首页 >出版文学> PARMENIDES>第10章

第10章

  Anddoyourememberthattheolderbecomesolderthanthatwhichbecomesyounger?
  Iremember。
  Thensincetheonebecomesolderthanitself,itbecomesyoungeratthesametime?
  Certainly。
  Thus,then,theonebecomesolderaswellasyoungerthanitself?
  Yes。
  Anditisolder(isitnot?)wheninbecoming,itgetstothepointoftime。between"was"and"willbe,"whichis"now":forsurelyingoingfromthepasttothefuture,itcannotskipthepresent?
  No。
  Andwhenitarrivesatthepresentitstopsfrombecomingolder,andnolongerbecomes,butisolder,forifitwentonitwouldneverbereachedbythepresent,foritisthenatureofthatwhichgoeson,totouchboththepresentandthefuture,lettinggothepresentandseizingthefuture,whileinprocessofbecomingbetweenthem。
  True。
  Butthatwhichisbecomingcannotskipthepresent;whenitreachesthepresentitceasestobecome,andisthenwhateveritmayhappentobebecoming。
  Clearly。
  Andsotheone,wheninbecomingolderitreachesthepresent,ceasestobecome,andisthenolder。
  Certainly。
  Anditisolderthanthatthanwhichitwasbecomingolder,anditwasbecomingolderthanitself。
  Yes。
  Andthatwhichisolderisolderthanthatwhichisyounger?
  True。
  Thentheoneisyoungerthanitself,wheninbecomingolderitreachesthepresent?
  Certainly。
  Butthepresentisalwayspresentwiththeoneduringallitsbeing;
  forwheneveritisitisalwaysnow。
  Certainly。
  Thentheonealwaysbothisandbecomesolderandyoungerthanitself?
  Truly。
  Andisitordoesitbecomealongertimethanitselforanequaltimewithitself?
  Anequaltime。
  Butifitbecomesorisforanequaltimewithitself,itisofthesameagewithitself?
  Ofcourse。
  Andthatwhichisofthesameage,isneitheroldernoryounger?
  No。
  Theone,then,becomingandbeingthesametimewithitself,neitherisnorbecomesolderoryoungerthanitself?
  Ishouldsaynot。
  Andwhatareitsrelationstootherthings?Isitordoesitbecomeolderoryoungerthanthey?
  Icannottellyou。
  Youcanatleasttellmethatothersthantheonearemorethantheone—otherwouldhavebeenone,buttheothershavemultitude,andaremorethanone?
  Theywillhavemultitude。
  Andamultitudeimpliesanumberlargerthanone?
  Ofcourse。
  Andshallwesaythatthelesserorthegreateristhefirsttocomeortohavecomeintoexistence?
  Thelesser。
  Thentheleastisthefirst?Andthatistheone?
  Yes。
  Thentheoneofallthingsthathavenumberisthefirsttocomeintobeing;butallotherthingshavealsonumber,beingpluralandnotsingular。
  Theyhave。
  Andsinceitcameintobeingfirstitmustbesupposedtohavecomeintobeingpriortotheothers,andtheotherslater;andthethingswhichcameintobeinglater,areyoungerthanthatwhichprecededthem?Andsotheotherthingswillbeyoungerthantheone,andtheoneolderthanotherthings?
  True。
  Whatwouldyousayofanotherquestion?Cantheonehavecomeintobeingcontrarytoitsownnature,oristhatimpossible?
  Impossible。
  Andyet,surely,theonewasshowntohaveparts;andifparts,thenabeginning,middleandend?
  Yes。
  Andabeginning,bothoftheoneitselfandofallotherthings,comesintobeingfirstofall;andafterthebeginning,theothersfollow,untilyoureachtheend?
  Certainly。
  Andalltheseothersweshallaffirmtobepartsofthewholeandoftheone,which,assoonastheendisreached,hasbecomewholeandone?
  Yes;thatiswhatweshallsay。
  Buttheendcomeslast,andtheoneisofsuchanatureastocomeintobeingwiththelast;and,sincetheonecannotcomeintobeingexceptinaccordancewithitsownnature,itsnaturewillrequirethatitshouldcomeintobeingaftertheothers,simultaneouslywiththeend。
  Clearly。
  Thentheoneisyoungerthantheothersandtheothersolderthantheone。
  Thatalsoisclearinmyjudgment。
  Well,andmustnotabeginningoranyotherpartoftheoneorofanything,ifitbeapartandnotparts,beingapart,bealsoofnecessityone?
  Certainly。
  Andwillnottheonecomeintobeingtogetherwitheachpart—togetherwiththefirstpartwhenthatcomesintobeing,andtogetherwiththesecondpartandwithalltherest,andwillnotbewantingtoanypart,whichisaddedtoanyotherpartuntilithasreachedthelastandbecomeonewhole;itwillbewantingneithertothemiddle,nortothefirst,nortothelast,nortoanyofthem,whiletheprocessofbecomingisgoingon?
  True。
  Thentheoneisofthesameagewithalltheothers,sothatiftheoneitselfdoesnotcontradictitsownnature,itwillbeneitherpriornorposteriortotheothers,butsimultaneous;andaccordingtothisargumenttheonewillbeneitheroldernoryoungerthantheothers,northeothersthantheone,butaccordingtothepreviousargumenttheonewillbeolderandyoungerthantheothersandtheothersthantheone。
  Certainly。
  Afterthismannerthentheoneisandhasbecome。Butastoitsbecomingolderandyoungerthantheothers,andtheothersthantheone,andneitherolder。noryounger,whatshallwesay?Shallwesayasofbeingsoalsoofbecoming,orotherwise?
  Icannotanswer。
  ButIcanventuretosay,thatevenifonethingwereolderoryoungerthananother,itcouldnotbecomeolderoryoungerinagreaterdegreethanitwasatfirst;forequalsaddedtounequals,whethertoperiodsoftimeortoanythingelse,leavethedifferencebetweenthemthesameasatfirst。
  Ofcourse。Thenthatwhichis,cannotbecomeolderoryoungerthanthatwhichis,sincethedifferenceofageisalwaysthesame;theoneisandhasbecomeolderandtheotheryounger;buttheyarenolongerbecomingso。
  True。
  AndtheonewhichisdoesnotthereforebecomeeitherolderoryoungerthantheotherswhichareNo。
  Butconsiderwhethertheymaynotbecomeolderandyoungerinanotherway。
  Inwhatway?
  Justastheonewasproventobeolderthantheothersandtheothersthantheone。
  Andwhatofthat?
  Iftheoneisolderthantheothers,hascomeintobeingalongertimethantheothers。
  Yes。
  Butconsideragain;ifweaddequaltimetoagreaterandalesstime,willthegreaterdifferfromthelesstimebyanequalorbyasmallerportionthanbefore?
  Byasmallerportion。
  Thenthedifferencebetweentheageoftheoneandtheageoftheotherswillnotbeafterwardssogreatasatfirst,butifanequaltimebeaddedtobothofthemtheywilldifferlessandlessinage?
  Yes。
  Andthatwhichdiffersinagefromsomeotherlessthanformerly,frombeingolderwillbecomeyoungerinrelationtothatotherthanwhichitwasolder?
  Yes,younger。
  Andiftheonebecomesyoungertheothersaforesaidwillbecomeolderthantheywerebefore,inrelationtotheone。
  Certainly。
  Thenthatwhichhadbecomeyoungerbecomesolderrelativelytothatwhichpreviouslyhadbecomeandwasolder;itneverreallyisolder,butisalwaysbecoming,fortheoneisalwaysgrowingonthesideofyouthandtheotheronthesideofage。Andinlikemannertheolderisalwaysinprocessofbecomingyoungerthantheyounger;forastheyarealwaysgoinginoppositedirectionstheybecomeinwaystheoppositetooneanother,theyoungerolderthantheolderandtheolderyoungerthantheyounger。Theycannot,howeverhavebecome;foriftheyhadalreadybecometheywouldbeandnotmerelybecome。Butthatisimpossible;fortheyarealwaysbecomingbotholderandyoungerthanoneanother:theonebecomesyoungerthantheothersbecauseitwasseentobeolderandprior,andtheothersbecomeolderthantheonebecausetheycameintobeinglater;andinthesamewaytheothersareinthesamerelationtotheone,becausetheywereseentobeolder,andpriortotheone。
  Thatisclear。
  Inasmuchthen,onethingdoesnotbecomeolderoryoungerthananother,inthattheyalwaysdifferfromeachotherbyanequalnumber,theonecannotbecomeolderoryoungerthantheothers,northeotherthantheone;butinasmuchasthatwhichcameintobeingearlierandthatwhichcameintobeinglatermustcontinuallydifferfromeachotherbyadifferentportion—inthispointofviewtheothersmustbecomeolderandyoungerthantheone,andtheonethantheothers。
  Certainly。
  Forallthesereasons,then,theoneisandbecomesolderandyoungerthanitselfandtheothers,andneitherisnorbecomesolderoryoungerthanitselfortheothers。
  Certainly。
  Butsincetheonepartakesoftime,andpartakesofbecomingolderandyounger,mustitnotalsopartakeofthepast,thepresent,andthefuture?
  Ofcourseitmust。
  Thentheonewasandisandwillbe,andwasbecomingandisbecomingandwillbecome?
  Certainly。
  Andthereisandwasandwillbesomethingwhichisinrelationtoitandbelongstoit?
  True。
  Andsincewehaveatthismomentopinionandknowledgeandperceptionoftheone,thereisopinionandknowledgeandperceptionofit?
  Quiteright。
  Thenthereisnameandexpressionforit,anditisnamedandexpressed,andeverythingofthiskindwhichappertainstoother:
  thingsappertainstotheone。
  Certainly,thatistrue。
  Yetoncemoreandforthethirdtime,letusconsider:Iftheoneisbothoneandmany,aswehavedescribed,andis,neitheronenormany,andparticipatesintime,mustitnot,inasfarasitisone,attimespartakeofbeing,andinasfarasitisnotone,attimesnotpartakeofbeing?
  Certainly。
  Butcanitpartakeofbeingwhennotpartakingofbeing,ornotpartakeofbeingwhenpartakingofbeing?
  Impossible。
  Thentheonepartakesanddoesnotpartakeofbeingatdifferenttimes,forthatistheonlywayinwhichitcanpartakeandnotpartakeofthesame。