Itbecomesaquestionoflifeanddeathforsocietytoadaptthemodeofproductiontothenormalfunctioningofthislaw。ModernIndustry，indeed，compelssociety，underpenaltyofdeath，toreplacethedetail—workerofto—day，grappledbylife—longrepetitionofoneandthesametrivialoperation，andthusreducedtothemerefragmentofaman，bythefullydevelopedindividual，fitforavarietyoflabours，readytofaceanychangeofproduction，andtowhomthedifferentsocialfunctionsheperforms，arebutsomanymodesofgivingfreescopetohisownnaturalandacquiredpowers。
　　Onestepalreadyspontaneouslytakentowardseffectingthisrevolutionistheestablishmentoftechnicalandagriculturalschools，andof"écolesd’enseignementprofessionnel，"inwhichthechildrenoftheworking—menreceivesomelittleinstructionintechnologyandinthepracticalhandlingofthevariousimplementsoflabour。ThoughtheFactoryAct，thatfirstandmeagreconcessionwrungfromcapital，islimitedtocombiningelementaryeducationwithworkinthefactory，therecanbenodoubtthatwhentheworking—classcomesintopower，asinevitablyitmust，technicalinstruction，boththeoreticalandpractical，willtakeitsproperplaceintheworking—classschools。Thereisalsonodoubtthatsuchrevolutionaryregents，thefinalresultofwhichistheabolitionoftheolddivisionoflabour，arediametricallyopposedtothecapitalisticformofproduction，andtotheeconomicstatusofthelabourercorrespondingtothatform。Butthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheantagonisms，immanentinagivenformofproduction，istheonlywayinwhichthatformofproductioncanbedissolvedandanewformestablished。"Nesutorultracrepidam"？thisnecplusultraofhandicraftwisdombecamesheernonsense，fromthemomentthewatchmakerWattinventedthesteam—engine，thebarberArkwright，thethrostle，andtheworking—jeweller，Fulton，thesteamship;[228]
　　SolongasFactorylegislationisconfinedtoregulatingthelabourinfactories，manufactories，&c。，itisregardedasamereinterferencewiththeexploitingrightsofcapital。Butwhenitcomestoregulatingtheso—called"home—labour，"[229]itisimmediatelyviewedasadirectattackonthepatriapotestas，onparentalauthority。Thetender—heartedEnglishParliamentlongaffectedtoshrinkfromtakingthisstep。Theforceoffacts，however，compelleditatlasttoacknowledgethatmodernindustry，inoverturningtheeconomicfoundationonwhichwasbasedthetraditionalfamily，andthefamilylabourcorrespondingtoit，hadalsounloosenedalltraditionalfamilyties。Therightsofthechildrenhadtobeproclaimed。ThefinalreportoftheCh。
　　Empl。Comm。of1866，states:"Itisunhappily，toapainfuldegree，apparentthroughoutthewholeoftheevidence，thatagainstnopersonsdothechildrenofbothsexessomuchrequireprotectionasagainsttheirparents。"Thesystemofunlimitedexploitationofchildren’slabouringeneralandtheso—calledhome—labourinparticularis"maintainedonlybecausetheparentsareable，withoutcheckorcontrol，toexercisethisarbitraryandmischievouspowerovertheiryoungandtenderoffspring……
　　Parentsmustnotpossesstheabsolutepowerofmakingtheirchildrenmere’machinestoearnsomuchweeklywage……’Thechildrenandyoungpersons，therefore，inallsuchcasesmayjustifiablyclaimfromthelegislature，asanaturalright，thatanexemptionshouldbesecuredtothem，fromwhatdestroysprematurelytheirphysicalstrength，andlowerstheminthescaleofintellectualandmoralbeings。"[230]Itwasnot，however，themisuseofparentalauthoritythatcreatedthecapitalisticexploitation，whetherdirectorindirect，ofchildren’slabour;
　　but，onthecontrary，itwasthecapitalisticmodeofexploitationwhich，bysweepingawaytheeconomicbasisofparentalauthority，madeitsexercisedegenerateintoamischievousmisuseofpower。
　　Howeverterribleanddisgustingthedissolution，underthecapitalistsystem，oftheoldfamilytiesmayappear，nevertheless，modernindustry，byassigningasitdoesanimportantpartintheprocessofproduction，outsidethedomesticsphere，towomen，toyoungpersons，andtochildrenofbothsexes，createsaneweconomicfoundationforahigherformofthefamilyandoftherelationsbetweenthesexes。Itis，ofcourse，justasabsurdtoholdtheTeutonic—ChristianformofthefamilytobeabsoluteandfinalasitwouldbetoapplythatcharactertotheancientRoman，theancientGreek，ortheEasternformswhich，moreover，takentogetherformaseriesinhistoricaldevelopment。Moreover，itisobviousthatthefactofthecollectiveworkinggroupbeingcomposedofindividualsofbothsexesandallages，mustnecessarily，undersuitableconditions，becomeasourceofhumanedevelopment;althoughinitsspontaneouslydeveloped，brutal，capitalisticform，wherethelabourerexistsfortheprocessofproduction，andnottheprocessofproductionforthelabourer，thatfactisapestiferoussourceofcorruptionandslavery。[231]
　　ThenecessityforageneralisationoftheFactoryActs，fortransformingthemfromanexceptionallawrelatingtomechanicalspinningandweaving？thosefirstcreationsofmachinery？intoalawaffectingsocialproductionasawhole，arose，aswehaveseen，fromthemodeinwhichModernIndustrywashistoricallydeveloped。Intherearofthatindustry，thetraditionalformofmanufacture，ofhandicraft，andofdomesticindustry，isentirelyrevolutionised;manufacturesareconstantlypassingintothefactorysystem，andhandicraftsintomanufactures;andlastlp;thespheresofhandicraftandofthedomesticindustriesbecome，ina，comparativelyspeaking，wonderfullyshorttime，densofmiseryinwhichcapitalisticexploitationobtainsfreeplayforthewildestexcesses。Therearetwocircumstancesthatfinallyturnthescale:first，theconstantlyrecurringexperiencethatcapital，sosoonasitfindsitselfsubjecttolegalcontrolatonepoint，compensatesitselfallthemorerecklesslyatotherpoints;[232]secondly，thecryofthecapitalistsforequalityintheconditionsofcompetition，i。e。，forequalrestrainonallexploitationoflabour。[233]Onthispointletuslistentotwoheart—brokencries。Messrs。CooksleyofBristol，nailandchain，&c。，manufacturers，spontaneouslyintroducedtheregulationsoftheFactoryActintotheirbusiness。"Astheoldirregularsystemprevailsinneighbouringworks，theMessrs。Cooksleyaresubjecttothedisadvantageofhavingtheirboysenticedtocontinuetheirlabourelsewhereafter6
　　p。m。’This，’theynaturallysay，’isanunjusticeandlosstous，asitexhaustsaportionoftheboy’sstrength，ofwhichweoughttohavethefullbenefit。"[234]Mr。J。Simpson（paperboxandbagmaker，London）statesbeforethecommissionersoftheCh。Empl。Comm。:"Hewouldsignanypetitionforit"（legislativeinterference）……"Asitwas，healwaysfeltrestlessatnight，whenhehadclosedhisplace，lestothersshouldbeworkinglaterthanhimandgettingawayhisorders。"[235]Summarising，theCh。Empl。Comm。says:"Itwouldbeunjusttothelargeremployersthattheirfactoriesshouldbeplacedunderregulation，whilethehoursoflabourinthesmallerplacesintheirownbranchofbusinesswereundernolegislativerestriction。Andtotheinjusticearisingfromtheunfairconditionsofcompetition，inregardtohours，thatwouldbecreatedifthesmallerplacesofworkwereexempt，wouldbeaddedthedisadvantagetothelargermanufacturers，offindingtheirsupplyofjuvenileandfemalelabourdrawnofftotheplacesofworkexemptfromlegislation。Further，astimuluswouldbegiventothemultiplicationofthesmallerplacesofwork，whicharealmostinvariablytheleastfavourabletothehealth，comfort，education，andgeneralimprovementofthepeople。"[236]
　　InitsfinalreporttheCommissionproposestosubjecttotheFactoryActmorethan1，400，000children，youngpersons，andwomen，ofwhichnumberaboutonehalfareexploitedinsmallindustriesandbytheso—calledhome—work。[237]Itsays，"ButifitshouldseemfittoParliamenttoplacethewholeofthatlargenumberofchildren，youngpersonsandfemalesundertheprotectivelegislationaboveadvertedto……itcannotbedoubtedthatsuchlegislationwouldhaveamostbeneficenteffect，notonlyupontheyoungandthefeeble，whoareitsmoreimmediateobjects，butuponthestilllargerbodyofadultworkers，whowouldinalltheseemployments，bothdirectlyandindirectly，comeimmediatelyunderitsinfluence。Itwouldenforceuponthemregularandmoderatehours;itwouldleadtotheirplacesofworkbeingkeptinahealthyandcleanlystate;itwouldthereforehusbandandimprovethatstoreofphysicalstrengthonwhichtheirownwell—beingandthatofthecountrysomuchdepends;itwouldsavetherisinggenerationfromthatoverexertionatanearlyagewhichunderminestheirconstitutionsandleadstoprematuredecay;finally，itwouldensurethem？atleastuptotheageof13？theopportunityofreceivingtheelementsofeducation，andwouldputanendtothatutterignorance……gofaithfullyexhibitedintheReportsofourAssistantCommissioners，andwhichcannotberegardedwithoutthedeepestpain，andaprofoundsenseofnationaldegradatiop;[238]
　　TheToryCabinet[239]announcedintheSpeechfromtheThrone，onFebruary5，1867，thatithadframedtheproposalsoftheIndustrialCommissionofInquiry[240]intoBills。Togetthatfar，anothertwentyyearsofexperimentumincorporevilihadbeenrequired。Alreadyin1840aParliamentaryCommissionofInquiryonthelabourofchildrenhadbeenappointed。ItsReport，in1842，unfolded，inthewordsofNassauW。Senior，"themostfrightfulpictureofavarice，selfishnessandcrueltyonthepartofmastersandofparents，andofjuvenileandinfantilemisery，degradationanddestructioneverpresented……Itmaybesupposedthatitdescribesthehorrorsofapastage。Butthereisunhappilyevidencethatthosehorrorscontinueasintenseastheywere。ApamphletpublishedbyHardwickeabout2yearsagostatesthattheabusescomplainedofin1842，areinfullbloomatthepresentday。Itisastrangeproofofthegeneralneglectofthemoralsandhealthofthechildrenoftheworking—class，thatthisreportlayunnoticedfor20years，duringwhichthechildren，’bredupwithouttheremotestsignofcomprehensionastowhatismeantbythetermmorals，whohadneitherknowledge，norreligion，nornaturalaffection，’wereallowedtobecometheparentsofthepresentgeneration。"[241]
　　Thesocialconditionshavingundergoneachange，ParliamentcouldnotventuretoshelvethedemandsoftheCommissionof1862，asithaddonethoseoftheCommissionof1840。Hencein1864，whentheCommissionhadnotyetpublishedmorethanapartofitsreports，theearthenwareindustries（includingthepotteries），makersofpaperhangings，matches，cartridges，andcaps，andfustiancuttersweremadesubjecttotheActsinforceinthetextileindustries。IntheSpeechfromtheThrone，on5thFebruary，1867，theToryCabinetofthedayannouncedtheintroductionofBills，foundedonthefinalrecommendationsoftheCommission，whichhadcompleteditslaboursin1866。
　　Onthe15thAugust，1867，theFactoryActsExtensionAct，andonthe21stAugust，theWorkshops’RegulationActreceivedtheRoyalAssent;theformerActhavingreferencetolargeindustries，thelattertosmall。
　　Theformerappliestoblast—furnaces，iron’andcoppermills，foundries，machineshops，metalmanufactories，gutta—perchaworks，papermills，glass—works，tobaccomanufactories，letter—pressprinting（includingnewspapers），book—binding，inshorttoallindustrialestablishmentsoftheabovekind，inwhich50
　　individualsormoreareoccupiedsimultaneously，andfornotlessthan100daysduringtheyear。
　　TogiveanideaoftheextentofthesphereembracedbytheWorkshops’
　　RegulationActinitsapplication，wecitefromitsinterpretationclause，thefollowingpassages:
　　"Handicraftshallmeananymanuallabourexercisedbywayoftrade，orforpurposesofgainin，orincidentalto，themakinganyarticleorpartofanarticle，orin，orincidentalto，thealtering，repairing，ornamenting，finishing，orotherwiseadaptingforsaleanyarticle。"
　　"Workshopshallmeananyroomorplacewhateverintheopenairorundercover，inwhichanyhandicraftiscarriedonbyanychild，youngperson，orwoman，andtowhichandoverwhichthepersonbywhomsuchchild，youngperson，orwomanisemployed，hastherightofaccessandcontrol。"
　　"Employedshallmeanoccupiedinanyhandicraft，whetherforwagesornot，underamasterorunderaparentashereindefined。"
　　"Parentshallmeanparent，guardian，orperson，havingthecustodyof，orcontrolover，any……childoryoungperson。"
　　Clause7，whichimposesapenaltyforemploymentofchildren，youngpersons，andwomen，contrarytotheprovisionsoftheAct，subjectstofines，notonlytheoccupieroftheworkshop，whetherparentornot，buteven"theparentof，orthepersonderivinganydirectbenefitfromthelabourof，orhavingthecontrolover，thechild，youngpersonorwoman。
　　"
　　TheFactoryActsExtensionAct，whichaffectsthelargeestablishments，derogatesfromtheFactoryActbyacrowdofviciousexceptionsandcowardlycompromiseswiththemasters。
　　TheWorkshops’RegulationAct，wretchedinallitsdetails，remainedadeadletterinthehandsofthemunicipalandlocalauthoritieswhowerechargedwithitsexecution。When，in1871，Parliamentwithdrewfromthemthispower，inordertoconferitontheFactoryInspectors，towhoseprovinceitthusaddedbyasinglestrokemorethanonehundredthousandworkshops，andthreehundredbrickworks，carewastakenatthesametimenottoaddmorethaneightassistantstotheiralreadyundermannedstaff。[242]
　　Whatstrikesus，then，intheEnglishlegislationof1867，is，ontheonehand，thenecessityimposedontheparliamentoftherulingclasses，ofadoptinginprinciplemeasuressoextraordinary，andonsogreatascale，againsttheexcessesofcapitalisticexploitation;andontheotherhand，thehesitation，therepugnance，andthebadfaith，withwhichitlentitselftothetaskofcarryingthosemeasuresintopractice。
　　TheInquiryCommissionof1862alsoproposedanewregulationoftheminingindustry，anindustrydistinguishedfromothersbytheexceptionalcharacteristicthattheinterestsoflandlordandcapitalisttherejoinhands。TheantagonismofthesetwointerestshadbeenfavourabletoFactorylegislation，whileontheotherhandtheabsenceofthatantagonismissufficienttoexplainthedelaysandchicaneryofthelegislationonmines。
　　TheInquiryCommissionof1840hadmaderevelationssoterrible，soshocking，andcreatingsuchascandalalloverEurope，thattosalveitsconscienceParliamentpassedtheMiningActof1842，inwhichitlimiteditselftoforbiddingtheemploymentundergroundinminesofchildrenunder10yearsofageandfemales。
　　ThenanotherAct，TheMines’InspectingActof1860，providesthatminesshallbeinspectedbypublicofficersnominatedspeciallyforthatpurpose，andthatboysbetweentheagesof10and12yearsshallnotbeemployed，unlesstheyhaveaschoolcertificate，orgotoschoolforacertainnumberofhours。ThisActwasacompletedeadletterowingtotheridiculouslysmallnumberofinspectors，themeagrenessoftheirpowers，andothercausesthatwillbecomeapparentasweproceed。
　　OneofthemostrecentBluebooksonminesisthe"ReportfromtheSelectCommitteeonMines，togetherwith&c。Evidence，23rdJuly，1866。"ThisReportistheworkofaParliamentaryCommitteeselectedfrommembersoftheHouseofCommons，andauthorisedtosummonandexaminewitnesses。ItisathickfoliovolumeinwhichtheReportitselfoccupiesonlyfivelinestothiseffect;thatthecommitteehasnothingtosay，andthatmorewitnessesmustbeexamined！
　　ThemodeofexaminingthewitnessesremindsoneofthecrossexaminationofwitnessesinEnglishcourtsofjustice，wheretheadvocatetries，bymeansofimpudent，unexpected，equivocalandinvolvedquestions，putwithoutconnexion，tointimidate，surprise，andconfoundthewitness，andtogiveaforcedmeaningtotheanswersextortedfromhim。Inthisinquirythemembersofthecommitteethemselvesarethecross—examiners，andamongthemaretobefoundbothmine—ownersandmineexploiters;thewitnessesaremostlyworkingcoalminers。Thewholefarceistoocharacteristicofthespiritofcapital，nottocallforafewextractsfromthisReport。
　　ForthesakeofconcisenessIhaveclassifiedthem。ImayalsoaddthateveryquestionanditsanswerarenumberedintheEnglishBluebooks。
　　1。Employmentinminesofboysof10yearsandupwards。？Intheminesthework，inclusiveofgoingandreturning，usuallylasts14
　　or15hours，sometimesevenfrom3，4and5o’clocka。m。，till5and6
　　o’clockp。m。（n。6，452，83）。Theadultsworkintwoshifts，ofeighthourseach;butthereisnoalternationwiththeboys，onaccountoftheexpense（n。80，203，204）。Theyoungerboysarechieflyemployedinopeningandshuttingtheventilatingdoorsinthevariouspartsofthemine;theolderonesareemployedonheavierwork。incarryingcoal，&c。（n。122，739，1747）。Theyworktheselonghoursundergrounduntiltheir18thor22ndyear，whentheyareputtominer’sworkproper（n。161）。Childrenandyoungpersonsareatpresentworsetreated，andharderworkedthanatanypreviousperiod（n。1663—1667）。TheminersdemandalmostunanimouslyanactofParliamentprohibitingtheemploymentinminesofchildrenunder14。AndnowHusseyVivian（himselfanexploiterofmines）asks:"Wouldnottheopinionoftheworkmandependuponthepovertyoftheworkman’sfamily？"Mr。Bruce:
　　"Doyounotthinkitwouldbeaveryhardcase，whereaparenthadbeeninjured，orwherehewassickly，orwhereafatherwasdead，andtherewasonlyamother，topreventachildbetween12and14earning1s。7d。
　　adayforthegoodofthefamily？……Youmustlaydownageneralrule？……Areyoupreparedtorecommendlegislationwhichwouldpreventtheemploymentofchildrenunder12and14，whateverthestateoftheirparentsmightbe？""Yes。"（ns。107—110）。Vivian:"Supposingthatanenactmentwerepassedpreventingtheemploymentofchildrenundertheageof14，woulditnotbeprobablethat……theparentsofchildrenwouldseekemploymentfortheirchildreninotherdirections，forinstance，inmanufacture？""NotgenerallyIthink"（n。174）。Kinnaird:"Someoftheboysarekeepersofdoors？""Yes。""Istherenotgenerallyaverygreatdraughteverytimeyouopenadoororclos;it？""Yes，generallythereis。""Itsoundsaveryeasything，butitisinfactratherapainfulone？"
　　"Heisimprisonedtherejustthesameasifhewasinacellofagaol。"
　　BourgeoisVivian:"Wheneveraboyisfurnishedwithalampcannotheread？"
　　"Yes，hecanread，ifhefindshimselfincandles……Isupposehewouldbefoundfaultwithifhewerediscoveredreading;heistheretomindhisbusiness，hehasadutytoperform，andhehastoattendtoitinthefirstplace，andIdonotthinkitwouldbealloweddownthepit。"（ns。
　　139，141，143，158，160）。
　　II。Education。？Theworkingminerswantalawforthecompulsoryeducationoftheirchildren，asinfactories。TheydeclaretheclausesoftheActof1860，whichrequireaschoolcertificatetobeobtainedbeforeemployingboysof10and12yearsofage，tobequiteillusory。Theexaminationofthewitnessesonthissubjectistrulydroll。"Isit（theAct）requiredmoreagainstthemastersoragainsttheparents？""ItisrequiredagainstbothIthink。""Youcannotsaywhetheritisrequiredagainstonemorethanagainsttheother？""No;Icanhardlyanswerthatquestion。"（ns。
　　115，116）。"Doesthereappeartobeanydesireonthepartoftheemployersthattheboysshouldhavesuchhoursastoenablethemtogotoschool？"
　　"No;thehoursarenevershortenedforthatpurpose。"（n。137）Mr。Kinnaird:
　　"Shouldyousaythatthecolliersgenerallyimprovetheireducation;haveyouanyinstancesofmenwhohave，sincetheybegantowork，greatlyimprovedtheireducation，ordotheynotrathergoback，andloseanyadvantagethattheymayhavegained？""Theygenerallybecomeworse:theydonotimprove;
　　theyacquirebadhabits;theygetontodrinkingandgamblingandsuchlike，，andtheygocompletelytowreck。"（n。211。）"Dotheymakeanyattemptofthekind（forprovidinginstruction）byhavingschoolsatnight？""Therearefewcollierieswherenightschoolsareheld，andperhapsatthosecollieriesafewboysdogotothoseschools;buttheyaresophysicallyexhaustedthatitistonopurposethattheygothere。"（n。454。）"Youarethen，"
　　concludesthebourgeois，"againsteducation？""Mostcertainlynot;but，"
　　&c。（n。443。）"Butarethey（theemployers）notcompelledtodemandthem（schoolcertificates）？""Bylawtheyare;butIamnotawarethattheyaredemandedbytheemployers。""Thenitisyouropinion，thatthisprovisionoftheActastorequiringcertificates，isnotgenerallycarriedoutinthecollieries？""Itisnotcarriedout。"（ns。443，444。）"Dothementakeagreatinterestinthisquestion（ofeducation）？""Themajorityofthemdo。"（n。717。）"Aretheyveryanxioustoseethelawenforced？"
　　"Themajorityare。"（n。718。）"Doyouthinkthatinthiscountryanylawthatyoupass……canreallybeeffectualunlessthepopulationthemselvesassistinputtingitintooperation？""Manyamanmightwishtoobjecttoemployingaboy，buthewouldperhapsbecomemarkedbyit。"（n。720。）
　　"Markedb;whom？""Byhisemployers。"（n。721。）
　　"Doyouthinkthattheemployerswouldfindanyfaultwithamanwhoobeyedthelaw……？""Ibelievetheywould。"（n。722。）"Haveyoueverheardofanyworkmanobjectingtoemployaboybetween10and12，whocouldnotwriteorread？""Itisnotlefttomen’soption。"（n。123。）"WouldyoucallfortheinterferenceofParliament？""Ithinkthatifanythingeffectualistobedoneintheeducationofthecolliers’’children，itwillhavetobemadecompulsorybyActofParliament。"（n。1634。）"Wouldyoulaythatobligationuponthecolliersonly，oralltheworkpeopleofGreatBritain？""Icametospeakforthecolliers。"（n。1636。）"Whyshouldyoudistinguishthem（collieryboys）fromotherboys？""BecauseIthinktheyareanexceptiontotherule。"（n。1638。）"Inwhatrespect？""Inaphysicalrespect。"（n。1639。）"Whyshouldeducationbemorevaluabletothemthantootherclassesoflads？""Idonotknowthatitismorevaluable;butthroughtheover—exertioninminesthereislesschancefortheboysthatareemployedtheretogeteducation，eitheratSundayschools，oratdayschools。"（n。1640。）"Itisimpossibletolookataquestionofthissortabsolutelybyitself？"（n。1644。）"Isthereasufficiencyofschools？"？"No"……（n。1646）。"IftheStateweretorequirethateverychildshouldbesenttoschool，wouldtherebeschoolsforthechildrentogoto？""No;
　　butIthinkifthecircumstancesweretospringup，theschoolswouldbeforthcoming。"（n。1647。）"Someofthem（theboys）cannotreadandwriteatall，Isuppose？""Themajoritycannot……Themajorityofthementhemselvescannot。"（ns。705，725。）
　　III。Employmentofwomen。？Since1842womenarenomoreemployedunderground，butareoccupiedonthesurfaceinloadingthecoal，&c。，indrawingthetubstothecanalsandrailwaywaggons，insorting，&c。
　　Theirnumbershaveconsiderablyincreasedduringthelastthreeorfouryears。（n。1727。）Theyaremostlythewives，daughters，andwidowsoftheworkingminers，andtheiragesrangefrom12to50or60years。（ns。645，1779。）"Whatisthefeelingamongtheworkingminersastotheemploymentofwomen？""Ithinktheygenerallycondemnit。"（n。648。）"Whatobjectiondoyouseetoit？""Ithinkitisdegradingtothesex。"（n。649。）"Thereisapeculiarityofdress？""Yes……itisratheraman’sdress，andI
　　believeinsomecases，itdrownsallsenseofdecency。""Dothewomensmoke？"
　　"Somedo。""AndIsupposeitisverydirtywork？""Verydirty。""Theygetblackandgrimy？""Asblackasthosewhoaredownthemines……Ibelievethatawomanhavingchildren（andthereareplentyonthebanksthathave）
　　cannotdoherdutytoherchildren。"（ns。650—654，701。）"Doyouthinkthatthosewidowscouldgetemploymentanywhereelse，whichwouldbringtheminasmuchwagesasthat（from8s。to10s。aweek）？""Icannotspeaktothat。"（n。709。）"Youwouldstillbeprepared，woul;you，"
　　（flint—heartedfellow！）"topreventtheirobtainingalivelihoodbythesemeans？""Iwould。"（n。710。）"Whatisthegeneralfeelinginthedistrict……astotheemploymentofwomen？""Thefeelingisthatitisdegrading;
　　andwewishasminerstohavemorerespecttothefairsexthantoseethemplacedonthepitbank……Somepartoftheworkisveryhard;someofthesegirlshaveraisedasmuchas10tonsofstuffaday。"（ns。1715，1717。）
　　"Doyouthinkthatthewomenemployedaboutthecollieriesarelessmoralthanthewomenemployedinthefactories？""……thepercentageofbadonesmaybealittlemore……thanwiththegirlsinthefactories。"（n。1237。）
　　"Butyouarenotquitesatisfiedwiththestateofmoralityinthefactories？"
　　"No。"（n。1733。）"Wouldyouprohibittheemploymentofwomeninfactoriesalso？""No，Iwouldnot。"（n。1734。）"Whynot？""Ithinkitamorehonourableoccupationfortheminthemills。"（n。1735。）"Stillitisinjurioustotheirmorality，youthink？""Notsomuchasworkingonthepitbank;butitismoreonthesocialpositionItakeit;Idonottakeitonitsmoralgroundalone。Thedegradation，initssocialbearingonthegirls，isdeplorableintheextreme。Whenthese400or500girlsbecomecolliers’wives，themensuffergreatlyfromthisdegradation，anditcausesthemtoleavetheirhomesanddrink。"（n。1736。）"Youwouldbeobligedtostoptheemploymentofwomenintheironworksaswell，wouldyounot，ifyoustoppeditinthecollieries？""Icannotspeakforanyothertrade。"（n。1737。）"Canyouseeanydifferenceinthecircumstancesofwomenemployedinironworks，andthecircumstancesofwomenemployedabovegroundincollieries？""I
　　havenotascertainedanythingastothat。"（n。1740。）"Canyouseeanythingthatmakesadistinctionbetweenoneclassandtheother？""Ihavenotascertainedthat，butIknowfromhousetohousevisitation，thatitisadeplorablestateofthingsinourdistrict……"（n。1741。）"Wouldyouinterfereineverycasewiththeemploymentofwomenwherethatemploymentwasdegrading？""Itwouldbecomeinjurious，Ithink，inthisway:thebestfeelingsofEnglishmenhavebeengainedfromtheinstructionofamother……（n。1750。）"Thatequallyappliestoagriculturalemployments，doesitnot？""Yes，butthatisonlyfortwoseasons，andwehaveworkallthefourseasons。"（n。1751。）"Theyoftenworkdayandnight，wetthroughtotheskin，theirconstitutionunderminedandtheirhealthruined。""Youhavenotinquiredintothatsubjectperhaps？""IhavecertainlytakennoteofitasIhavegonealong，andcertainlyIhaveseennothingparalleltotheeffectsoftheemploymentofwomenonthepitbank……Itistheworkofaman……astrongman。"（ns。1753，1793，1794。）"Yourfeelinguponthewholesubjectisthatthebetterclassofcollierswhodesiretoraisethemselvesandhumanisethemselves，insteadofderivinghelpfromthewomen，arepulleddownbythem？""Yes。"（n。1808。）Aftersomefurthercrookedquestionsfromthesebourgeois，thesecretoftheir"sympathy"forwidows，poorfamilies，&c。，comesoutatlast。"Thecoalproprietorappointscertaingentlementotaketheoversightoftheworkings，anditistheirpolicy，inordertoreceiveapprobation，toplacethingsonthemosteconomicalbasistheycan，andthesegirlsareemployedatfrom1s。upto1s。6d。aday，whereamanattherateof2s。6d。adaywouldhavetobeemployed。"（n。1816。）
　　IV。Coroner’sinquests。？"Withregardtocoroner’sinquestsinyourdistrict，havetheworkmenconfidenceintheproceedingsatthoseinquestswhenaccidentsoccur？""No;theyhavenot。"（n。360。）"Whynot？"
　　"Chieflybecausethemenwhoaregenerallychosen，aremenwhoknownothingaboutminesandsuchlike。""Arenotworkmensummonedatalluponthejuries？"
　　"Neverbutaswitnessestomyknowledge。""Whoarethepeoplewhoaregenerallysummoneduponthesejuries？""Generallytradesmenintheneighbourhood……fromtheircircumstancestheyaresometimesliabletobeinfluencedbytheiremployers……theownersoftheworks。Theyaregenerallymenwhohavenoknowledge，andcanscarcelyunderstandthewitnesseswhoarecalledbeforethem，andthetermswhichareusedandsuchlike。""Wouldyouhavethejurycomposedofpersonswhohadbeenemployedinmining？"
　　"Yes，partly……they（theworkmen）thinkthattheverdictisnotinaccordancewiththeevidencegivengenerally。"（ns。361，364，366，368，371，375。）
　　"Onegreatobjectinsummoningajuryistohaveanimpartialone，isitnot？""Yes，Ishouldthinkso。""Doyouthinkthatthejurieswouldbeimpartialiftheywerecomposedtoaconsiderableextentofworkmen？""I
　　cannotseeanymotivewhichtheworkmenwouldhavetoactpartially……
　　theynecessarilyhaveabetterknowledgeoftheoperationsinconnexionwiththemine。""Youdonotthinktherewouldbeatendencyonthepartoftheworkmentoreturnunfairlysevereverdicts？""No，Ithinknot。"
　　（ns。378，379，380。）
　　V。Falseweightsandmeasures。？Theworkmendemandtobepaidweeklyinsteadoffortnightly，andbyweightinsteadofbycubicalcontentsofthetubs;theyalsodemandprotectionagainsttheuseoffalseweights，&c。（n。1071。）"Ifthetubswerefraudulentlyincreased，aman。coulddiscontinueworkingbygiving14days’notice？""Butifhegoestoanotherplace，thereisthesamethinggoingonthere。"（n。1071。）"Buthecanleavethatplacewherethewronghasbeencommitted？""Itisgeneral;whereverhegoes，hehastosubmittoit。"（n。1072。）"Couldamanleavebygiving14days’notice？""Yes。"（n。1073。）Andyettheyarenotsatisfied！
　　VI。Inspectionofmines。？Casualtiesfromexplosionsarenottheonlythingstheworkmensufferfrom。（n。234，sqq。）"Ourmencomplainedverymuchofthebadventilationofthecollieries……theventilationi;sobadingeneralthatthemencanscarcelybreathe;
　　theyarequiteunfitforemploymentofanykindaftertheyhavebeenforalengthoftimeinconnexionwiththeirwork;indeed，justatthepartoftheminewhereIamworking，menhavebeenobligedtoleavetheiremploymentandcomehomeinconsequenceofthat……someofthemhavebeenoutofworkforweeksjustinconsequenceofthebadstateoftheventilationwherethereisnotexplosivegas……thereisplentyofairgenerallyinthemaincourses，yetpainsarenottakentogetairintotheworkingswheremenareworking。""Whydoyounotapplytotheinspector？""Totellthetruththerearemanymenwhoaretimidonthatpoint;therehavebeencasesofmenbeingsacrificedandlosingtheiremploymentinconsequenceofapplyingtotheinspector。""Whyisheamarkedmanforhavingcomplained？"
　　"Yes……Andhefindsitdifficulttogetemploymentinanothermine？"
　　"Yes。""DoyouthinktheminesinyourneighbourhoodaresufficientlyinspectedtoinsureacompliancewiththeprovisionsoftheAct？""No;theyarenotinspectedatall……theinspectorhasbeendownjustonceinthepit，andithasbeengoingsevenyears……InthedistricttowhichIbelongtherearenotasufficientnumberofinspectors。Wehaveoneoldmanmorethan70yearsofagetoinspectmorethan130collieries。""Youwishtohaveaclassofsub—inspectors？""Yes。"（ns。234，241，251，254，274，275，554，276，293。）"ButdoyouthinkitwouldbepossibleforGovernmenttomaintainsuchanarmy，ofinspectorsaswouldbenecessarytodoallthatyouwantthemtodo，withoutinformationfromthemen？""No，Ishouldthinkitwouldbenexttoimpossible……""Itwouldbedesirabletheinspectorsshouldcomeoftener？""Yes，andwithoutbeingsentfor。"（n。280，277。）
　　"Doyounotthinkthattheeffectofhavingtheseinspectorsexaminingthecollieriessofrequentlywouldbetoshifttheresponsibility（！）ofsupplyingproperventilationfromtheownersofthecollieriestotheGovernmentofficials？""No，Idonotthinkthat，IthinkthattheyshouldmakeittheirbusinesstoenforcetheActswhicharealreadyinexistence。"（n。