednothingbythese，theircouragebeinggreaterthantheirtorments，theyarrivedatlasttosuchadegreeoffury，as，contrarytotheirfaithandthelawofnations，tocondemnthekinghimself，andoneoftheprincipalnoblemenofhiscourt，totherack，inthepresenceofoneanother。Thislord，findinghimselfovercomewithpain，beingenvironedwithburningcoals，pitifullyturnedhisdyingeyestowardshismaster，asitweretoaskhimpardonthathewasabletoendurenomore;whereupontheking，dartingathimafierceandseverelook，asreproachinghiscowardiceandpusillanimity，withaharshandconstantvoicesaidtohimthusonly:"AndwhatdostthouthinkIsuffer？amIinabath？amImoreateasethanthou？"Whereupontheotherimmediatelyquailedunderthetormentanddieduponthespot。Theking，halfroasted，wascarriedthence;notsomuchoutofpity（forwhatcompassionevertouchedsobarbaroussouls，who，uponthedoubtfulinformationofsomevesselofgoldtobemadeapreyof，causednotonlyaman，butaking，sogreatinfortuneanddesert，tobebroiledbeforetheireyes），butbecausehisconstancyrenderedtheircrueltystillmoreshameful。Theyafterwardshangedhimforhavingnoblyattemptedtodeliverhimselfbyarmsfromsolongacaptivityandsubjection，andhediedwithacouragebecomingsomagnanimousaprince。
　　Anothertime，theyburntinthesamefirefourhundredandsixtymenaliveatonce，thefourhundredofthecommonpeople，thesixtytheprincipallordsofaprovince，simplyprisonersofwar。Wehavethesenarrativesfromthemselvesfortheynotonlyownit，butboastofitandpublishit。Coulditbeforatestimonyoftheirjusticeortheirzealtoreligion？Doubtlessthesearewaystoodifferingandcontrarytosoholyanend。Hadtheyproposedtothemselvestoextendourfaith，theywouldhaveconsideredthatitdoesnotamplifyinthepossessionofterritories，butinthegainingofmen;andwouldhavemorethansatisfiedthemselveswiththeslaughtersoccasionedbythenecessityofwar，withoutindifferentlymixingamassacre，asuponwildbeasts，asuniversalasfireandswordcouldmakeit;havingonly，byintention，savedsomanyastheymeanttomakemiserableslavesof，fortheworkandserviceoftheirmines;sothatmanyofthecaptainswereputtodeathupontheplaceofconquest，byorderofthekingsofCastile，justlyoffendedwiththehorroroftheirdeportment，andalmostallofthemhatedanddisesteemed。Godmeritoriouslypermittedthatallthisgreatplundershouldbeswallowedupbytheseaintransportation，orinthecivilwarswherewiththeydevouredoneanother;andmostofthementhemselveswereburiedinaforeignlandwithoutanyfruitoftheirvictory。
　　Thattherevenuefromthesecountries，thoughinthehandsofsoparsimoniousandsoprudentaprince，——[PhillipII。]——solittleanswerstheexpectationgivenofittohispredecessors，andtothatoriginalabundanceofricheswhichwasfoundatthefirstlandinginthosenewdiscoveredcountries（forthoughagreatdealbefetchedthence，yetwesee’tisnothingincomparisonofthatwhichmightbeexpected），isthattheuseofcoinwasthereutterlyunknown，andthatconsequentlytheirgoldwasfoundallhoardedtogether，beingofnootherusebutforornamentandshow，asafurniturereservedfromfathertosonbymanypuissantkings，whowereeverdrainingtheirminestomakethisvastheapofvesselsandstatuesforthedecorationoftheirpalacesandtemples;
　　whereasourgoldisalwaysinmotionandtraffic;wecutitintoathousandsmallpieces，andcastitintoathousandforms，andscatteranddisperseitinathousandways。Butsupposeourkingsshouldthushoardupallthegoldtheycouldgetinseveralagesandletitlieidlebythem。
　　ThoseofthekingdomofMexicowereinsomesortmorecivilisedandmoreadvancedinartsthantheothernationsaboutthem。Thereforedidtheyjudge，aswedo，thattheworldwasnearitsperiod，andlookeduponthedesolationwebroughtamongstthemasacertainsignofit。Theybelievedthattheexistenceoftheworldwasdividedintofiveages，andinthelifeoffivesuccessivesuns，ofwhichfourhadalreadyendedtheirtime，andthatthiswhichgavethemlightwasthefifth。Thefirstperished，withallothercreatures，byanuniversalinundationofwater;
　　thesecondbytheheavensfallinguponusandsuffocatingeverylivingthingtowhichagetheyassignedthegiants，andshowedbonestotheSpaniards，accordingtotheproportionofwhichthestatureofmenamountedtotwentyfeet;thethirdbyfire，whichburnedandconsumedall;thefourthbyanemotionoftheairandwind，whichcamewithsuchviolenceastobeatdownevenmanymountains，whereinthemendiednot，butwereturnedintobaboons。Whatimpressionswillnottheweaknessofhumanbeliefadmit？Afterthedeathofthisfourthsun，theworldwastwenty—fiveyearsinperpetualdarkness:inthefifteenthofwhichamanandawomanwerecreated，whorestoredthehumanrace:tenyearsafter，uponacertainday，thesunappearednewlycreated，andsincetheaccountoftheiryeartakesbeginningfromthatday:thethirddayafteritscreationtheancientgodsdied，andthenewonesweresinceborndaily。
　　Afterwhatmannertheythinkthislastsunshallperish，myauthorknowsnot;buttheirnumberofthisfourthchangeagreeswiththegreatconjunctionofstarswhicheighthundredandoddyearsago，asastrologerssuppose，producedgreatalterationsandnoveltiesintheworld。
　　Astopompandmagnificence，upontheaccountofwhichIengagedinthisdiscourse，neitherGreece，Rome，norEgypt，whetherforutility，difficulty，orstate，cancompareanyoftheirworkswiththehighwaytobeseeninPeru，madebythekingsofthecountry，fromthecityofQuitotothatofCusco（threehundredleagues），straight，even，five—and—twentypaceswide，paved，andprovidedonbothsideswithhighandbeautifulwalls;andclosebythem，andallalongontheinside，twoperennialstreams，borderedwithbeautifulplants，whichtheycallmoly。Inthiswork，wheretheymetwithrocksandmountains，theycutthemthrough，andmadethemeven，andfilleduppitsandvalleyswithlimeandstonetomakethemlevel。Attheendofeveryday’sjourneyarebeautifulpalaces，furnishedwithprovisions，vestments，andarms，aswellfortravellersasforthearmiesthataretopassthatway。IntheestimateofthisworkIhavereckonedthedifficultywhichisespeciallyconsiderableinthatplace;theydidnotbuildwithanystoneslessthantenfeetsquare，andhadnootherconveniencyofcarriagebutbydrawingtheirloadthemselvesbyforceofarm，andknewnotsomuchastheartofscaffolding，noranyotherwayofstandingtotheirwork，butbythrowingupearthagainstthebuildingasitrosehigher，takingitawayagainwhentheyhaddone。
　　Letusherereturntoourcoaches。Insteadofthese，andofallothersortsofcarriages，theycausedthemselvestobecarrieduponmen’sshoulders。ThislastkingofPeru，thedaythathewastaken，wasthuscarriedbetwixttwouponstavesofgold，andsetinachairofgoldinthemiddleofhisarmy。Asmanyofthesesedan—menaswerekilledtomakehimfall（fortheywouldtakehimalive），somanyothers（andtheycontendedforit）tooktheplaceofthosewhowereslain，sothattheycouldneverbeathimdown，whatslaughtersoevertheymadeofthesepeople，tillahorseman，seizinguponhim，broughthimtotheground。
　　CHAPTERVII
　　OFTHEINCONVENIENCEOFGREATNESS
　　Sincewecannotattainuntoit，letusrevengeourselvesbyrailingatit;andyetitisnotabsolutelyrailingagainstanythingtoproclaimitsdefects，becausetheyareinallthingstobefound，howbeautifulorhowmuchtobecovetedsoever。Greatnesshas，ingeneral，thismanifestadvantage，thatitcanloweritselfwhenitpleases，andhas，verynear，thechoiceofboththeoneandtheothercondition;foramandoesnotfallfromallheights;thereareseveralfromwhichonemaydescendwithoutfallingdown。Itdoes，indeed，appeartomethatwevalueitattoohigharate，andalsoovervaluetheresolutionofthosewhomwehaveeitherseenorheardhavecontemnedit，ordisplacedthemselvesoftheirownaccord:itsessenceisnotsoevidentlycommodiousthatamanmaynot，withoutamiracle，refuseit。Ifinditaveryhardthingtoundergomisfortunes，buttobecontentwithamoderatemeasureoffortune，andtoavoidgreatness，Ithinkaveryeasymatter。’Tis，methinks，avirtuetowhichI，whoamnoconjuror，couldwithoutanygreatendeavourarrive。What，then，istobeexpectedfromthemthatwouldyetputintoconsiderationthegloryattendingthisrefusal，whereintheremaylurkworseambitionthaneveninthedesireitself，andfruitionofgreatness？Forasmuchasambitionnevercomportsitselfbetter，accordingtoitself，thanwhenitproceedsbyobscureandunfrequentedways。