Aftersomesuccessheisdefeatedandcondemnedtobeexecuted
　　Heisshotonhiswaytothescaffold
　　RenewedhatredagainsttheJesuits
　　TheirlaboursamongtheIndiansoftheChacoFromthedepartureofCardenasin1650，toabout1720，wasthehalcyonperiodoftheJesuitmissionsinParaguay。
　　DuringthattimethingswentoninthemissionsafterthefashionIhaveattemptedtodescribe。Thepeoplepassedtheirtimeintheirsemi
　　communisticlabour，sweetenedbyconstantprayer；
　　theirpastorsmayormaynothavedoneallthatwaspossibletoinstructtheminthescienceofthetime；but，still，theIndianpopulationdidnotdecrease，asitwasobservedtodofromyeartoyearinothercountriesofAmericaandintheSpanishsettlementsinParaguay。
　　DuringthisperiodtheJesuitshadmaderepeatedefforts，butwithoutmuchrealsuccess，toestablishmissionsamongstthewildequestriantribesintheGranChacouponthewesternbankoftheriverParaguay。
　　Nothing，apparently，pointedtotheeventswhich，beginningintheyear1721，finallyledtotheirexpulsion，or，atleast，furnishedadditionalreasonstoKingCharlesIII。toincludetheJesuitsinParaguayinthegeneralexpulsionoftheirorderfromthedominionsoftheSpanishcrown。
　　P。Cardiel`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。449，quotingfromXarque`LaVidaApostolicadelPadreJosephCataidino'，ZaragocaporJuandeYpa，1664，says，rethediminutionoftheIndiansundertheSpanishrule:`ParaqueseveacuantarazontieneelJuezreparesequesegunlospadronesdelsiglopasadovg。1600
　　1700
　　enlaciudadyjurisdiciondeSantiagodelEsterohabia80，000Indiosyahora，apenashayochenta。EnlajurisdiciondeCordobadeTucuman，habia40，000；hoynohay40。
　　EnlajurisdicionycercaniasdelaciudaddeBuenosAyres，habia30，000；hoyapenashay30。'
　　Inthatyear1721DonJosedeAntequerawasappointedtosucceedtheGovernorofParaguay，DonDiegodelosReyesBalmaceda，whenhistermofofficehadexpired。Thesituationwas，asoftenhappenedintheSpanishcolonies，complicatedbyaninquiryintotheconductoftheGovernorBalmaceda，inprogressattheHighCourtofCharcas，whichcourt，asinthecaseofCardenas，actedmostcautiously，bothonaccountofitsposition，sofarfromParaguay，andonaccountoftheinordinateprocrastinationofeverythingconnectedwiththeSpanishlaw。IfBalmacedawerecondemned，thenAntequerawouldstepintohisshoesatonce。If，ontheotherhand，hewereacquitted，Antequerawouldhavetowaituntilthelegaltimeofofficehadrunitscourse。Sofarallwasinorder，buttheHighCourt，eitherindoubtofitsownwisdomorofitspowertopronouncejudgmentdefinitely，hadissuedadecreesuspendingBalmacedafromhisfunctions，butwithouteithercondemningoracquittinghim。
　　This，too，theydidafterhavingtakenmorethanthreeyearstosifttheevidenceandsummonwitnesses，whoeitherhadtocrossthecountryonamuleattheimminentriskofdeathbyfamineorbyIndians，or，havingdescendedtheriverPlatetoBuenosAyreswhichjourneyoftentookamonth，waitforashiptotakethemroundCapeHorntoLima，andfromthencetraveltoCharcasonmuleback，followingoneoftheIncas'roads。
　　DonJosedeAntequerayCastrowasbornatLima，andbeing，asFatherCharlevoixsays，anable，eloquent，butvainandmostambitiousman，endowedwithplentyofimagination，sometalent，andbutlittleballast，wasnotcontenttowaittilltimeshouldplacehiminhisgovernorship。So，hearingthatajudgeinquisitorwastobesenttoParaguaytoinquireintothecase，andhavinggraduatedhimselfandheldthepositionofprocuratorfiscalintheCharcas，hesolicitedthepost，andbysomeerrorwasappointed。
　　Charlevoix，vol。ii。，livrexvii。
　　NosoonerwastheappointmentsignedthanstraighthepostedofftoParaguay。
　　AshehadstudiedinthecollegeoftheJesuitsatLaPlata，hisfirstvisitwastothereductionsoftheJesuits。
　　Themissionariesreceivedhimwell，andsentatroopofIndianstoescorthimtotheboundaryoftheirterritories，neversuspectingwhatAntequerawasabouttodo。HavingheardthattheGovernor，Balmaceda，wasatadistantportupontheParana，AntequerahastenedtoAsuncion。
　　Arrivedthere，thesamemadnessofauthorityseemstohavecomeonhimwhichcamefiftyorsixtyyearsbeforehistimeonCardenas。
　　FindingnospecialseatreservedforhimintheCathedral，hepubliclyreprovedthedean，tothegreatscandaloftheworshippers。ThisseemsnottohavelosthimtherespectofthecitizensofAsuncion，whowereaccustomedtoallkindsofvagaries，bothoftheirrulersandtheirspiritualguides。
　　Nosortofviolencetolawsandcustomsseemsevertoaffectapeopleunlesstheviolenceisdonetobenefitthem，wheninstantlytheyriseagainstthebreakerofthelaw，howeverheavilyitmaybearuponthemselves。
　　ButthedevotedcitizensofAsuncionweresoaccustomedtoperpetualturmoilthat，asDeanFunessays，`theyonlystoppedwhenitwasabsolutelynecessaryforthemtobreathe。'
　　EventheoverpraisedcitizensofAthensatthetimeofPericles，whomusthavebeeninalltheirwayssoliketheAtheniansofto
　　day，werenotmoreinstantintheAgoraordiligentinwritingpatriots'namesonoyster
　　shellsthanthenoisymobofhalf
　　breedpatriotswhointhesandystreetsofAsuncionwereeveragitating，alwaysassembling，anddoingeverythingwithintheirpowertoshowtheworldtheperfectpictureofademocraticState。
　　StrangethatsuchturbulentandpatrioticpeopleshouldhavebeenancestorsofthosewhomI，aftertheterminationofthewarwithBuenosAyresandBrazilin1870，knewaslethargicanddowntrodden，asifthegreatdictator，Dr。Francia，whomthecountrypeople，speakinginbatedbreath，called`ElDifunto'，hadstilloppressedtheland。
　　IntotheturbulenthotbedofAsuncionfellAntequera，oneofthoseCreolesofPeruwho，bornwithtalentandwelleducated，seemed，eitherfromthecircumstancesoftheirbirthorthesurroundingsamongstwhichtheypassedtheiryouth，todifferasentirelyfromtheSpaniardsasiftheyhadbeenIndiansandnotCreolesofwhiteblood。
　　LikeCardenas，Antequerawasendowedwitheloquence；but，unlikeCardenas，hesetnostoreoneloquenceuponitsownaccount，butonlyuseditforhisownadvancementintheworld。FindingtheGovernorabsentfromAsuncionandlyingunderadecreesuspendinghimfromallhisfunctions，itseemsatoncetohaveoccurredtoAntequeratoseizehisplace。Onthisaccount，havingingratiatedhimselfwithsomeofthoseopposedtoBalmaceda，heraisedanarmy，andsenttoseizehim；
　　buttheGovernor，havingnoticeoftheplot，escapedtoCorrientes，andAntequerainstantlyassumedhispost。ThiswastoomuchfortheViceroyofPeru，who，thoughhehadbefriendedAntequerainthepast，hadsomerespectforlaw。ImmediatelyheissuedadecreereplacingBalmacedainthegovernorship，andorderingAntequeratogivehimbackthepowerhehadusurped。ThisAntequerahadnothoughtofdoing，andheembarkedonacareerofviolencewhichinducedsometobelieveheintendedtoproclaimhimselfanindependentking。
　　Whetherthiswasorwasnotthecase，astateofthingsaroseinParaguaymorepandemoniceventhaninthegoodoldtimesofCardenas。
　　TheJesuits，nothavingseentheirwaytosustainthecauseoftheirex
　　pupil，wereexpelledoncemore1725，andasbeforetookshipforCorrientesamongstthetearsofthepeople，theirhistorianssay，
　　andasIbanezandthosewhohavewrittenagainstthemaffirmasstrongly，amongstuniversaljoy。CertainitisthatinAsunciontheyplayedadifferentpartfromthatplayedbytheminthemissionterritory，andnodoubtmixed，asdidtheotherOrdersofreligion，intheintrigueswhichneverseemedtoceaseintherestlesscapitalofParaguay。
　　Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，etc。，vol。ii。，cap。v。，p。231。
　　DelTecho，Lozano，Guevara，Charlevoix，etc。，etc。
　　NotbeingcontentwiththeexpulsionoftheJesuits，AntequeradefeatedseveralgeneralssentagainsthimbytheViceroyofPeru，andbya`coupdemain'tookprisonertheex
　　GovernorBalmaceda，havingsurprisedhiminhishouseinCorrientes，andcarriedhimbacktoAsuncionunderacloseguard。Theusualreignofterrorthenbegan，andeverythingfellintoconfusion，tillatlasttheKingPhilipV。
　　in1726commandedthattheJesuitsshouldbereinstatedintheircollegeinAsuncion，andthatthemissionsshouldbetakenfromthejurisdictionoftheGovernorsofParaguayandplacedunderthecontroloftheGovernoroftheRiverPlate，ashadbeenpreviouslydoneinthecaseoftheotherJesuitmissionsbeyondtheUruguay。
　　ButSpainwasfaraway，andononepretextoranothersomuchdelayoccurredthatitwasnottillMarch18，1728，thattheJesuitswerereinstatedinthecollegeinAsuncion，whichtheywerenowfatedtoholdbutforalittlespace。AtlasttheViceroyofPeru，theMarquessofCastelFuerte，sentDonBrunodeZavalawithasufficientarmyandsixthousandIndiansfromthemissionsagainsttheusurperAntequera，whofledforrefugetotheFranciscanconventinCordoba，whereheremained，till，findinghispositionquiteuntenable，hefledtoCharcas，wherehewasarrested，andsenttoLimatoawaithistrial。Fouryearshewaitedinperfectliberty，goingandcomingaboutthetownasitbestpleasedhim，whilsttheHighCourtheardevidence，wrotetoMadrid，receivedinstructionsfromtheKing，andgenerallydisplayedtheincapacitywhichinallageshasbeenthechiefdistinctivefeaturesofeverycourtoflaw。
　　In1731anordercamefromMadridtoexecutehim，andwithoutlossoftimehewasplacedonahorsedrapedallinblack，and，precededbyaheraldandguardedbyatroopofguards，takenouttothepublicsquaretobebeheaded。Butthegoodpeopleofthecapital，who，inthefashionoftheworld，wouldnotmostprobablyhavestirredasteptosaveasaint，weremightilyconcernedtoseearoguereceivehisduedeserts。Thestreetswerefilledwiththousandscryingout`Pardon!'stonesflew，andtheaffairlookedsothreateningthattheViceroyhadtogetonhorsebackandrideamongstthecrowdtocalmthetumult。Thepeoplemethimwithashowerofstones，andhe，fearingtheprisonerwouldescape，calledonhisguardstofireuponhim。FourballspiercedAntequera，whofelldyingfromhishorseintothearmsoftwoaccompanyingpriests。
　　ThusthemostturbulentofalltheGovernorsofParaguayceasedtroubling，andtheexecutioner，afterhavingcutoffhishead，exhibitedittothepeoplefromthescaffold，withtheusualmoralaphorismastothetraitor'sfate。
　　ThetriumphoftheJesuitsinAsuncionwasbutmomentary，followingthegeneralruleoftriumphs，whichtaketheirwayalongthestreetwithtrumpetsandwithdrumsamidtheacclamationsofthecrowd，andthen，thepageantover，thechiefactorsfallbackagainintothestrugglesandthecommonplaceofordinarylife。
　　Betweentheyears1728and1730thepeopleofAsuncionhadbeenmoreeagerinpursuitoflibertythanwastheirusualwont。
　　Thecitizensweredividedintocamps，anddailyfoughtamongstthesandystreetsandshadyorange
　　borderedlaneswhichradiatefromalmosteveryquarterofthetown。Therivalbandsofmadmenwerestyledrespectivelythe`Communeros'andthe`Contrabandos'，andtothefirstAntequerathroughouthisresidenceinLimagavealltheassistanceinhispower。Neitherofthetwoseemstohavehadthemostelementaryideaofrealpatriotism，oranywishforanythingbeyondthemomentarytriumphofthemiserablepartytowhicheachbelonged。
　　Onedoctrinetheyheldincommon
　　ahatredoftheJesuits，andoftheinfluencetheyexercisedagainsttheenslavingoftheIndians，whichwastheaimof`Contrabandos'andof`Communeros'alike。
　　Oneoftherivalchieftainsofthefactionshavingfledforrefugetothemissions，thepeopleofAsuncionassembledtroopstotakehimfromhissanctuarybyforce。ArriveduponthefrontieroftheJesuitterritory，theyfoundthemselvesopposedbyanarmyoftheIndians，wholookedsoformidablethatthetroopsretiredtoAsuncion，andtheleaders，foiledinthefield，andnothavingforcetoattacktheJesuitsintheirownterritory，setvigorouslytoinflamethemindsofthepeopleagainstthem。
　　Libertyiscommonlyonlyattainedbyblood。Itis，Ithink，quitelegitimateinplayingthelibertygametokillallwhodisagreewithyourparty，ortobanishthem。
　　Inthesedegeneratetimes，loversoflibertyhavetostopshortatcalumny，justasiftheyweremeretyrants。
　　Theyworkedwithsuchsuccessthatwhen，in1732，thenewsofAntequera'sdeathreachedParaguay，thepeople，inflamedwiththeideathathewassacrificedtothehatredoftheJesuits，roseandexpelledthemonceagain。TheconstantexpulsionsoftheJesuitsfromAsuncion，theturmoilsintheState，andthefactthateverynowandthentheIndianshadtotakearmstodefendtheirterritory，actedmostmischievouslyonthereductions，bothinParaguayandinthosebetweentheParanaandUruguay。WholetribesofIndians，recentlyconverted，wentbacktothewoods；landwasleftquiteuntilled，andontheoutskirtsofthemissionterritorythewarliketribesofIndians，stillunsubdued，raidedthecattle，killedtheneophytes，andcarriedofftheirwivesasslaves。Butstill，inspiteofall，theIndiansclungtotheirpriests
　　astheysaid，fromaffectionforthereligiouscaretheyhadbestowed，butquiteaspossiblyfromtheinstinctiveknowledgethat，betweentheraidingPortugueseandthemaddeningpatriotsinAsuncion，theironlysafeguardagainstslaverylayintheJesuits。
　　MostfortunatelyforParaguayatthetime1734，DonBrunodeZavala，perhapsthemostenergeticoftheSpaniardsintheKing'sserviceinAmerica，wasViceroyintheRiverPlate。HavingreceivedorderstoquietthedissensionsinAsuncion，inspiteofbeingnearlyseventyyearsofage，andhavinglostanarmintheItalianwars，hemarchedatonce，takingbutfortysoldiersinhistrain，as，warbeingimminentwithPortugal，itwasnotsafetodepletetheslenderforcesintheRiverPlate。ArrivedinParaguay，heenteredtheJesuitmissionsattheReductionofSanIgnacioGuazu，and，havingappealedtotheprovincialoftheOrderforhisaid，speedilyfoundhimselfattheheadofalargearmyoftheIndians。AftersomeskirmisheshewasinapositiontoenterAsuncionandforcethepeopletoreceivehimastheirGovernor。Byoneofthoserevulsionssofrequentinacrowdofreasonablemen，thepeoplebeggedhimtoinvitetheJesuitstoreturn。Theydidso1735，andwerereceivedinstate，theGovernor，theBishop，andthechiefclergyandofficialsoftheplaceattendingMassintheCathedralwithlightedcandlesintheirhands。
　　Hisdutyover，DonBrunodeZavalasetoffforChile，wherehehadbeenappointedGovernor，andonhisjourney，atthetownofSantaFe，diedsuddenly，exhaustedwiththebattles，marchingsandcountermarchings，rebellions，Indianincursions，theturbulenceofthepeopleinthetowns，andtheothercareswhichformedthedailydutiesofaSpanishofficerinSouthAmericaatthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury。
　　ThenexttenyearswereonthewholepeacefulandprofitablefortheIndiansofthemissionsandfortheJesuits。
　　TheIndiansfollowedquietlytheirArcadianlives，exceptwhennowandthenacontingentofthemwasrequiredtoassistinanyofthewars，whichatthattimewereceaselessthroughouttheeasternpartofSouthAmerica。TheJesuitspushedouttheirspiritualfrontiers，advancingonthenorthamongsttheTobatinesofthewoods，andonthewestendeavouringtospreadtheircoloniesamongsttheChiriguanasandotheroftheChacotribes。
　　`Guazu'=`great'inGuarani。Itisfrequentinplace
　　namesbothinParaguayandCorrientes。
　　DeanFunes，vol。ii。，cap。xii。，p。372，saysofZavala:
　　`Porcaractereramanso，perouso/algunasvecesdeseveridad，porquesabiaqueparaservirbienaloshombresesprecisodecuandoencuandotenervalordedesagradarlos……
　　Lapobrezaenquemuriodespuesdetantosan~osdemando，esunapruebaclasicadequenoestabacontagiadoconesacommunflaquezadelosquegobieranenAmerica。'
　　FromtheconquestofPeru，whenthoseIndianswhohadbeenbutrecentlybroughtundertheempireoftheIncasretreatedintotheChaco，ithadbeentherefugeofthefiercestandmostindomitabletribes。
　　TheSpanishcolonists，theardourofthefirstconquestspent，hadsettleddownmainlytoagriculturalpursuits。Fewhadefficientfirearms，andonthewhole，thoughturbulentamongstthemselves，theyhadbecomeunwarlike。TheverynameofthewildIndiansLosIndiosBravos
　　spreadterrorupanddownthefrontiers。Thisterror，whichIrememberstillprevalentbothinMexicoandonthepampasoftheArgentineRepublic，notmorethanfive
　　and
　　twentyyearsago，waskeenerupontheconfinesoftheChacothananywhereinSouthAmerica，except，perhaps，inChile，uponthefrontiersofAraucania。
　　InthelongandinterestingletterofJaimeAguilar，theprovincialoftheJesuitsinParaguay，totheKingofSpainPhilipV。，1737，occursthefollowingpassage:
　　`Ysialgunavez，quenosonmuchas，seanimanlosEspan~olesaperseguirycastigarlosIndios，muchoshuyendelatierra，oseesconden，pornoiralaentrada……Otrasvezes
　　quandolleganalla/，elEnemigolesquitanlaCavallada，dexandolosapieysevuelvenacasacomopueden。'
　　ThisIhaveseenmyself，notthirtyyearsago，onthefrontiersoftheArgentineRepublic。ThepopularArgentinepoem，`LaVueltadeMartinFierro'，byJoseHernandezBuenosAyres，1880，hasanillustrationshowinganexpeditionagainsttheIndiansreturning。
　　Someofthemenareonfoot；othersareridingtwoonthesamehorse，andofficersareanimatingtheirmenwiththeflatoftheirswords。
　　TheTobas，Mataguayos，Lules，Aguilotas，Abipones，andtherest，togetherwiththewarlikenationsoftheVilelasandtheGuaycurus，hadfromthefirstrejectedChristianity。Attemptshadseveraltimesbeenmadetoestablishsettlementsamongstthem，buttheferocityofallthetribes，theirnomadhabits
　　formanyofthempassedtheirlivesonhorseback
　　andthepeculiarnatureoftheircountry，avastdomainofswamp，piercedbygreatriversquiteunknowntotheSpanishsettlers，hadhithertocombinedtorendereveryeffortvain。
　　But，notwithstandingthis，theJesuitslabouredincessantly，andnotwithoutsuccess，amongstthewildestoftheChacotribes。
　　ThegentleandeccentricFatherMartinDobrizhofferpassedmanyyearsamongsttheAbipones，ofwhomhewrotehischarmingbook。Heenumeratesmanytribes，ofwhomhesays`theseareforthemostconvertedbyus，andsettledintowns。'
　　`AccountoftheAbipones'，p。125。
　　Nothing，perhaps，displaystheJesuitsattheirbest，morethantheireffortsintheChaco。Theenormousterritorywassparselypeopledbyaboutseventytribes，1whereoftherewerefifteenorsixteenofconsiderablesize。Hardlytwotribesspokedialectsbywhichtheycouldcommunicatewithoneanother，andalmosteveryoneofthemlivedinastateofwarfare，notonlywiththeSpaniards，butwiththeneighbouringtribes。TheinventoriespreservedbyBrabo2
　　showusthetownofPaisanesintheChaco，withitsroughwoodenhouses，andtheJesuits'habitationinthemiddleoftheplace，stockaded，andwithoutdoors，andwithbutnarrowopeningsinthewall，throughwhichthemissionariescrept。Theinsideofthehousecontainedfiveorsixroughrooms，almostunfurnished，butforafewreligiousbooksandaplentifulsupplyofguns。3
　　Theirbedswereofunvarnishedwood，withcurtainsofroughcottonspunbytheIndians。Sometimestheyhadasofaofleatherslungbetweenfourstakes，arackformedicinebottles，andforthewineforMass。
　　Lastly，onepriest，inthesettlementamongsttheToquitistines，hadamonghisbookscopiesofCervantesandQuevedo；onehopeshereadthemhalfsmiling，halfwithatearinhiseye，foryourtruehumourisakintotears。Perhaps，reading`DonQuixote'or`ElGranTacano'，thepoorpriestforgothistroubles，and，wanderingwithSanchoinLaManchanoak
　　woodsorthroughCastilianuplands，thoughthewasinSpain。4
　　1Brabo，`Inventarios'，p。ix。
　　2FranciscoXavierBrabo，`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'Madrid，1872。
　　3Thelistsofcannons，guns，andarmsofallkindsintheinventoriesoftheChacotowns，preservedbyBrabo，servetoshownotonlythedangerstowhichtheJesuitswereexposed，butalsohowthoroughlytheJesuitsunderstoodtheficklenatureofthosewithwhomtheylived。
　　4Anotherpriest，thelistofwhoseeffectsBrabohaspreservedinhis`Inventarios'，hadabookcalled`ElAliviodeTristes'。
　　EvenaProtestantmaybeexcusedforhopingthatitmeriteditstitle。
　　ThroughouttheterritoryoftheGranChacotherewerebutsevenreductionsestablishedbytheJesuits。ThesewereSanJosedeBilelas，withitslittletownPetacas；SanJuanBautistadelosIristines，withitstownletofthesamename；SanEstebandelosLules，withthetownofMiraflores；NuestraSenoradelBuenConsejodelosOmarapas，capitalOrtega；NuestraSenoradePilardelosPaisanes，withMacapilloasitscentre；NuestraSenoradelRosariodelosTobas，withitschiefplacecalledSanLucas；and，lastly，theestablishmentamongsttheAbipones，knownasLaConcepcion。InallthesemissionstheJesuitslivedinconstantperiloftheirlives。Inreadingtheiroldchroniclesonefindstherecordsoftheirobscureandhalf
　　forgottenmartyrdoms，theirsufferings，andthebriefrecordoftheirdeathsbyanarroworaclub。In1711FatherCavallero，withallhisfollowing，wasslainbythesavagePinzocas。In1717FatherRomero，having，asaJesuitwritersays，`nothingbutmoralforcebehindhim，'
　　wasslainwithtwelvecompanionsoftheGuaranisofParaguay。
　　In1718FathersArcoandBlende，SylvaandMaceo，receivedtheirdusted
　　overmartyrs'crowns。
　　CretineauJoly，tomev。，chap。ii。，p。95。Yourmoralforceisexcellentinacivilizedcountry；butyourmodernmissionaryusuallypreferssomethingmoreinaccordancewiththespiritofthetimes。
　　RightupthewesternbankoftheriverParaguay，intheoldmaps，thecrossesmarkthesiteswhereJesuitswereslain。Thattheyalldiedtofurthercraftyschemes，orforsomehiddenpurposeofaMachiaveliannature，evenaDominicanwillscarcelyurge。Thattheydidgood
　　moreorlessgoodthanProtestantfanaticsofthesamekidneymighthaveachieved
　　itwereinvidioustoinquire。Thatwhichiscertainisthattheyweresingle
　　heartedmen，faithfuluntotheendtowhattheythoughtwasright，faithfuleventothesheddingoftheirownblood，whichis，onemaybelieve，thewayinwhichthescripturalinjunctionshouldberightlyread。
　　Inthedimfuture，whensomeshadowofcommon
　　sensedawnsontheworld，andwhenmenrecognisethatitisbettertoletothersfollowtheirdestinyasitbestpleasesthem，withouttheofficiousinterferenceoftheirfellows，itmaybethattheywillsayallmissionariesofwhatsoeversectorcongregationshouldhavestayedathome，andnotgonegaddingtothedesertplacesoftheearthseekingtoremedytheerrorsoftheirGodbytheirexertions；butwhilsttheidealstillremainsofsacrificewhichmay，forallIknow，beuselessinitself，orevenharmful，theymustperforceallowtheJesuitsinParaguayhighrank，orelsebestultified。
　　ButintheChacotheJesuitsfoundconditionsmostdifferentfromthoseprevailingintheirmissionsbetweentheUruguayandParana。
　　Insteadofopenplains，vastswamps；insteadofdocilesemi
　　ArcadiansliketheGuaranis，whoalmostworshippedthem，fiercenomadhorsemen，brokenintoahundredlittletribes，alwaysatwar，andcaringlittleforreligionofanysortorkind。Again，thereseemsintheChacotohavebeennomeansofamassinganykindofwealth，asalltheterritorywasquiteuncultivatedandinavirginstate；but，still，thesettlementshadexistedlongenoughforcattletoincrease。
　　Lastly，theincursionsofthebarbaroustribeswereaconstantmenacebothtotheJesuitsandtheirneophytes。YetintheirindefatigablewaytheJesuitsmadeconsiderableprogressamongsttheChacotribes，asboththecurious`HistoryoftheAbipones'byFatherDobrizhofferandtheinventoriespreservedbyBraboprove。
　　Thetotalnumberofcattlewas78，171，asagainst698，353inthetownsoftheGuaranis。SeeBrabo，`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'，Appendix，p。668。
　　`HistoryoftheAbipones'，fromtheLatinofMartinDobrizhoffer，London，1822。
　　ItisacuriouscircumstancethatinthemissionsintheChacotherewerenegroslaves，thoughintheParaguayanmissionstheywereunknown。IntheinventoryofthetownofSanLucasappearthefollowingentries，undertheheadof`NegrosEsclavos':
　　`Justo，quesirvedecapatazenelcampo；sera/deedaddeveinteysietean~os，maso/menossegunsuaspecto。'
　　`Item，Pedro，sera/dediezyseisan~osyesmediofatuo。'
　　`Item，Jose/Felix，sera/deunmesymedio。'
　　BesidestheirsevenestablishmentsintheGranChaco，theyhadthreeestablishmentsinthenorthofParaguayinthegreatwoodswhichfringethecentralmountainrangeofthecountry，knownastheCordilleradeM'baracayu。Thesemissions，calledSanJoaquindelTaruma，SanEstanislao，andBelen，werequiteapartfromalltheothermissionsoftheGuaranis，fardistantfromtheChaco，andremovedbyanenormousdistancefromthoseoftheOrderintheMoxosandamongsttheChiquitos，forming，asitwere，anoasisintherecessesoftheTarumensianwoods。
　　Thesethreereductions，foundedrespectivelyin1747，1747，and1760，were，astheirdatesindicate，theswansongoftheJesuitsinParaguay。
　　FoundedastheywerefarfromtheSpanishsettlements，theywerequiteremovedfromtheintriguesandinterferencesoftheSpanishsettlers，whichwerethecurseoftheothermissionsontheParana。
　　TheTobatinesIndianswereofadifferentclasstotheGuaranis，thoughpossiblyofthesamestockoriginally。NothavingcomeincontactuntilrecentyearswiththeSpaniards，andhavinghadtwofierceandprolongedwarswiththenearestsettlements，theyhadremainedmoreintheirprimitiveconditionthananyoftheIndianswithwhomtheJesuitshadcomeincontactinParaguay。
　　DuringtheshortperiodofJesuitruleamongstthem1746
　　1767
　　thingsseemtohavegoneoninahalf
　　Arcadianway。InSanJoaquin，Dobrizhoffer，ashesayshimself，devotedeightyearsofunregrettedlabourtotheIndians。MostcertainlyhewasoneoftheJesuitswhounderstoodtheIndiansbest，andhisdescriptionsofthemandtheirlifeareamongthemostdelightfulwhichhavebeenpreserved。
　　HetellsoftheromanticbutfruitlesssearchduringeighteenmonthsthroughouttheforestsoftheTarumabyFathersYegros，Escandon，Villagarcia，andRodriguez，fortheItatineswhohadleftthereductionofNuestraSenoradeSantaFe，andhadhiddeninthewoods。
　　Though1747wasthedateofthefinalfoundingofthesereductions，asearlyas1697aboutfourhundredIndianswerediscoveredinthewoodsoftheTarumabyFathersRoblesandXimenes，andestablishedinthemissionofNuestraSenoradeFe；
　　butintheyear1721theyallreturnedtothewoods，afamineandanoutbreakofthesmall
　　poxhavingfrightenedthem。
　　Afterbeingagainestablishedinamission，andagainhavingleftit，in1746，theywereestablisheddefinitelyatSanJoaquin。
　　DobrizhoffercallstheTobatinesbythenameofItatines。
　　CharlevoixandothersrefertothemasTobatines。
　　Then，commentinguponthestrangenessofallaffairssublunary，herelatesthataccidentatlengtheffectedwhatlabourcouldnotdo。
　　In1746FatherSebastiandeYegros，afterasearchoffortydays，cameontheIndians
　　asitwere，directedbyProvidence，or，aswenowsay，accident。Hebuiltatownforthem，and，asDobrizhoffersays，`assembledtheminChristianpolity。'
　　Tothenew
　　foundedvillagecattleofeverykindweresent，withclothes
　　useful，ofcourse，tothosewhohadneverwornthem
　　axes，andfurniture，andlastlyafewmusicmasters，withoutwhosehelpthosewhobuildcitiesspendtheirtoilinvain。
　　`AccountoftheAbipones'，p。54。
　　Tothenewtowninwhichthesimple
　　heartedpriestremainedeightyears，in1753，cameDonCarlosMorphi，anIrishman，andGovernorofParaguay；
　　and，havingstayedfivedayswithDobrizhoffer，departed，marvellingattheaccuracywithwhichthenew
　　madeChristians`Cristianosnuevos'managedtheirdouble
　　basses，theirflageolets，theirviolins，and，ingeneral，alltheirinstruments，whetherofmusicorofwar。
　　Modestly，butwithprolixity，asbefitsavirtuous，God
　　fearingman，thesimpleJesuitrelatesaspecialinstanceofthewayinwhichhewasenabledtoworkbothforhisowngloryandfortheprofitoftheLord。
　　NotfarfromSanEstanislaowassituatetheforestofM'baevera，inwhichgrewquantitiesoftreesfromwhichthe`yerba
　　mate'
　　Paraguayanteawasmade。Toreachitwasaworkofpainandtrouble，forthroughthewoodsatrackcalleda`picada'hadtobecut；
　　theriversweredeep，bridgeless，andhadtohavebranchesstrewedalongthetracktogiveafootingtothestrugglingmules。
　　In1873，whenIvisitedtheoutskirtsofthisforest，theconditionsweresimilartothosewhichDobrizhofferdescribes，withtheadditionthatthedepopulationofthecountry，owingtotherecentlongwar，hadallowedthetigerstomultiplytoanextraordinarydegree，andmyguideandmyself，afterfeedingourhorses，hadtosleepalternately，thewakerholdingthetwohorseshobbledandbridled。
　　AnexpeditionhavingbeensentunderacertainSpaniardcalledVillalbatocollect`yerba'，camesuddenlyuponadesertedIndianhut。
　　Astheyhadstartedquiteunarmed，exceptwithknivesandaxestocutdowntheboughs，apanicseizedthem，and，insteadofcollectinganyleaves，theyhurriedbacktoSanEstanislao。NosoonerdidDobrizhofferhearthenewsthanhesetouttofindtheIndians，withafewneophytes，uponhisownaccount。Havingtravelledthe`mournfulsolitudes'foreighteendays，theycameuponnosignofIndians，andreturnedfootsoreandhungry，`theimprovementofourpatiencebeingoursolerecompense。'
　　Thewholeoperationofcollectingandpreparingtheleavesofthe`IlexParaguayensis'，tomakethe`yerba
　　mate'，wasmostcurious。
　　Bandsofmenusedtosallyoutforasix
　　months'expedition，eitherbylandwithbullock
　　waggons，oruponeoftheriversinflat
　　bottomedboats，whichwerepoledalongagainsttherapidcurrentbycrewsofsixtotwelvemen。Arrivedatthe`yerbal'，astheforestwascalled，theybuiltshelters，afterthefashionofthoseinuseamongstthelargeroftheanthropoidapes。Someroamedthewoodsinsearchofthepropertrees，theboughsofwhichtheycutdownwithmachetes，whilstothersremainedandbuiltalargeshedofcanescalleda`barbacoa'。Onthisshedwerelaidthebundlesofboughsbroughtfromthewoods，andalargefirewaslightedunderneath。
　　Duringforty
　　eighthoursifIrememberrightlythetoastingwenton；