首页 >出版文学> PARMENIDES>第9章

第9章

  Theonewasshowntobeinitselfwhichwasawhole?
  True。
  Andalsoinotherthings?
  Yes。
  Insofarasitisinotherthingsitwouldtouchotherthings,butinsofarasitisinitselfitwouldbedebarredfromtouchingthem,andwouldtouchitselfonly。
  Clearly。
  Thentheinferenceisthatitwouldtouchboth?
  Itwould。
  Butwhatdoyousaytoanewpointofview?Mustnotthatwhichistotouchanotherbenexttothatwhichitistotouch,andoccupytheplacenearesttothatinwhichwhatittouchesissituated?
  True。
  Thentheone,ifitistotouchitself,oughttobesituatednexttoitself,andoccupytheplacenexttothatinwhichitselfis?
  Itought。
  Andthatwouldrequirethattheoneshouldbetwo,andbeintwoplacesatonce,andthis,whileitisone,willneverhappen。
  No。
  Thentheonecannottouchitselfanymorethanitcanbetwo?
  Itcannot。
  Neithercanittouchothers。
  Whynot?
  Thereasonis,thatwhateveristotouchanothermustbeinseparationfrom,andnextto,thatwhichitistotouch,andnothirdthingcanbebetweenthem。
  True。
  Twothings,then,attheleastatenecessarytomakecontactpossible?
  Theyare。
  Andiftothetwoathirdbeaddedindueorder,thenumberoftermswillbethree,andthecontactstwo?
  Yes。
  Andeveryadditionaltermmakesoneadditionalcontact,whenceitfollowsthatthecontactsareonelessinnumberthantheterms;thefirsttwotermsexceededthenumberofcontactsbyone,andthewholenumberoftermsexceedsthewholenumberofcontactsbyoneinlikemanner;andforeveryonewhichisafterwardsaddedtothenumberofterms,onecontactisaddedtothecontacts。
  True。
  Whateveristhewholenumberofthings,thecontactswillbealwaysoneless。
  True。
  Butiftherebeonlyone,andnottwo,therewillbenocontact?
  Howcantherebe?
  Anddowenotsaythattheothersbeingotherthantheonearenotoneandhavenopartintheone?
  True。
  Thentheyhavenonumber,iftheyhavenooneinthem?
  Ofcoursenot。
  Thentheothersareneitheronenortwo,noraretheycalledbythenameofanynumber?
  No。
  One,then,aloneisone,andtwodonotexist?
  Clearlynot。
  Andiftherearenottwo,thereisnocontact?
  Thereisnot。
  Thenneitherdoestheonetouchtheothers,northeotherstheone,ifthereisnocontact?
  Certainlynot。
  Forallwhichreasonstheonetouchesanddoesnottouchitselfandtheothers?
  True。
  Further—istheoneequalandunequaltoitselfandothers?
  Howdoyoumean?
  Iftheoneweregreaterorlessthantheothers,ortheothersgreaterorlessthantheone,theywouldnotbegreaterorlessthaneachotherinvirtueoftheirbeingtheoneandtheothers;but,ifinadditiontotheirbeingwhattheyaretheyhadequality,theywouldbeequaltooneanother,oriftheonehadsmallnessandtheothersgreatness,ortheonehadgreatnessandtheotherssmallness—whicheverkindhadgreatnesswouldbegreater,andwhicheverhadsmallnesswouldbesmaller?
  Certainly。
  Thentherearetwosuchideasasgreatnessandsmallness;foriftheywerenottheycouldnotbeopposedtoeachotherandbepresentinthatwhichis。
  Howcouldthey?
  If,then,smallnessispresentintheoneitwillbepresenteitherinthewholeorinapartofthewhole?
  Certainly。
  Supposethefirst;itwillbeeitherco—equalandco—extensivewiththewholeone,orwillcontaintheone?
  Clearly。
  Ifitbeco—extensivewiththeoneitwillbecoequalwiththeone,orifcontainingtheoneitwillbegreaterthantheone?
  Ofcourse。
  Butcansmallnessbeequaltoanythingorgreaterthananything,andhavethefunctionsofgreatnessandequalityandnotitsownfunctions?
  Impossible。
  Thensmallnesscannotbeinthewholeofone,but,ifatall,inapartonly?
  Yes。
  Andsurelynotinallofapart,forthenthedifficultyofthewholewillrecur;itwillbeequaltoorgreaterthananypartinwhichitis。
  Certainly。
  Thensmallnesswillnotbeinanything,whetherinawholeorinapart;norwilltherebeanythingsmallbutactualsmallness。
  True。
  Neitherwillgreatnessbeintheone,forifgreatnessbeinanythingtherewillbesomethinggreaterotherandbesidesgreatnessitself,namely,thatinwhichgreatnessis;andthistoowhenthesmallitselfisnotthere,whichtheone,ifitisgreat,mustexceed;
  this,however,isimpossible,seeingthatsmallnessiswhollyabsent。
  True。
  Butabsolutegreatnessisonlygreaterthanabsolutesmallness,andsmallnessisonlysmallerthanabsolutegreatness。
  Verytrue。
  Thenotherthingsnotgreaterorlessthantheone,iftheyhaveneithergreatnessnorsmallness;norhavegreatnessorsmallnessanypowerofexceedingorbeingexceededinrelationtotheone,butonlyinrelationtooneanother;norwilltheonebegreaterorlessthanthemorothers,ifithasneithergreatnessnorsmallness。
  Clearlynot。
  Theniftheoneisneithergreaternorlessthantheothers,itcannoteitherexceedorbeexceededbythem?
  Certainlynot。
  Andthatwhichneitherexceedsnorisexceeded,mustbeonanequality;andbeingonanequality,mustbeequal。
  Ofcourse。
  Andthiswillbetruealsooftherelationoftheonetoitself;
  havingneithergreatnessnorsmallnessinitself,itwillneitherexceednorbeexceededbyitself,butwillbeonanequalitywithandequaltoitself。
  Certainly。
  Thentheonewillbeequaltobothitselfandtheothers?
  Clearlyso。
  Andyettheone,beingitselfinitself,willalsosurroundandbewithoutitself;and,ascontainingitself,willbegreaterthanitself;and,ascontainedinitself,willbeless;andwillthusbegreaterandlessthanitself。
  Itwill。
  Nowtherecannotpossiblybeanythingwhichisnotincludedintheoneandtheothers?
  Ofcoursenot。
  But,surely,thatwhichismustalwaysbesomewhere?
  Yes。
  Butthatwhichisinanythingwillbeless,andthatinwhichitiswillbegreater;innootherwaycanonethingbeinanother。
  True。
  Andsincethereisnothingotherorbesidestheoneandtheothers,andtheymustbeinsomething,musttheynotbeinoneanother,theoneintheothersandtheothersintheone,iftheyaretobeanywhere?
  Thatisclear。
  Butinasmuchastheoneisintheothers,theotherswillbegreaterthantheone,becausetheycontaintheone,whichwillbelessthantheothers,becauseitiscontainedinthem;andinasmuchastheothersareintheone,theoneonthesameprinciplewillbegreaterthantheothers,andtheotherslessthantheone。
  True。
  Theone,then,willbeequaltoandgreaterandlessthanitselfandtheothers?
  Clearly。
  Andifitbegreaterandlessandequal,itwillbeofequalandmoreandlessmeasuresordivisionsthanitselfandtheothers,andifofmeasures,alsoofparts?
  Ofcourse。
  Andifofequalandmoreandlessmeasuresordivisions,itwillbeinnumbermoreorlessthanitselfandtheothers,andlikewiseequalinnumbertoitselfandtotheothers?
  Howisthat?
  Itwillbeofmoremeasuresthanthosethingswhichitexceeds,andofasmanypartsasmeasures;andsowiththattowhichitisequal,andthatthanwhichitisless。
  True。
  Andbeinggreaterandlessthanitself,andequaltoitself,itwillbeofequalmeasureswithitselfandofmoreandfewermeasuresthanitself;andifofmeasuresthenalsoofparts?
  Itwill。
  Andbeingofequalpartswithitself,itwillbenumericallyequaltoitself;andbeingofmoreparts,more,andbeingofless,lessthanitself?
  Certainly。
  Andthesamewillholdofitsrelationtootherthings;inasmuchasitisgreaterthanthem,itwillbemoreinnumberthanthem;andinasmuchasitissmaller,itwillbelessinnumber;andinasmuchasitisequalinsizetootherthings,itwillbeequaltotheminnumber。
  Certainly。
  Oncemorethen,aswouldappear,theonewillbeinnumberbothequaltoandmoreandlessthanbothitselfandallotherthings。
  Itwill。
  Doestheonealsopartakeoftime?Andisitanddoesitbecomeolderandyoungerthanitselfandothers,andagain,neitheryoungernorolderthanitselfandothers,byvirtueofparticipationintime?
  Howdoyoumean?
  Ifoneis,beingmustbepredicatedofit?
  Yes。
  Buttobe(einai)isonlyparticipationofbeinginpresenttime,andtohavebeenistheparticipationofbeingatapasttime,andtobeabouttobeistheparticipationofbeingatafuturetime?
  Verytrue。
  Thentheone,sinceitpartakesofbeing,partakesoftime?
  Certainly。
  Andisnottimealwaysmovingforward?
  Yes。
  Thentheoneisalwaysbecomingolderthanitself,sinceitmovesforwardintime?
  Certainly。