ButthePhariseeofacapitalist，asmaybeseenfromthesamereports，denouncesthisbrutalitywhichhehimselfcreates，perpetuates，andexploits，andwhichhemoreoverbaptises"freedomoflabour。""Infantlabourhasbeencalledintoaid……eventoworkfortheirowndailybread。Withoutstrengthtoenduresuchdisproportionatetoil，withoutinstructiontoguidetheirfuturelife，theyhavebeenthrownintoasituationphysicallyandmorallypolluted。TheJewishhistorianhasremarkedupontheoverthrowofJerusalembyTitusthatitwasnowonderitshouldhavebeendestroyed，withsuchasignaldestruction，whenaninhumanmothersacrificedherownoffspringtosatisfythecravingsofabsolutehunger。"（"PublicEconomyConcentrated。"Carlisle，1833，p。66。）
　　[41]A。Redgravein"Reportsoflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1858，"pp。
　　40，41。
　　[42]"Children’sEmploymentCommission，FifthReport，"London，1866，p。81，n。31。[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？TheBethnalGreensilkindustryisnowalmostdestroyed。？F。E。]
　　[43]"Children’sEmploymentCommission，ThirdReport，"London，1864，p。53，n。15。
　　[44]l。c。，FifthReport，p。22，n。137。
　　[45]"SixthReportonPublicHealth，"Lond。，1864，p。34。
　　[46]"It（theinquiryof1861）……showed，moreover，thatwhile，withthedescribedcircumstances，infantsperishundertheneglectandmismanagementwhichtheirmothers’occupationsimply，themothersbecometoagrievousextentdenaturalisedtowardstheiroffspring—commonlynottroublingthemselvesmuchatthedeath，andevensometimes……takingdirectmeasurestoinsureit。"（l。c。）
　　[47]l。c。，p。454。
　　[48]l。c。，pp。454—463。"ReportbyDr。HenryJulianHunterontheexcessivemortalityofinfantsinsomeruraldistrictsofEngland。"
　　[49]l。c。，p。35andpp。455，456。
　　[50]l。c。，p。456。
　　[51]Intheagriculturalaswellasinthefactorydistrictstheconsumptionofopiumamongthegrown—uplabourers，bothmaleandfemale，isextendingdaily。"Topushthesaleofopiate……isthegreataimofsomeenterprisingwholesalemerchants。Bydruggistsitisconsideredtheleadingarticle。"
　　（l。c。，p。459。）Infantsthattakeopiates"shrankupintolittleoldmen，"
　　or"wizenedlikelittlemonkeys。"（l。c。，p。460。）WehereseehowIndiaandChinaavengedthemselvesonEngland。
　　[52]l。c。，p。37。
　　[53]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，"p。59。Mr。Bakerwasformerlyadoctor。
　　[54]L。Hornerin"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for30thJune，1857，"p。17。
　　[55]L。Hornerin"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1855，"pp。18，19。
　　[56]SirJohnKincaidin"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1858，"pp。31，32。
　　[57]L。Hornerin"Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1857，"pp。17，18。
　　[58]SirJ。Kincaidin"Reports，&c。，31stOct。，1856，"p。66。
　　[59]A。Redgravein"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31st。Oct。，1857，"pp。41—42。InthoseindustrieswheretheFactoryActproper（notthePrintWorksActreferredtointhetext）hasbeeninforceforsometime，theobstaclesinthewayoftheeducationclauseshave，inrecentyears，beenovercome。
　　InindustriesnotundertheAct，theviewsofMr。J。Geddes，aglassmanufacturer，stillextensivelyprevail。HeinformedMr。White，oneoftheInquiryCommissioners:
　　"AsfarasIcansee，thegreateramountofeducationwhichapartoftheworking—classhasenjoyedforsomeyearspastisanevil。Itisdangerous，becauseitmakesthemindependent。"（"Children’sEmpl。Comm。，FourthReport，"
　　Lond。，1865，p。253。）
　　[60]"Mr。E。，amanufacturer……informedmethatheemployedfemalesexclusivelyathispower—looms……givesadecidedpreferencetomarriedfemales，especiallythosewhohavefamiliesathomedependentonthemforsupport;theyareattentive，docile，moresothanunmarriedfemales，andarecompelledtousetheirutmostexertionstoprocurethenecessariesoflife。Thusarethevirtues，thepeculiarvirtuesofthefemalecharactertobepervertedtoherinjury—thusallthatismostdutifulandtenderinhernatureismadeameansofherbondageandsuffering。"（TenHours’FactoryBill。TheSpeechofLordAshley，March15th，Lond。，1844，p。20。）
　　[61]"Sincethegeneralintroductionofmachinery，humannaturehasbeenforcedfarbeyonditsaveragestrength。"（Rob。Owen:"ObservationsontheEffectsoftheManufacturingSystem，"2ndEd。，London，1817。）
　　[62]TheEnglish，whohaveatendencytolookupontheearliestformofappearanceofathingasthecauseofitsexistence，areinthehabitofattributingthelonghoursofworkinfactoriestotheextensivekidnappingofchildren，practisedbycapitalistsintheinfancyofthefactorysystem，onworkhousesandorphanages，bymeansofwhichrobbery，unresistingmaterialforexploitationwasprocured。Thus，forinstance，Ficiden，himselfamanufacturer，says:
　　"Itisevidentthatthelonghoursofworkwerebroughtaboutbythecircumstanceofsogreatanumberofdestitutechildrenbeingsuppliedfromdifferentpartsofthecountry，thatthemasterswereindependentofthehands，andthathavingonceestablishedthecustombymeansofthemiserablematerialstheyhadprocuredinthisway，theycouldimposeitontheirneighbourswiththegreaterfacility。"（J。Ficiden:"TheCurseoftheFactorySystem，"
　　Lond。，1836，p。I1。）Withreferencetothelabourofwomen，Saunders，thefactoryinspector，saysinhisreportof1844:"Amongstthefemaleoperativestherearesomewomenwho，formanyweeksinsuccession，exceptforafewdays，areemployedfrom6a。in。tillmidnight，withlessthan2hoursformeals，sothaton5daysoftheweektheyhaveonly6hoursleftoutofthe24，forgoingtoandfromtheirhomesandrestinginbed。"
　　[63]"Occasion……injurytothedelicatemovingpartsofmetallicmechanismbyinaction。"（Ure，l。c。，p。281。）
　　[64]TheManchesterSpinner（Times，26thNov。，1862）beforereferredtosaysinrelationtothissubject:"It（namely，the"allowancefordeteriorationofmachinery"）isalsointendedtocoverthelosswhichisconstantlyarisingfromthesupersedingofmachinesbeforetheyarewornout，byothersofanewandbetterconstruction。"
　　[65]"Ithasbeenestimated，roughly，thatthefirstindividualofanewly—inventedmachinewillcostaboutfivetimesasmuchastheconstructionofthesecond。"
　　（Babbage，l。c。，p。349。
　　[66]"Theimprovementswhichtookplacenotlongagoinframesformakingpatentnetweresogreatthatamachineingoodrepairwhichhadcost£1，200，soldafewyearsafterfor£60……improvementssucceededeachothersorapidly，thatmachineswhichhadneverbeenfinishedwereabandonedinthehandsoftheirmakers，becausenewimprovementsbadsupersededtheirutility。"（Babbage，l。c。，p。233。）Inthesestormy，go—aheadtimes，therefore，thetullemanufacturerssoonextendedtheworking—day，bymeansofdoublesetsofhands，fromtheoriginal8hoursto24。
　　[67]"Itisself—evident，that，amidtheebbingsandflowingsofthemarketsandthealternateexpansionsandcontractionsofdemand，occasionswillconstantlyrecur，inwhichthemanufacturermayemployadditionalfloatingcapitalwithoutemployingadditionalfixedcapital……ifadditionalquantitiesofrawmaterialcanbeworkedupwithoutincurringanadditionalexpenseforbuildingsandmachinery。"（R。Torrens:"OnWagesandCombination。"
　　London，1834，p。64。）
　　[68]Thiscircumstanceismentionedonlyforthesakeofcompleteness，forI
　　shallnotconsidertherateofprofit，i。e。，theratioofthesurplus—valuetothetotalcapitaladvanced，untilIcometothethirdbook。
　　[69]Senior，"LettersontheFactoryAct。"London，1837，pp。13，14。
　　[70]"Thegreatproportionoffixedtocirculatingcapital……makeslonghoursofworkdesirable。"Withtheincreaseduseofmachinery，&c。，"themotivestolonghoursofworkwillbecomegreater，astheonlymeansbywhichalargeproportionoffixedcapitalcanbemadeprofitable。"（l。
　　c。，pp。11—13。）"Therearecertainexpensesuponamillwhichgooninthesameproportionwhetherthemillberunningshortorfulltime，as，forinstance，rentrates，andtaxes，insuranceagainstfire，wagesofseveralpermanentservants，deteriorationofmachinery，withvariousotherchargesuponamanufacturingestablishment，theproportionofwhichtoprofitsincreasesastheproductiondecreases。"（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，"p。19。）
　　[71]Whyitis，thatthecapitalist，andalsothepoliticaleconomistswhoamimbuedwithhisviews，areunconsciousofthisimmanentcontradiction，willappearfromthefirstpartofthethirdbook。
　　[72]ItisoneofthegreatestmeritsofRicardotohaveseeninmachinerynotonlythemeansofproducingcommodities，butofcreatinga"redundantpopulation。"
　　[73]F。Biese。"DiePhilosophiedesAristoteles，"Vol。2。Berlin，1842，p。408。
　　[74]IgivebelowthetranslationofthispoembyStolberg，becauseitbringsintorelief，quiteinthespiritofformerquotationsreferringtodivisionoflabour，theantithesisbetweentheviewsoftheancientsandthemoderns。
　　"Sparethehandthatgrindsthecorn，Oh，millergirls，andsoftlysleep。
　　LetChanticleerannouncethemorninvain！DeohascommandedtheworkofthegirlstobedonebytheNymphs，andnowtheyskiplightlyoverthewheels，sothattheshakenaxlesrevolvewiththeirspokesandpullroundtheloadoftherevolvingstones。Letuslivethelifeofourfathers，andletusrestfromworkandenjoythegiftsthattheGoddesssendsus。""SchonetdermahlendenHand，oMüllerinnen，undschlafetSanft！esverkündederHahneuchdenMorgenumsonst！
　　DäohatdieArbeitderMidchendenNymphenbefohlen，UnditzthüpfensicleichtüberdieRäderdahin，DaBdieerschüttertenAchsenmitihrenSpeichensichwälzen，UndimKreisedieLastdrehendeswälzendenSteins。
　　LaBtunslebendasLebenderVäter，undlaBtunsderGabenArbeitsiosunsfreun，welchedieGöttinunsschenkt。"（GedichteausdemGriechischenübersetztvonChristianGrafzuStolberg，Hamburg，1782。）
　　[75]Thereare，ofcourse，alwaysdifferences，intheintensitiesofthelabourinvariousindustries。Butthesedifferencesare，asAdamSmithhasshown，compensatedtoapartialextentbyminorcircumstances，peculiartoeachsortoflabour。Labour—time，asameasureofvalue，isnot，however，affectedinthiscase，exceptinsofarasthedurationoflabour，andthedegreeofitsintensity，aretwoantitheticalandmutuallyexclusiveexpressionsforoneandthesamequantityoflabour。
　　[76]Especiallybypiece—work，aformweshallinvestigateinPartVI。ofthisbook。
　　[77]See"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1865。"
　　[78]Rep，ofInsp，ofFact。for1844andthequarterending30thApril，1845，pp。20—21。
　　[79]l。c。，p。19。Sincethewagesforpiece—workwereunaltered，theweeklywagesdependedonthequantityproduced。
　　[80]l。c。，p。20。
　　[81]Themoralelementplayedanimportantpartintheaboveexperiments。Theworkpeopletoldthefactoryinspector:"Weworkwithmorespirit，wehavetherewardeverbeforeusofgettingawaysooneratnight，andoneactiveandcheerfulspiritpervadesthewholemill，fromtheyoungestpiecertotheoldesthand，andwecangreatlyhelpeachother。"（l。c。，p。21。）
　　[82]JohnFielden，l。c。，p。32。
　　[83]LordAshley，l。c。，pp。6—9，passim。
　　[84]Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。forQuarterending30thSeptember，1844，andfrom1stOctober，1844，to30thApril，1845，p。20。
　　[85]l。c。，p。22。
　　[86]"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1862，"p。62。
　　[87]Thiswasalteredinthe"ParliamentaryReturn"of1862。Inittheactualhorse—powerofthemodernsteamenginesandwaterwheelsappearsinplaceofthenominal。Thedoublingspindles，too，arenolongerincludedinthespinningspindles（aswasthecaseinthe"Returns"of1839，1850，and1856）;further，inthecaseofwoollenmills，thenumberof"gigs"isadded，adistinctionmadebetweenjuteandhempmillsontheonehandandflaxmillsontheother，andfinallystocking—weavingisforthefirsttimeinsertedinthereport。
　　[88]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1856，"pp。13—14，20and1852，p。23。
　　[89]l。c。，pp。14—15。
　　[90]l。c。，P。20。
　　[91]"Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1858，"pp。0—10。Compare"Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1860，"p。30，sqq。
　　[92]"Reportsoflnsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，"pp。100and130。
　　[93]On2modernpower—loomsaweavernowmakesinaweekof60hours26piecesofcertainquality，length，andbreadth;whileontheoldpower—loomshecouldmakenomorethan4suchpieces。Thecostofweavingapieceofsuchclothhadalreadysoonafter1850fallenfrom2s。9d。to51/8d。
　　"Thirtyyearsago（1841）onespinnerwiththreeplacerswasnotrequiredtoattendtomorethanonepairofmuleswith300—324spindles。
　　Atthepresenttime（1871）hehastomindwiththehelpof5piecers2，200
　　spindles，andproducesnotlessthanseventimesasmuchyarnasin1841。"
　　（Alex。Redgrave，FactoryInspector—intheJournalofArts，5thJanuary，1872。）
　　[94]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1861，"pp。25，26。
　　[95]Theagitationforaworking—dayof8hourshasnow（1867）beguninLancashireamongthefactoryoperatives。
　　[96]Thefollowingfewfiguresindicatetheincreaseinthe"factories"oftheUnitedKingdomsince1848:
　　QuantityExported。
　　1848。QuantityExported。
　　1851。QuantityExported。
　　1860。QuantityExported。
　　1865。
　　COTTON
　　Cottonyarnlbs。
　　135，831，162lbs。
　　143，966，106lbs。
　　197，343，655lbs。
　　103，751，455
　　Sewingthread？nbsp;lbs。
　　4，392，176lbs。
　　6，297，554lbs。
　　4，648，611
　　Cottonclothyds。
　　1，091，373，930yds。
　　1，543，161，789yds。
　　2，776，218，427yds。
　　2，015，237，851
　　FLAX&HEMP
　　Yarnlbs。
　　11，722，182lbs。
　　18，841，326lbs。
　　31，210，612lbs。
　　36，777，334
　　Clothyds。
　　88，901，519yds。
　　129，106，753yds。
　　143，996，773yds。
　　247，012。529
　　SILK
　　Yarnlbs。
　　466，825lbs。
　　462，513lbs。
　　897，402lbs。
　　812，589
　　Cloth？nbsp;yds。
　　1，181，455yds。
　　1，307，293yds。
　　2，869，837
　　WOOL
　　WoollenandWorstedyarns？nbsp;lbs。
　　14，670，880lbs。
　　27，533，968lbs。
　　31，669，267
　　Cloth？nbsp;yds。
　　151，231，153yds。
　　190，371，507yds。
　　278，837，418
　　ValueExported。
　　1848。
　　£ValueExported。
　　1851。
　　£ValueExported。
　　1860。
　　£ValueExported。
　　1865。
　　£
　　COTTON
　　Yarn5，927，8316，634，0269，870，87510，351，049
　　Cloth16，753，36923，454，81042，141，50546，903，796
　　FLAX&HEMP
　　Yarn493，449951，4261，801，2722，505，497
　　Cloth2，802，7894，107，3964，804，8039，155，358
　　SILK
　　Yarn77，789196，380826，107768，064
　　Cloth？nbsp;1，130，3981，587，3031，409，221
　　WOOL
　　Yarn776，9751，484，5443，843，4505，424，047
　　Cloth5，733，8288，377，18312，156，99820，102，259SeetheBluebooks"StatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedKingdom，"Nos。8
　　and13。Lond。，1961and1866。InLancashirethenumberofmillsincreasedonly4percent。between1839and1850;19percent。between1850and1856;
　　and33percent。between1856and1862;whilethepersonsemployedinthemduringeachoftheaboveperiodsofItyearsincreasedabsolutely，butdiminishedrelatively。（See"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，for31stOct。，1862，"
　　p。63。）ThecottontradepreponderatesinLancashire。Wemayformanideaofthestupendousnatureofthecottontradeinthatdistrictwhenweconsiderthat，ofthegrossnumberoftextilefactoriesintheUnitedKingdom，itabsorbs45。2percent。，ofthespindles83。3percent。，ofthepower—looms81。4percent。，ofthemechanicalhorse—power72。6percent。，andofthetotalnumberofpersonsemployed58。2percent。（l。c。，pp。62—63。）
　　[97]Ure，l。c。，p。18。
　　[98]Ure，l。c。，P。31。SeeKarlMarx，l。c。，pp。140—141。
　　[99]Itlooksverylikeintentionalmisleadingbystatistics（whichmisleadingitwouldbepossibletoproveindetailinothercasestoo），whentheEnglishfactorylegislationexcludesfromitsoperationtheclassoflabourerslastmentionedinthetext，whiletheparliamentaryreturnsexpresslyincludeinthecategoryoffactoryoperatives，notonlyengineers，mechanics，&c。，butalsomanagers，salesmen，messengers，warehousemen，packers，&c。，inshorteverybody，excepttheownerofthefactoryhimself。
　　[100]Uregrantsthis。Hesays，"incaseofneed，"theworkmencanbemovedatthewillofthemanagerfromonemachinetoanother，andhetriumphantlyexclaims:"Suchachangeisinflatcontradictionwiththeoldroutine，thatdividesthelabour，andtooneworkmanassignsthetaskoffashioningtheheadofaneedle，toanotherthesharpeningofthepoint。"Hehadmuchbetterhaveaskedhimself，whythis"oldroutine"isdepartedfromintheautomaticfactory，only"incaseofneed。"
　　[101]Whendistressisverygreat，as，forinstance，duringtheAmericanCivilWar，thefactoryoperativeisnowandthensetbytheBourgeoistodotheroughestOfWork，suchasroad—making，&c……TheEnglish"ateliersnationaux"
　　of1862andthefollowingyears，establishedforthebenefitofthedestitutecottonoperatives，differfromtheFrenchof1848inthis，thatinthelattertheworkmenhadtodounproductiveworkattheexpenseofthestate，intheformertheyhadtodoproductivemunicipalworktotheadvantageofthebourgeois，andthat，too，cheaperthantheregularworkmen，withwhomtheywerethusthrownintocompetition。"Thephysicalappearanceofthecottonoperativesisunquestionablyimproved。ThisIattribute……
　　astothemen，tooutdoorlabouronpublicworks。"（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1863，"p。59。）ThewriterherealludestothePrestonfactoryoperatives，whowereemployedonPrestonMoor。
　　[102]Anexample:ThevariousmechanicalapparatusintroducedsincetheActof1844intowoollenmills，forreplacingthelabourofchildren。Sosoonasitshallhappenthatthechildrenofthemanufacturersthemselveshavetogothroughacourseofschoolingashelpersinthemill，thisalmostunexploredterritoryofmechanicswillsoonmakeremarkableprogress。"Ofmachinery，perhapsself—actingmulesareasdangerousasanyotherkind。
　　Mostoftheaccidentsfromthemhappentolittlechildren，fromtheircreepingunderthemulestosweepthefloorwhilstthemulesareinmotion。Several’minders’havebeenfinedforthisoffence，butwithoutmuchgeneralbenefit。
　　Ifmachinemakerswouldonlyinventaself—sweeper，bywhoseusethenecessityfortheselittlechildrentocreepunderthemachinerymightbeprevented，itwouldbeahappyadditiontoourprotectivemeasures。"（"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for31st。Oct。，1866，"p。63。）
　　[103]SomuchthenforProudhon’swonderfulidea:he"construes"machinerynotasasynthesisofinstrumentsoflabour，butasasynthesisofdetailoperationsforthebenefitofthelabourerhimself。
　　[104]F。Engels，l。c。，p。217。EvenanordinaryandoptimistFree—trader，likeMr。Molinari，goessofarastosay，"Unhommes’useplusviteensurveillant，quinzeheuresparjour，l’évolutionuniformed’unmécanisme，qu’enexercant，danslemêmeespacedetemps，saforcephysique。
　　Cetravaildesurveillancequiserviraitpeut—êtred’utilegymnastiqueàl’intelligence，s’iln’étaitpastropprolongé，détruitàlalongue，parsonexcès，etl’intelligence，etlecorpsmême。"（G。deMolinari:"ÉtudesÉconomiques。"
　　Paris，1846。）
　　[105]F。Engels，l。c。，p。216。
　　[106]"TheMasterSpinners’andManufacturers’DefenceFund。ReportoftheCommittee。"
　　Manchester，1854，p。17。Weshallseehereafter，thatthe"master"cansingquiteanothersong，whenheisthreatenedwiththelossofhis"living"
　　automaton。
　　[107]Ure，l。c。，p。15。WhoeverknowsthelifehistoryofArkwright，willneverdubthisbarber—genius"noble。"Ofallthegreatinventorsofthe18thcentury，hewasincontestablythegreatestthieverofotherpeople’sinventionsandthemeanestfellow。
　　[108]"Theslaveryinwhichthebourgeoisiehasboundtheproletariat，comesnowheremoreplainlyintodaylightthaninthefactorysystem。Initallfreedomcomestoanendbothatlawandinfact。Theworkmanmustbeinthefactoryathalfpastfive。Ifhecomeafewminuteslate，heispunished;
　　ifhecome10minuteslate，heisnotallowedtoenteruntilafterbreakfast，andthuslosesaquarterofaday’swage。Hemusteat，drinkandsleepatwordofcommand……Thedespoticbellcallshimfromhisbed，callshimfrombreakfastanddinner。Andhowdoeshefareinthemill？Therethemasteristheabsolutelaw—giver。Hemakeswhatregulationshepleases;
　　healtersandmakesadditionstohiscodeatpleasure;andifheinserttheveriestnonsense，thecourtssaytotheworkman:Sinceyouhaveenteredintothiscontractvoluntarily，youmustnowcarryitout……Theseworkmenarecondemnedtolive，fromtheirninthyeartilltheirdeath，underthismentalandbodilytorture。"（F。Engels，l。c。，p。217，sq。）What，"thecourtssay，"Iwillillustratebytwoexamples。OneoccursatSheffieldattheendof1866。Inthattownaworkmanhadengagedhimselffor2yearsinasteelworks。Inconsequenceofaquarrelwithhisemployerhelefttheworks，anddeclaredthatundernocircumstanceswouldheworkforthatmasteranymore。Hewasprosecutedforbreachofcontract，andcondemnedtotwomonths’imprisonment。（Ifthemasterbreakthecontract，hecanbeproceededagainstonlyinacivilaction，andrisksnothingbutmoneydamages。）Aftertheworkmanhasservedhistwomonths，themasterinviteshimtoreturntotheworks，pursuanttothecontract。Workmansays:No，hehasalreadybeenpunishedforthebreach。Themasterprosecutesagain，thecourtcondemnsagain，althoughoneofthejudges，Mr。Shee，publiclydenouncesthisasalegalmonstrosity，bywhichamancanperiodically，aslongashelives，bepunishedoverandoveragainforthesameoffenceorcrime。Thisjudgmentwasgivennotbythe"GreatUnpaid，"theprovincialDogberries，butbyoneofthehighestcourtsofjusticeinLondon。？[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？Thishasnowbeendoneawaywith。Withfewexceptions，e。g。，whenpublicgas—worksareinvolved，theworkerinEnglandisnowputonanequalfootingwiththeemployerincaseofbreachofcontractandcanbesuedonlycivilly。？F。E。]ThesecondcaseoccursinWiltshireattheendofNovember1863。About30power—loomweavers，intheemploymentofoneHarrup，aclothmanufactureratLeower’sMill，WestburyLeigh，struckworkbecausemasterHarrupindulgedintheagreeablehabitofmakingdeductionsfromtheirwagesforbeinglateinthemorning;
　　6d。for2minutes;1s。for3minutes，and1s。6d。fortenminutes。Thisisattherateof9s。perhour，and£410s。0d。perdiem;whilethewagesoftheweaversontheaverageofayear，neverexceeded10s。to12s。
　　weekly。Harrupalsoappointedaboytoannouncethestartingtimebyawhistle，whichheoftendidbeforesixo’clockinthemorning:andifthehandswerenotallthereatthemomentthewhistleceased，thedoorswereclosed，andthosehandswhowereoutsidewerefined:andastherewasnoclockonthepremises，theunfortunatehandswereatthemercyoftheyoungHarrup—inspiredtime—keeper。Thehandsonstrike，mothersoffamiliesaswellasgirls，offeredtoresumeworkifthetimekeeperwerereplacedbyaclock，andamorereasonablescaleoffineswereintroduced。HarrupsummonedI9womenandgirlsbeforethemagistratesforbreachofcontract。Totheutterindignationofallpresent，theywereeachmulctedinafineof6d。
　　and2s。6d。forcosts。Harrupwasfollowedfromthecourtbyacrowdofpeoplewhohissedhim。Afavouriteoperationwithmanufacturersistopunishtheworkpeoplebydeductionsmadefromtheirwagesonaccountoffaultsinthematerialworkedon。Thismethodgaverisein1866toageneralstrikeintheEnglishpotterydistricts。ThereportsoftheCh。Empl。Corn。（1863—1866），givecaseswheretheworkernotonlyreceivesnowages，butbecomes，bymeansofhislabour，andofthepenalregulations，thedebtortoboot，ofhisworthymaster。Thelatecottoncrisisalsofurnishededifyingexamplesofthesagacityshownbythefactoryautocratsinmakingdeductionsfromwages。Mr。R。Baker，theInspectorofFactories，says，"Ihavemyselfhadlatelytodirectprosecutionsagainstonecottonmilloccupierforhavinginthesepinchingandpainfultimesdeducted10d。apiecefromsomeoftheyoungworkersemployedbyhim，forthesurgeon’scertificate（forwhichhehimselfhadonlypaid6d。），whenonlyallowedbythelawtodeduct3d。，andbycustomnothingatall……AndIhavebeeninformedofanother，who，inordertokeepwithoutthelaw，buttoattainthesameobject，chargesthepoorchildrenwhoworkforhimashillingeach，asafeeforlearningthemtheartandmysteryofcottonspinning，sosoonastheyaredeclaredbythesurgeonfitandproperpersonsforthatoccupation。Theremaythereforebeundercurrentcausesforsuchextraordinaryexhibitionsasstrikes，notonlywherevertheyarise，butparticularlyatsuchtimesasthepresent，whichwithoutexplanation，rendertheminexplicabletothepublicunderstanding。"
　　Healludesheretoastrikeofpower—loomweaversatDarwen，June，1863。
　　（"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for30April，1863，"pp。50—51。）Thereportsalwaysgobeyondtheirofficialdates。
　　[109]TheprotectionaffordedbytheFactoryActsagainstdangerousmachineryhashadabeneficialeffect。"But……thereareothersourcesofaccidentwhichdidnotexisttwentyyearssince;oneespecially，viz。，theincreasedspeedofthemachinery。Wheels，rollers，spindlesandshuttlesarenowpropelledatincreasedandincreasingrates;fingersmustbequickeranddefterintheirmovementstotakeupthebrokenthread，for，ifplacedwithhesitationorcarelessness，theyaresacrificed……Alargenumberofaccidentsarecausedbytheeagernessoftheworkpeopletogetthroughtheirworkexpeditiously。Itmustberememberedthatitisofthehighestimportancetomanufacturersthattheirmachineryshouldbeinmotion，i。e。，producingyamsandgoods。Everyminute’sstoppageisnotonlyalossofpower，butofproduction，andtheworkpeopleareurgedbytheoverlookers，whoareinterestedinthequantityofworkturnedoff，tokeepthemachineryinmotion，anditisnolessimportanttothoseoftheoperativeswhoarepaidbytheweightorpiece，thatthemachinesshouldbekeptinmotion。
　　Consequently，althoughitisstrictlyforbiddeninmany，nayinmostfactories，thatmachineryshouldbecleanedwhileinmotion，itisneverthelesstheconstantpracticeinmost，ifnotinall，thattheworkpeopledo，unreproved，pickoutwaste，wiperollersandwheels，&c。，whiletheirframesareinmotion。Thusfromthiscauseonly，906accidentshaveoccurredduringthesixmonths……Althoughagreatdealofcleaningisconstantlygoingondaybyday，yetSaturdayisgenerallythedaysetapartforthethoroughcleaningofthemachinery，andagreatdealofthisisdonewhilethemachineryisinmotion。"Sincecleaningisnotpaidfor，theworkpeopleseektogetdonewithitasspeedilyaspossible。Hence"thenumberofaccidentswhichoccuronFridays，andespeciallyonSaturdays，ismuchlargerthanonanyotherday。Ontheformerdaytheexcessisnearly’。2percent。overtheaveragenumberofthefourfirstdaysoftheweek，andonthelatterdaytheexcessis25percent。overtheaverageoftheprecedingfivedays;
　　or，ifthenumberofworking—hoursonSaturdaybeingtakenintoaccount？71/2hoursonSaturdayascomparedwith101/2onotherdays？thereisanexcessof65percent。onSaturdaysovertheaverageoftheotherfivedays。"（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1866，"pp。9，15，16，17。）
　　[110]InPartI。ofBookIII。IshallgiveanaccountofarecentcampaignbytheEnglishmanufacturersagainsttheClausesintheFactoryActsthatprotectthe"hands"againstdangerousmachinery。Forthepresent，letthisonequotationfromtheofficialreportofLeonardHornersuffice:"Ihaveheardsomemill—ownersspeakwithinexcusablelevityofsomeoftheaccidents;