Norcanthewholebeinsomeoftheparts;forifthewholewereinsomeoftheparts,thegreaterwouldbeintheless,whichisimpossible。
Yes,impossible。
Butifthewholeisneitherinone,norinmorethanone,norinalloftheparts,itmustbeinsomethingelse,orceasetobeanywhereatall?
Certainly。
Ifitwerenowhere,itwouldbenothing;butbeingawhole,andnotbeinginitself,itmustbeinanother。
Verytrue。
Theonethen,regardedasawhole,isinanother,butregardedasbeingallitsparts,isinitself;andthereforetheonemustbeitselfinitselfandalsoinanother。
Certainly。
Theonethen,beingofthisnature,isofnecessitybothatrestandinmotion?
How?
Theoneisatrestsinceitisinitself,forbeinginone,andnotpassingoutofthis,itisinthesame,whichisitself。
True。
Andthatwhichiseverinthesame,mustbeeveratrest?
Certainly。
Well,andmustnotthat,onthecontrary,whichiseverinother,neverbeinthesame;andifneverinthesame,neveratrest,andifnotatrest,inmotion?
True。
Thentheonebeingalwaysitselfinitselfandother,mustalwaysbebothatrestandinmotion?
Clearly。
Andmustbethesamewithitself,andotherthanitself;andalsothesamewiththeothers,andotherthantheothers;thisfollowsfromitspreviousaffections。
Howso?
Everythinginrelationtoeveryotherthing,iseitherthesameorother;orifneitherthesamenorother,thenintherelationofaparttoawhole,orofawholetoapart。
Clearly。
Andistheoneapartofitself?
Certainlynot。
Sinceitisnotapartinrelationtoitselfitcannotberelatedtoitselfaswholetopart?
Itcannot。
Butistheoneotherthanone?
No。
Andthereforenototherthanitself?
Certainlynot。
Ifthenitbeneitherother,norawhole,norapartinrelationtoitself,mustitnotbethesamewithitself?
Certainly。
Butthen,again,athingwhichisinanotherplacefrom"itself,"ifthis"itself"remainsinthesameplacewithitself,mustbeotherthan"itself,"foritwillbeinanotherplace?
True。
Thentheonehasbeenshowntobeatonceinitselfandinanother?
Yes。
Thus,then,asappears,theonewillbeotherthanitself?
True。
Well,then,ifanythingbeotherthananything,willitnotbeotherthanthatwhichisother?
Certainly。
Andwillnotallthingsthatarenotone,beotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthanthenot—one?
Ofcourse。
Thentheonewillbeotherthantheothers?
True。
But,consider:—Arenottheabsolutesame,andtheabsoluteother,oppositestooneanother?
Ofcourse。
Thenwillthesameeverbeintheother,ortheotherinthesame?
Theywillnot。
Ifthentheotherisneverinthesame,thereisnothinginwhichtheotherisduringanyspaceoftime;forduringthatspaceoftime,howeversmall,theotherwouldbeinthegame。Isnotthattrue?
Yes。
Andsincetheother—isneverinthesame,itcanneverbeinanythingthatis。
True。
Thentheotherwillneverbeeitherinthenotone,orintheone?
Certainlynot。
Thennotbyreasonofothernessistheoneotherthanthenot—one,orthenot—oneotherthantheone。
No。
Norbyreasonofthemselveswilltheybeotherthanoneanother,ifnotpartakingoftheother。
Howcantheybe?
Butiftheyarenotother,eitherbyreasonofthemselvesoroftheother,willtheynotaltogetherescapebeingotherthanoneanother?
Theywill。
Again,thenot—onecannotpartakeoftheone;otherwiseitwouldnothavebeennot—one,butwouldhavebeeninsomewayone。
True。
Norcanthenot—onebenumber;forhavingnumber,itwouldnothavebeennot—oneatall。
Itwouldnot。
Again,isthenot—onepartoftheone;orrather,woulditnotinthatcasepartakeoftheone?
Itwould。
Ifthen,ineverypointofview,theoneandthenot—onearedistinct,thenneitheristheonepartorwholeofthenot—one,noristhenot—onepartorwholeoftheone?
No。
Butwesaidthatthingswhichareneitherpartsnorwholesofoneanother,norotherthanoneanother,willbethesamewithoneanother:—sowesaid?
Yes。
Thenshallwesaythattheone,beinginthisrelationtothenot—one,isthesamewithit?
Letussayso。
Thenitisthesamewithitselfandtheothers,andalsootherthanitselfandtheothers。
Thatappearstobetheinference。Anditwillalsobelikeandunlikeitselfandtheothers?
Perhaps。
Sincetheonewasshowntobeotherthantheothers,theotherswillalsobeotherthantheone。
Yes。
Andtheoneisotherthantheothersinthesamedegreethattheothersareotherthanit,andneithermorenorless?
True。
Andifneithermorenorless,theninalikedegree?
Yes。
Invirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthanothersandothersinlikemannerotherthanit,theonewillbeaffectedliketheothersandtheothersliketheone。
Howdoyoumean?
Imaytakeasanillustrationthecaseofnames:Yougiveanametoathing?
Yes。
Andyoumaysaythenameonceoroftener?
Yes。
Andwhenyousayitonce,youmentionthatofwhichitisthename?andwhenmorethanonce,isitsomethingelsewhichyoumention?
ormustitalwaysbethesamethingofwhichyouspeak,whetheryouutterthenameonceormorethanonce?
Ofcourseitisthesame。
Andisnot"other"anamegiventoathing?
Certainly。
Whenever,then,youusetheword"other,"whetheronceoroftener,younamethatofwhichitisthename,andtonootherdoyougivethename?
True。
Thenwhenwesaythattheothersareotherthantheone,andtheoneotherthantheothers,inrepeatingtheword"other"wespeakofthatnaturetowhichthenameisapplied,andofnoother?
Quitetrue。
Thentheonewhichisotherthanothers,andtheotherwhichisotherthantheone,inthattheword"other"isappliedtoboth,willbeinthesamecondition;andthatwhichisinthesameconditionislike?
Yes。
Theninvirtueoftheaffectionbywhichtheoneisotherthantheothers,everythingwillbelikeeverything,foreverythingisotherthaneverything。
True。
Again,thelikeisopposedtotheunlike?
Yes。
Andtheothertothesame?
Trueagain。
Andtheonewasalsoshowntobethesamewiththeothers?
Yes。
Andtobe,thesamewiththeothersistheoppositeofbeingotherthantheothers?
Certainly。
Andinthatitwasotheritwasshowntobelike?
Yes。
Butinthatitwasthesameitwillbeunlikebyvirtueoftheoppositeaffectiontothatwhichmadeitandthiswastheaffectionofotherness。
Yes。
Thesamethenwillmakeitunlike;otherwiseitwillnotbetheoppositeoftheother。
True。
Thentheonewillbebothlikeandunliketheothers;likeinsofarasitisother,andunlikeinsofarasitisthesame。
Yes,thatargumentmaybeused。
Andthereisanotherargument。
What?
Insofarasitisaffectedinthesamewayitisnotaffectedotherwise,andnotbeingaffectedotherwiseisnotunlike,andnotbeingunlike,islike;butinsofarasitisaffectedbyotheritisotherwise,andbeingotherwiseaffectedisunlike。
True。
Thenbecausetheoneisthesamewiththeothersandotherthantheothers,oneitherofthesetwogrounds,oronbothofthem,itwillbebothlikeandunliketheothers?
Certainly。
Andinthesamewayasbeingotherthanitself,andthesamewithitselfoneitherofthesetwogroundsandonbothofthem,itwillbelikeandunlikeitself。
Ofcourse。
Again,howfarcantheonetouchornottouchitselfandothers?—Consider。
Iamconsidering。
第8章