Altamirano，thoughaJesuit，appearsatfirstatanyrate
　　tohavebeenanxiousthatthetreatyshouldbecarriedout。
　　In1752September22hewrotefromthereductionofSanBorjatoP。MathiasStroner，orderingalltheJesuitstoassistincarryingouttheevacuationoftheseventowns。ByhisadviceFreiredeAndradeandValdeliriosmetatCastillos，and，afterhavinglaidoffsometwentyleaguesofboundaryline，returnedrespectivelytotheColoniaandtoBuenosAyres。
　　ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio17
　　alongandcuriousletter。
　　`Stroner'mayhavebeen`Stoner'，inwhichcasehemusthavebeenanEnglishman。TherewerefewEnglishnamesamongsttheParaguayanJesuits，ifoneexceptJuanBrunodeYorcaJohnBrownofYork，PadreEsmidSmith，thesupposititious`Stoner'，andthedoubtfulTaddeoEnnis，who，thoughsaidtobeaBohemian，wasnotimpossiblyaMilesian。
　　Butinthemissionsthingswereinastateborderingonrevolution。
　　WhentheletterfromtheprefectofthemissionsreachedSanMiguel，theIndiansassembledoutsidethechurch，andhavinglearnedthesituationofthelandstowhichtheyweretomove，theirfuryknewnobounds。Theyallrefusedtostir，sayingtheyhadinheritedtheirlandsfromtheirforefathersandbythegraceofGod。Theirexamplewasatoncefollowedbythreemoreofthetowns，andvirtuallyastateofabsolutedefiancetotheordersoftheSpanishcrownensued。
　　DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildeParaguay'，etc。，bookv。，p。52。
　　Theyalsosaid，inamemorialpresentedtotheMarquisofValdeliriosbytheProvincialBarreda，preservedatSimancasLegajo7，447，`ThattheyhadvoluntarilymadethemselvesvassalsoftheKingofSpain
　　despuesdeChristianarnos，noshizimosvoluntariamentevasallosdenuestroCatholicoReydeEspan~aparaqueamparandonosconsupoderfomentasenuestradevotaChristiandad。'Itwasnotlikely，therefore，thattheywouldvoluntarilybecomesubjecttothePortuguese，theirmostbitterpersecutors。
　　JustatthismomentAltamirano，thecommissary，arrived，andfoundthestateofthingsmostserious。1ThecommissaryAltamiranosettoworkatoncetoplacebeforetheJesuitsoftheseventownsthedangertheyexposedthemselvestoiftheyrefusedtohelphimtocarryouttheordersofthecrown。Almostimmediatelyonhisarrivalhewrote2toDonJosedeCaruajalyLancastretosendmoretroops，andtothevariouspriests3todestroytheirpowder，andceasetomanufactureanymore。4Itismostlikelythat，ifAltamiranohadnosecretunderstandingwithhisbrotherJesuits，hislettersmusthaveconsiderablyamazedthem，andcertainlytheygaveoffencetotheIndians，whodeclaredhecouldnotbeaJesuitatall。SixhundredIndians，underachiefcalledSepeTyaragu，marcheduponSantoThome，whereAltamiranohadtakenuphisresidence，withtheavowedpurposeofdiscussingwhetherhewasaJesuitornot，and，ifthelattersuppositionprovedcorrect，ofthrowinghimintotheriverUruguay；5butAltamiranodidnotwaittheircoming，andreturnedprecipitatelytoBuenosAyres。Thecommissionwhichhadsetouttomarkthelimitsbetweenthecountries，6
　　buriedinthewoods，ormarchingalongtheriver，wasabsolutelyunawareofwhatwasgoingonamongsttheIndianstilltheyarrivedinSantaTeclaonFebruary26，1753。ThefirstnoticethattheyhadofitwaswhentheyfoundthemselvessurroundedbyastrongforceofIndians。
　　Oneofthecommissaries，DonJuandeEchevarria，isknowntohaveleftacuriousaccountoftheproceedings，fromwhichDeanFunes，Ibanez，andmostofthewritersonthesubjectmusthavecopied。7
　　1JoseBarreda，theFatherProvincialofthemissions，inacuriousletterunderdateofAugust2nd，1753，tellstheMarquisofValdeliriosthathefearsnotonlythatthe30，000Indiansresidentintheseventownsmayrebel，butthattheymaybejoinedbytheIndiansoftheotherreductions，andthatitispossibletheymayallapostatizeandreturntothewoods。
　　Brabo，inthenotestohis`AtlasdeCartasGeograficasdelosPaisesdelaAmericaMeridianal'Madrid，1872，givesasynopsisofthisletter，whichformedpartofhiscollection，andcontainedthegreatestquantityofinterestingpapersontheJesuitsinParaguayandBoliviawhichhaseverbeenbroughttogether。In1872，afterpublishinghis`Atlas'，his`ColecciondeDocumentos'，andhis`Inventarios'，hepresentedhispapersmorethan30，000innumber
　　totheArchivoHistoricoNacionalofMadrid。Theretheyremain，andformarichminefordoggedscholarswhohavenotpassedtheiryouthonhorsebackwiththelazointheirhands。
　　2ArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio146。
　　3Ibid。:`Quetodalapolvoraquetenganloscurasymisionerossequemeoseinutilizeypierdahechandolaalrio，yqueenlospueblosdondesefabrica，ceseluegoestelabor。'
　　4Inanotherletter，alsopreservedatSimancas，anddatedatYapeyu，hecomplainsbitterlyofhisownsufferingonthejourney:
　　`Memolitantoconeltraqueoviolentodelcarretonquenohepodidovolversobremi。'Theroadstothemissionsseemtohavebeenasbadasthosewhichproducedthehistoricalexclamation，`OduratellusHispaniae!'ItiscertainlythecasethatIbanez，inhis`RepublicaJesuitica'Madrid，1768，givesaverydifferentversionofthedoingsofAltamirano；forhesaysthatRafaeldeCordoba，Altamirano'ssecretary，`embarkedinaschoonercalled`LaReal'
　　agreatquantityofgunsandleadforballs，packingthemallinboxes，which，hesaid，werefullofobjectsofapiousnature……
　　This，'saysIbanez，`wastoldmebythemasteroftheschooner`JoseelIngles'，amanworthyofcredence。'Thisispleasingtoone'snationalpride，but，still，oneseemstowantalittlebetterauthorityeventhanthatof`Bardolph，theEnglishman'。
　　5DeanFunes，bookv。，cap。iii。，p。54。
　　6InamostcuriousletterpreservedatSimancas，Legajo7，447，themayorandcouncilofthereductionofSanJuanwritetoAltamiranoupbraidinghimwithbeingtheirenemy，andtellhimthat`St。MichaelsentbyGodshowedtheirpoorgrandfathers`suspobresabuelos'wheretoplantacross，andafterwardstomarchduesouthfromthecrossandtheywouldfindaholyfatheroftheCompany。'This，ofcourse，turnedoutasthesainthadforetold，andafteralongday'smarchtheyencounteredtheJesuitandbecameChristians。
　　7Thisaccountseemstohavebeenlost，andacarefulsearchhasnotdisinterreditfromtheMaelstromofSimancas，thatprison
　　houseofsomanydocuments，withoutwhoseaidsomuchofSpanishhistorycannotbewritten。
　　Historians，likelawyersinconveyancing，catcherrorsonefromanother，andtransmitthemastruthsortitlestoposterity。CertainitisthatEchevarriasentforthenearestJesuitpriesttomediate，andheluckily，orunluckily，provedtobethatFatherThadeusEnnis，whoplayedsoprominentapartinthefutilerisingwhichtheenemiesoftheJesuitshavechosentodignifywiththehigh
　　soundingtitleofthe`JesuitWar'。
　　IfFatherEnnisreallythoughttheIndianscouldholdheadtoboththeSpaniardsandthePortuguese，orifhethoughtthattherisingwoulddrawattentiontotheinjusticeofthetreaty，isdifficulttosay。Whether，indeed，heheadedithimself，orifhemerelyaccompaniedtheIndiansastheirspiritualguide，givingthemnowandthenthebenefitofhisadviceonmatterstemporal，afterthefashionoftheambitiouschurchmanofalltime，
　　isnowunknown。Whateverhisopinionswereuponthismatter，FatherEnnisshowedhimselfalmostfromthefirstirreconcilable。
　　Herefusedtomeetthecommissioners，andinhisplacesenta`cacique'chiefoftheIndians，oneSepeTyaragu，anofficialofthereductionofSanMiguel。Thischief，seeingtheescortofthecommissionwasbutsmall，`putonhisboots'，
　　andtookhighground，daringtotalkabouttherightsofman，oftheloveofcountry，andsaidthatlibertyconsistedinbeingallowedtoenjoyhispropertyinpeace，sentimentswhich，thoughadmirableenoughinawhiteman'smouth，formenofcolourarebutfitforcopy
　　books。
　　His`Efemerides'，orJournal，printedandmutilatedbyIbanezinhis`RepublicadeParaguay'，givesthebestaccountofthebrief`war'
　　whichhascomedowntous；itissupplementedbythe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'ofFatherCardiel，whichdealswiththemisstatementsofIbanezandothersagainsttheJesuits。
　　Inregardtohisownshareinthewar，PadreEnnissays:
　　`Atqueinexercitascuratorem，spiritualemmedicumsecumirepostulat。'
　　`Sepusolasbotas'。
　　The`cacique'firmlyrefusedtovacatehislands，andsaidtheKingofSpain，ashelivedfaraway，couldnothaveunderstoodthebearingofaffairsinParaguay。Suchargumentsasthese，togetherwiththeperhapsoffensivetoneofthe`cacique'，hadsucheffectonthecommissionersthat，afterhavingthreatenedhimwithvengeance，whichatthetimetheyhadnopowertocarryout，theybothwithdrewoutoftheterritory。
　　AsFunes1wellobserves，theSpaniardshadestablishedthemselvesinthesepartstheRiverPlateandParaguaytoobtainalimitlesssubmissionfromtheIndians。Anyresistancedrovethemtofury，andexcitedthemtotakerevenge。AsalltheIndians'crimewastheirunwillingnesstoquitthelandsonwhichtheyhadbeenborn，itseemedalittlehardtoslaughterthem，evenbeforetheirpetitiontotheKinghadbeenrefused。
　　Mostprobablyallhadbeenpreparedbefore，forValdeliriosatonceissuedanorder，whichhehadthepowertodounderasealedletterfromtheKing，totheGovernorofBuenosAyres，Andonaegui，toprepareforwar。Activehostilitiesbrokeoutin1754，andFatherEnnishaspreservedaday
　　by
　　dayaccount，writteninpriestlyLatin，2
　　ofwhattookplace。Aftersomeskirmishes，whichatthefirstwerefavourabletotheIndians，whotookgreatcouragefromthem，3
　　thefirstencounterofaseriousnatureoccurredonFebruary24，1754。
　　Quitenaturally，thevictorywasonthesideofthebest
　　armedbattalions，andtheIndianslostmanyoftheirbestmen，andtheirlargestpieceofordnance。4
　　1DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，BuenosAyres，etc。，bookv。，cap。iv。，p。58。
　　2LuckilyIbanez`RepublicaJesuiticadeParaguay'hasnotcorrectedthemanyfaultsofspellingandLatinityintowhichPadreEnnisfell。
　　Those，thoughleftinfrommalice，asIbanezwasabitterenemyoftheJesuits，servetopresentthemaninhishabitashewrote。
　　However，Ibanezhassomuchmutilatedthetextofthejournalthatoccasionallythesenseisleftobscure。
　　3`Hocitaquenunciolaetialteroacincensi……Sacramentoexpiationisetpanefortimroborati'Ennis，`Efemerides'。
　　4Cardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。426，says:
　　`Lomismoes28，000milIndiosqueigualnumerodemuchachos。'
　　Withvaryingsuccessthewardraggedonforseveralyears，afterthestyleoftheGauchowarfareintheRiverPlatewhichwascommontwentyyearsago，orthatinVenezuelawhichobtainsto
　　day。
　　Alternatelyeachpartycarriedofftheother'shorses，droveeachother'scattle，or，iftheycaughtastraggler，tiedhishandsandcuthisthroatorlancedhim，thepartywhohadlostthemanprotestinghewas`massacred'
　　aterminuseevento
　　daywhenthepartytowhichone'sselfbelongssustainsreverse。
　　Forthefirsttwoyears
　　forwarsinSouthAmericatilltwentyyearsagoweretothefullasinterminableasthatofTroy
　　FatherThadeusEnniskepthisjournal，faithfullychroniclingallthathesaw。
　　OccasionallyinaperfunctorywayhesayshismissionwiththerevoltedIndianswasasapriestandphysiciantothesoulsandbodiesofhisflock；butnowandthenhesetsdownthecaptureofaconvoyofsomethirtycarts，orthecuttingoffsomemessengercarryingdespatchesfromtheGenerals。InthisheseesthehandofGodputforthtohelphisJesuits1，althoughhenowandthencomplainstheIndianswereremissinfollowingupanysuccesstheyhad。Afterthefirstencounter，theIndiansseemtohaveemployedtheimmemorialguerillatacticswhichsooftenwasteallthestrengthofanarmywhichhasconqueredinthefield。FatherCardiel2describestheIndianarmy，quotingfromthewritingofaSpanishofficerwhoservedagainstthem，asquitecontemptible。Theircannonwerebuthollowreeds，boundroundwithhide，whichcouldonlybefiredtwoorthreetimes，andcarriedballsapoundinweight。3Somelancesandbowsandarrowswhichtheyhadappearedtohimmoreformidable。Mostofthemcarriedbannerswiththepaintedfigureofasaint，underwhoseaegistheydeemedthemselvessecurefromcannon
　　balls。Theirtrencheswerebutshallowditches，withafewdeeperholestoshelterin，butwhich，asCardielobserves，servedmanyofthemforgraves，astheywereopentoartillery，havingbeenconstructedwithout`anounceofmilitaryart'。TheofficeraddsthatnosoonerhadtheIndiansheardthecannonthantheyfled，leavingalmostninehundredonthefieldandlosingone
　　sixthprisoners。4
　　Finally，theofficerremarkswithdisgustthattheofficialchronicleroftheaffair`liesfromfirsttolast'5whenhedeclaresthattheIndianscouldmakeanyresistanceagainstdisciplinedtroops。
　　Withvaryingfortunethecampaigndraggedon，untilin1756
　　thediaryofFatherEnnis，badLatinityandall，comestoanabruptconclusionatthetakingofSanLorenzo，wherethestout
　　heartedpriestwastakenprisoner。Hispapersfellintounfriendlyhands，andweremadeuseofbyIbanez，withthecontextdulydistortedinvariouspassages，andservedasoneofthemostformidableindictmentsagainsttheJesuitsintheexpulsionunderCharlesIII。
　　1`NectamenresipiscebatetDivinamNemesimquamquamclareexperiebaturprocausa^Societatis。'
　　2`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。404。
　　3Infact，theymuchresembledthose`crakysofwarre'which，withthe`tymmerisforhelmys'，Barbour，inthe`Bruce'，takesnoticeofasthetwonoteworthyeventsofabattlethathechronicles:
　　`Twanoweltyisthatdaythaisaw，ThatforouthinScotlandhadbenenane。
　　Tymmerisforhelmyswarthetane，ThatthaimthouchtthaneoffgretbewteAndalsuawondyrfortose。
　　Thetothyr，crakyswar，offwer，Thatthaibeforherdneuirer。'
　　`TheBruce'，BookeFourteene，p。392。
　　4Thiswasinanactionintheyear1756。
　　5`Mientedelacruzalafecha'。
　　AlthoughThadeusEnnisandotherJesuitsaccompaniedthetroops，andnodoubtaidedmuchbytheiradvice，theIndianshadasageneraloneNicolasNeenguiru，styledintheGazettesofthetimetheKingofParaguay。Aboutthismanallkindsofmonstrouslegendssoonsprangup。Onelittlelyingbook，entitled`HistoiredeNicolasI。，RoyduParaguaietEmpereurdesMamalus'，whichbearsuponitstitle
　　page`SaintPaul'，1756，especiallyexcels。
　　Inthatbriefworkofbutonehundredandseventeenpages，printedonyellowishpaper，andwithoneofthefinestlittlevignettesofabasketoffruitandflowersuponitstitle
　　pagethatonecouldwishtosee，asortofparodyofaSpanishpicaresquenovelinduodecimoissetforthwithcircumstance。
　　TheMamalucos，orPaulistas，were，ofcourse，thebitterestenemiesofeverythingParaguayan，sothataKinghadaswellbeenstyledof`IcelandandofParaguay'。
　　IfthisassumestobeSaoPaulodePiritinangainBrazil，itisnotunlikelyoneofthefewbookspublishedthereintheeighteenthcentury，ifnottheonlyone。Happyisthecityofonebook，especiallywhenthatworkhasnothingofatheologicalcharacterinit，eventhoughitliesfrom`lacruzalafecha'。
　　NicolasRoubioniisdulybornin1710，inasmall`bourgadedel'Andalousie'
　　bearingthenameofTaratos。Thenamecarriesconvictionfromthestart，andpronouncedalafrancaise，withtheaccentequaluponallthesyllables，isquiteasSpanishasthemostexigentofcomicoperascouldpossiblydesire。Hisfather，`ancienmilitaire'，lefthimalonetoeducatehimselfashebestliked。ArrivedateighteenyearsofageherunsawaytoSeville，andafterseveraladventuresinthestyleofthoseofRinconeteandCortadillo，seenthroughFrenchspectacles，enterstheserviceofaladybearingthewell
　　knownSpanishnameofDonnaMariadellaCupidita。
　　UndertheunnecessaryaliasofMedelino，andinthecapacityofcook，hebecomesthelady'sloverasindutybound。`Chasse'fromSevillebyajealousbrotherofhislove，hefliesforrefugetoa`bourgade'
　　namenotchronicledsomesevenleaguesaway。Hethenbecomesamuleteer，andatMedinaSidoniakillsaman，and，forcedtoflee，repairstoMalaga，wherehelivespeacefullytenyears。Findinglifedullthere，hejourneystoAragonandjoinstheJesuits，andfromhenceforthhisfutureisassured。AfteranintervalhereappearsatHuesca，andatoncefallsinlovewith`unebelleespagnole'，DonnaVictoriaFortini，whomhecourtsundertheguiseofagentlemanofSeville，returningeverynighttotheconventoftheJesuitstochangehisclothes。Sogreatbecomeshiseffronterythatunderthestyleandtitleof`ComtedelaEmmandes'，hepubliclymarries`sabelle'，theJesuitseitherconsenting，ortooastoundedatthefacttointervene。ThingsgettinghotinHuesca，heembarksforBuenosAyresasamissionary，leavingpoorDonnadelaVictoria`dansuneinquietudemortelle'，asshemightwellhavebeen。
　　ArrivedinBuenosAyresjustatthemomentofthecessionofthesevenJesuittowns，heseeshisopportunity，learnsGuaraniinthebriefspaceofsixorsevenweeks，andjoinstheIndians。
　　Theynaturally，havingbeentrainedtolookoneveryforeigneroutsidetheOrderoftheJesuitsasanenemy，receivehimastheirKing。
　　Underthetitleofthe`SonoftheSunandStarofLiberty'herulesthem，lookedonasaGod。Thebriefmendaciouschronicleleaveshimonthethrone，justafterhavingjoinedtheempireoftheMamalucostothatofParaguay，andpromisingtogivetheworldmoreofhishistorywhenitcomestohand。
　　BystoriessuchasthosecontainedinthemendaciouslittlebookimprintedatSt。Paul，theeasy
　　mindedpublic
　　then，asnow，alwaysmoreeasilyimpressedwithliesthanwiththetruth
　　wasbiassedagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay。FatherDobrizhoffer，
　　whoknew`King'Nicolasfromhisyouthup，hasleftaverydifferentversionofhishistory，inwhichnoDonnadellaCupiditaordelaVictoriaevenremotelyflourishes。NicolasNeenguiruwasborninthetownshipofLaConcepcion，ofwhichinafter
　　lifeherosetobethemayor。HemarriedanIndianwoman，not`unebelleAndalouse'，andDobrizhoffersaysafriendofhis，oneFatherZierheim，hadhimwhippedpubliclyforpettytheftwhenayoungman。
　　Atthetime1753when，incompanywithanotherIndian，oneJose，mayorofSanMiguel，heheadedtheIndianrevolt，hewasamanofmiddleage，tall，taciturnandgrave，andnotill
　　looking，thoughmarkedacrossthecheekwithadisfiguringscar。
　　AtnotimewasheevenalaybrotheroftheJesuitOrder，asbytheirrulesinParaguaynoIndianswereevertakeneitheraslaybrothersoraspriests。Solittlewasthemanfearedbytheauthoritiesthat，oncetheIndians'resistancewasover，NicolaswenttotheSpanishcamp，wasquietlyheard，dismissed，andthencontinuedinhisofficeasthemayorofhisnativeplace。
　　ThelegendsprangfromamistakeinGuarani，towhichperhapsalittlemalicegaveitsartfulcharm。InGuaranitheword`Rubicha'
　　signifiesachief，whereas`Nfurabicha'meansking。Thetwo，pronouncedbyonebutillacquaintedwiththelanguagesoundidentical。
　　NothingwasmorelikelythanthattheIndiansshouldcalltheirgeneraltheirchief；hadtheythoughtreallyofsettlinguponaking，itiscertainthattheywouldhavechosenoneofthefamilyofsomewell
　　knownchief，andnotanIndianmerelyappointedmayorbytheJesuits。
　　Butbethatasitmay，GeneralNeenguiru，thoughhehasleftsomeinterestingletters，whicharepreservedinthearchivesofSimancas，showednocapacityforgeneralship。Throughoutthecourseofthecampaignheendeavouredtoreplacehiswantofskillbytricksandbyintrigues，butofsofutileanaturethattheywerefrustratedandrendereduselessatonce。Hisfirstendeavourwastogaintime，whenhefoundhimselfwithseventeenhundredmenopposedtoAndonaegui，GovernorofBuenosAyres，whohadanarmywellequippedwithguns，ofabouttwothousandmen。
　　NeenguiruwrotetoAndonaegui，tellinghimthattheIndianswerereadytosubmit，andthen，whilstwaitingforananswer，setaboutfortifyingthepositionwhichheheld。Warnedbyaspy，Andonaeguiattackedatonce，anddrovetheIndiansfromtheirtrencheslikeaflockofsheep，takingtheirwoodencannon，lances，andbanners，andkillingthirteenhundredofthem。
　　`AccountoftheAbipones'，vol。i。，p。32。
　　TheonlymantheIndiansproducedwhoshowedanyaptitudeasaleaderwasachiefcalledSepeTyaragu。Athisdeathinactionin1756
　　NicolasNeenguirusucceededtohispost。
　　Agloriousvictory，and，asFatherEnnissays，`tobeexpected，andwhich，haditchancedotherwise，musthavecoveredtheSpaniardsandthePortuguesewithshame。'Infact，avictoryofthesamekindasthosewhichsincethattimehavebeenmostusualwhenwell
　　armedEuropeantroopshavefacedhalf
　　naked，ill
　　armedsavages，butwhich，ofcourse，reflectnocreditonthevictor，or，atbest，justasmuchcreditasabutcherrightfullyreceiveswhenhedefeatsacalf。
　　ButevenafterthevictoryovertheIndiansofNicolasNeenguiruthetroublesoftheallieswerenotquiteatanend。
　　Theusualdissensionsbetweenallieswhomutuallydetesteachothersoonbrokeout，andGomezFreire，theGeneralofthePortuguese，onlypreventedacollisionwiththeSpaniardsbyconsiderabletact。
　　Afterashortcampaignofafewmonths，thealliesenteredtherebellioustownsandtookpossessionofthemall，withtheexceptionofSanLorenzo，whichcontinuedtoholdout。Amonthortwoservedtoreduceit，too，andthewholeterritoryoftheseventownssubmittedtothepowerofthejointforcesofPortugalandSpain。
　　Thestruggleover，NeenguiruwasquietlyagainreinstatedmayorofConcepcion，thebruisedwoodencannondulysetupasmonuments，thedeadleftontheplainsandthe`esteros'
　　forthechimangosandthecaranchostogorgeupon，and，law'sduemajestyoncemorevindicated，theconquerorssetabout，in1757，totracethelimitsbetweentheterritoriesofthetwoChristianKings。
　　`MilvagoChimango'。
　　`Polyhorustharus'。Inrelationtotheword`tharus'，whichfiguresasasortofscientificordoggerelcognomentothisbird，Mr。W。H。Hudsononcepointedouttomethat，likesomeother`scientificfacts'，itoriginatedinamistake。
　　ThePampaIndiannameofthebirdis`trare'。MolinaDonJuanIgnacio，inhis`HistoryofChile'，happenedtospelltheword`thare'，insteadof`trare'，andthenproceededtomakeadog
　　Latinformofit。
　　Thusthebirdhasreceiveditspresentscientificname。
　　Mostoftheseventownswerehalfdeserted，theIndianshavingfledforrefugetothewoods，andthecommissionsettoworkuponitslaboursinadesertwhichititselfhadmade。OutofthefourteenthousandIndianswhohadinhabitedthesevenflourishingtownsupontheUruguaybutfewremained；
　　yetstilltheworkofpacificationandworkingattheboundarywentonslowly，forfrom1753to1759nothingofconsequencewasdone。
　　In1760FerdinandVI。died，andhissonCharlesIII。succeededhim，andstilltheboundarycommissionworkedonhopelesslyinParaguay。
　　TheJesuits，whohadworkedunceasinglyduringthelasteightyearstoannulthetreatyhandingthesevenmissionsovertothePortuguese，atlength，in1761，obtainedfromCharlesIII。atreatyannullingallthathadbeendone，andprovidingthattheseventownsshouldremainpartofthedominionsoftheSpanishcrown。
　　Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。430:`……llegoallidespuesdelafugaydesamparodelospueblos……sacoalosdosPadresqueestabanmuyafligidosporlasoledadyalboroto。'
　　Theytriumphed；buttheirtriumphaddedanothersteptowardstheirruin，forthejealousywhichtheyevokedbytheirpersistentfightraisedupmuchanimositytowardsthemselvesinSpain。HowgreatasharetheyhadintheresistanceoftheIndianscannotbeknownwithcertainty。
　　PaperspreservedinthearchivesofSimancaschargethemwithstirringuptheIndianstoresist；1buttheyarechieflyfromValdeliriosandothers，who，naturallyfindingresistance，putitdownatoncetotheJesuits，whomthen，asnow，itwasthefashiontoabuse。TheIndiansthemselvesseemtohavebeenperplexed，nodoubtencouragedbytheirpriestsononehand，andontheotherseeingthecommissaryAltamirano，himselfaJesuit，callinguponthemtosubmit。
　　InapatheticletterwrittentotheGovernorofBuenosAyres，anddated`enlaestanciadeSanLuis，Feb。28de1756'，PrimoIbarrenda，ofSanMiguel，says:2`ThisourwritingIsendtoyouthatyoumaytellusfinallywhatistobeourlot，andthatyoutakearesolutionwhatitisthatyoushalldo。Youseehowthatlastyearthefathercommissary3cametothisourlandtobotherustoleaveit:
　　toleaveourtownsandallourterritories，sayingitwasthewillofourlordtheKing:besidesthisyouyourselfsentusarigorouslettertellingustoburnourtowns，destroythefields，evenpulldownourchurch，whichissobeautiful`tanlindo'，andsayingalsothatyouwouldkillus。
　　Youalsosay，andthereforeweaskyouifitisthetruth，forifitis，wewillalldiebeforetheHolySacrament；butsparethechurch，foritisGod's，andeventheinfidelswouldnotdoitanyharm。'
　　TheygoontosaytheyhavealwaysbeenobedientsubjectsoftheKing，andthatitisimpossiblethathiswishcouldbetoinjurethem
　　infact，theletterofinnocentmen，halfcivilized，andthinkingjustice，mercy，andright
　　doingweretobefoundwithGovernorsandKings。HadmanyoftheJesuitschosentotakethefield，theirknowledgeofthecountryandthevastinfluencethattheyhadupontheIndianswouldhavemadethecampaignperilousenoughevenfortheunitedmilitarypowerofPortugalandSpain。
　　Asitwas，themiserablewardraggedonforeightlongyears，andforresultruinedsevenmissionswherebeforetheIndianslivedhappily。
　　Then，whenthefieldsweredesolate，thevillagesdeserted，andtheIndianpopulationhalfdispersed，statesmeninSpainandPortugalsawfittochangetheirminds，toannulthetreaty，andtopassadiplomaticspongeovertheruinandthemiserytheyhadcaused。
　　1InaletterArchivodeSimancas，Legajo7，378，folio128，Valdelirios，writingtothegovernorofBuenosAyres，DonJosedeCaravajalyLancastre，says:`InagotablessonlosrecursosdelosPadresparaquesedilateynoseratifiqueeltratado……'
　　ButhegivesnoproofexceptthattheyhadsentpetitionstotheKing
　　surelyaveryconstitutionalthingforthemtodo。
　　2TheletterwaswrittenoriginallyinGuarani，andacertifiedtranslationofitexistsatSimancas，Legajo7，385，folio13。
　　3Altamirano。
　　ChapterX
　　PositionoftheJesuitsin1761
　　DecreefortheirexpulsionsentfromSpain
　　BucarelisenttosuppressthecollegesanddriveouttheJesuits
　　Theysubmitwithoutresistance
　　AftertwohundredyearstheyareexpelledfromParaguay
　　Thecountryunderthenewrule
　　Thesystemofgovernmentpracticallyunchanged`Nostormissoinsidious'saidSt。Ignatius`asaperfectcalm，andnoenemysodangerousastheabsenceofallenemies。'
　　ThisdangerousstateofcalmwithoutanapparentenemyinsightwasthepositionoftheJesuitsinParaguayin1761。BydesperateeffortsandintriguesinSpaintheyhadkepttheirthirtymissionsfrombeingmutilated；theirinfluenceamongsttheIndianshadneverbeenmoreabsolute。ThegovernorsofBuenosAyresandofParaguayhadtriedafallwiththem，andthehonoursofthestrugglewerewiththeJesuits。Theyhadsucceededingettingputintoforcetheclausesofthe`LawsoftheIndies'，whichkeptSpaniardsoutoftheIndiansettlements。Eventhosesentagainstthemhadbeenforcedtotestifytotheirutility1inParaguay。
　　ButthroughoutSpainandherenormousempireinAmericaandintheEastperpetualhostilitybetweentheJesuitsandtheregularclergyhadbeengoingonforyears。IneveryportionofAmericatheJesuitswereunpopular，theexcuseallegedbeingtheirwealthandpower；2buttherealreasonwastheirattitudeonslavery。Afterrepeatedgrumblingsofdistantthunder，atlengththestormbroke，andthedecreefortheexpulsionoftheJesuitsinSpainandherdominionswassigned，andtheordersenttoBucareli，GovernorofBuenosAyres，inJuneof1767，toputitintoforceinParaguay。
　　ThereasonswhichinducedKingCharlesIII。toexpeltheJesuits，mysteriousastheywere，andlockedupadeadsecretintheroyalbreast，3
　　mayormaynothavebeensufficientinSpain，butcouldinnorespecthaveheldgoodforParaguay，wherethereexistedlittlescopeforcourtintrigue，andwheretheJesuitswerefarremovedfromtheirfellowSpanishsubjects，andoccupiedentirelywiththeirmissionwork。
　　Manyandvarioushavebeentheexplanationswhichhistorianshavesetforthforthisdecree。CertainitisinSpainthisOrderhadattainedtoconsiderablepower，andthatinRometheableroftheirGeneralsoccasionallykeptthePopesinmentalservitude。
　　1DonPedroCevallos，GovernorofBuenosAyres，whowasinParaguayin1755，senttheretofightthetroopsofKingNicolas，found，ashehimselfsays，`noKing，andnotroops，butafewhalf
　　armedIndians。'
　　WritingtotheKing，hesays:`LosJesuitassonutilesenelParaguay。'
　　2ThefiguresinChapterVII。servetoshowthatinParaguay，atleast，theywerenotexactlymillionaires。InMexico，Palafox，thesaintlyBishopofPuebla，hadsetaboutallkindsofstoriesastotheirriches，butGeronimoTerenichi，anecclesiasticsenttoMexicotoexamineintothequestionoftheJesuitsandtheirwealth，afterayearofresidence，expresslysays`theywereverypoor，andladenwithdebt'`eranmuypobresyestabancargadosdedeudas':
　　`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanza，sobrelaHistoriadelReinadodeCarlosIII。'，p。435。Madrid，1859。
　　3Theywereexpresslyproclaimedtobe`ocultasyreservadas'。
　　CarlosIII。，indefenceofhis`occult'and`reserved'reasons，said，`misrazones，soloDiosyyodebemosconocerlas'
　　`ReinadodeCarlosIII。'，vol。iii。，p。120。FerrerdelRio，Madrid，1856。NodoubtCarlosIII。satisfiedhisconsciencewiththisdictum，butitispermissibletodoubtwhetherthepoweralludedtoinsuchacousin
　　likemannerbytheKingwasequallysatisfied。
　　SomehaveaccountedfortheactofCharlesIII。asbeingbutrevengeforthetumultofAranjuezundertheministryofEsquilace，1
　　arguingthattheJesuitswereinfacttheauthorsofit，andthatitwasbuttheprecursorofaplottodethronetheKingandplacehisbrotherDonLuisuponthethrone，asbeingnotsoliberalinhisideas。
　　Others，again，havestated2thattheJesuitssetaboutacalumnythatCharlesIII。wasnottheQueen'ssonbyherhusband，butbyaloverwhomtheysaidshehad。TheonlyreasonwhichseemsfeasibleisthattheKingwasworkedonbythefearthattheOrderhadrisentotoomuchpower，andthatifhedidnotatoncetakestepsthemonarchywouldberenderedbutamereappendageoftheGeneraloftheJesuits。3
　　1Thiscelebratedtumult，generallyknowninSpainas`elMotindeAranjuez'，andsometimesas`elMotindeEsquilace'，occurredonPalmSunday，1766。TheostensiblereasonwasanedictoftheKingCharlesIII。prohibitingtheuseoflongcloaksandbroad
　　brimmedhats，whichhadbeenforlongpopularinSpain。ThetumultassumedsuchformidabledimensionsthattheWalloonGuardswereunabletoquellit，buttwofriars，PadreOsmaandPadreCueva，insomemannerwereabletostemtheconfusion。TheKingandthecourtweresomuchdisturbedthattheyquittedMadridandwenttoAranjuez。ThereisnoproofthattheJesuitshadanyhandatallintheaffair。
　　2FerrerdelRio，inhishistoryofthereignofCharlesIII。
　　3Such，atleast，severalofhisletterstothePope，ClementXII。，wouldseemtoindicate。ItisnotimpossiblethatthestrenuousoppositionwhichtheJesuitsgavetotheInquisitionmayhavehadsomethingtodowiththeirexpulsion。Someofthemwentgreatlengthsintheirattacks。P。AntonioVieyra，thecelebratedPortugueseJesuit，inhis`Relac，ao~Exactissima，Instructiva，Curioza，Verdadeira，NoticiozadoProcedimentodasInquizic，oisdePortugal'EmVeneza，1750，isalmostassevereasProtestantwritershavebeenagainsttheInquisition。
　　ParticularlydoesheinveighagainsttheprisonsystemoftheHolyOfficepp。3
　　5，chap。i。。Inthelastchapterp。154，VieyracallsSaavedra，thefounderofthePortugueseInquisition，atyrant，andinrecountinghisdeedscallshim`tyranno'，`cruel'，`falsario'，`herege'，and`ladram'athief，andfinishesbyassertingthatthetribunalinventedbysuchaman`haditsrootsinhell'，andthat`itsministerscouldnotgotoheaven'。
　　Whetheritissoundpolicyofanygovernmenttoexpelarace，orsect，ororderfromitsdomains，nomatterwhattheimmediateexigenciesofthetimesseemtorequire，isamootpoint。TheexpulsionsoftheJews，Moriscos，andHuguenots，andthedissolutionofthemonasteriesinthetimesofthattrueProtestantHenryVIII。ofeverpiousmemory，donotexactlyseemtohavehadtheeffectuponthecountrieswheretheytookplacethatwasatfirstexpectedbytheirinstigators。
　　ExpelledbyCharlesIII。，theJesuitsto
　　dayinSpainhavere
　　acquiredmuchoftheirinfluence。Sothatitseemsthatpersecution，tobeeffectual，mustnotstoponthissideofextermination，andthisourLordProtectorCromwellunderstoodfullwell。
　　TheViceroyBucarelitowhomthetaskoftheexpulsionoftheOrderintheviceroyaltyofBuenosAyresandofParaguaywasentrusted，wasnoordinaryman。AppointedViceroyofBuenosAyresafteradistinguishedcareerofpublicservice，hefoundhimself，almostwithoutwarning，andwithoutanyadequateforcesathiscommand，obligedtoexecutebyfarthemostimportantandfar
　　reachingtaskthathadeverfallentothelotofanySpanishGovernorinAmericatocarryout。ButashisserviceshadnotbeenchieflyinAmerica，heheldtheideawhichatthetimewasgenerallyreceivedinEurope，thattheJesuitspossessedgreatwealth，hadbodiesoftrainedtroops，andsowouldresistalleffortsatexpulsiontothedeath。
　　HisfullnamewasDonFranciscodePaulaBucareliyUrsua。
　　Brabo`ColecciondeDocumentos'，etc。saysofhim，`speakingofthepettyjealousiesandintrigueswhichthedecreeofexpulsionevoked:`Enmediodetantascontrariedades，crimenesymiseriasdestacaserenalafiguradeBucareli，nosolollevandoacaboconincansablecelosucometido，sinoatendiendoasuplirenlaorganizacionreligiosa，intelectualycivillosnumerososvaciosquedejabalafaltadelabsorbenteydecisivoinflujojesuitico。'
　　Fullofthesevisions，saysDeanFunes，heconsideredtheorder，whichwastransmittedtohimfromSpain，asinvolvingseriousmilitaryrisk，andevidentlyseemstohavelookedoneveryJesuitvillageasastrongplaceofarms。July22，1767，wasthedayhechose，keepinghisdesignasecret，andpreparingtostrikeinCorrientes，Cordoba，MonteVideo，andSantaFe，onthesameday，orrathernight，fortheterroroftheJesuitswassogreatthathedesignedtoexpelthemallbynight。