TheofficialcapitalwasplacedatCandelaria，ontheeastbankoftheParana。InthattowntheSuperiorofthemissionshadhisofficialresidence，andfromthenceheruledthewholeterritory，havingnotonlytheecclesiasticalbutthetemporalpower，thelatter，fromthepositioninwhichhewasplaced，somanyhundredmilesfromanySpanishGovernor，havingbydegreesgraduallycomeintohishands。
　　ThelittletownofLaCandelariawas，whenIknewit，inamostneglectedstate。ThebuildingsoftheJesuits，withtheexceptionofthechurch，wereallinruins。
　　Thestreetsweresandyanddeserted，thefoot
　　walkseparatedfromthembyalineofhard
　　woodposts，which，astraditionsaid，werelefttherebytheJesuits；butthehardwoodsofParaguayarealmostasimperishableasiron。
　　Inall，themissionsamountedtothirty；andfortheirrelativesituationsvidethecuriousmap[notavailableinthisASCIItext]，theoriginalofwhichwaspublishedintheworkofPadrePedroLozano，C。deJ。，`Descripcionchorographicadelterreno，rios，arbolesyanimalesdelasdilatadissimasprovinciasdelGranChaco，Gualanba'，etc。
　　Cordoba，delTucuman，enelColegiodelaAssumpcion，porJosephSantosBalbas，1733。
　　A`balsa'
　　thatis，aflyingbridgeworkedbyacable
　　pliedfitfullyacrosstheParanatoYtapua，alsoalittleex
　　Jesuittownupontheotherside。Eachshophadasignoutside，aswasthecaseinEnglandahundredyearsago。Indianssuppliedtheplacewithvegetables，floatingdownincanoespiledupwithfruit，withflowers，withsweetpotatoes，andreturninghomeempty，orfortheircargothreeorfourtinpails，alooking
　　glass，orotherofthemarvelswhichEuropesendsasasampleofhermanufacturestolittlefrontiertowns。
　　Allwasasquiet，orperhapsmuchquieterthaninthetimewhentheSuperioroftheJesuitswasinresidence，andifithadbeennecessary，duringthehothoursofnoon，Godivasbythedozenmighthaveriddendownthestreets，hadtheybeenabletofindhorsesquietenoughtoride，certainthatnooneinthetownwouldlosehisafter
　　breakfastnaptolookatthem。
　　IneverymissiontwochosenJesuitslived。Theelder，selectedforhisexperienceofthecountryandknowledgeofthetonguefromamongstthosewhohadbeenrectorsofcollegesorprovincialsoftheOrder，wasvestedwiththecivilpower，andwasresponsibledirecttotheSuperior。
　　Thesecond，generallystyledcompanionelCompanero，actedashislieutenant，andhadfullchargeofallthingsspiritual；
　　sothattheywereacheckononeanother，andtheirdutiesdidnotclash。
　　IndifficultiestheSuperiortransmittedorders，likeageneralinthefield，bymountedmessengers，whofrequentlyrodeoverahundredmilesaday，relaysofhorsesalwaysbeingkeptreadyforemergencieseverythreeleaguesupontheroad。
　　FromLaCandelariaroadsbranchedofftoeveryportionoftheterritory，mostofthemfitforcarts，andallsuperiortothosetrackswhichweretheonlythoroughfaresbuttwentyyearsago。RoadsrantoCorrientes，toAsuncion，othersfromYapeyutotheSaltoGrande，ontheParana。
　　UpontheUpperUruguaywereabouteightyposts，allguarded，andwithhorsesreadytoequipthemessengers。ButtherewerealsoroadsinthedistrictoftheUpperParana，whichImyselfrememberasawilderness，uncrossed，uncrossable，wheretigersroamedaboutandIndiansshotattheraretravellerwithpoisonedarrowsoutofablow
　　pipe，whilsttheyremainedunseenintherecessesofthewoods。
　　InthedistrictsoftheUpperUruguayandParana，besidestheroadsandrelaysofpost
　　horses，theyhadafleetbothofcanoesandboatsinwhichtheycarried`yerba'andtheotherproductsoftheland。
　　Thus，withtheirfleetofboatsandofcanoes，theirhighroadsbranchingoutoneveryside，andtheirrelaysofpost
　　horsesatintervals，mostprobablynoStateofAmericaatthetimehadsuchinteriormeansofcommunicationwiththeseatofgovernment。TheIncasandtheAztecscertainlyhadpostswhocarriedmessagesandbroughtupfishfromthecoastwithgreatrapidity；
　　butalltheSpanishcoloniescontemporaneouswiththeJesuits'settlementsinParaguayhadfallenintoastateoflethargyandofinteriordecay。
　　TheroadstheIncasusedinPeruwerefallingfastintodisuse，andittookseveralweekstosendaletterfromBuenosAyrestothePacificcoast。
　　AletterofacertainJesuitnamelost，butdated1715saysthattherewereatleasttwothousandcanoesinconstantuseontheParana，andalmostasmanymoreontheUruguayBrabo，`Inventarios'，etc。。
　　Thesystemofinteriorgovernmentinthemissionswasinappearancedemocratic
　　thatistosay，therewereofficials，asmayors1andcouncillors；
　　butmostofthemwerenamedbytheJesuits，andallofthem，evenalthoughelected，owedtheirelectionentirelytotheirpriests。
　　Thissortofthought
　　suggestedrepresentationwasthemostfittingfortheIndiansatthetime，2andthosewholookintotheworkingsofaCountyCouncilofto
　　daycannotbutthinkattimesthatthemajorityofthecouncillorswouldhavebeenbetterchosenhadtheelectoratehadthebenefitofsomecontrollinghand，thoughfromwhatquarteritisdifficulttosee。TheproblemwhichmostwritersontheJesuitshavequitemisunderstood，ishowtwoJesuitswereabletokeepamissionofseveralthousandIndiansinorder，andtorulesupremewithoutarmedforces，oranymeansofmakingtheirpowerfeltorofenforcingobediencetotheirdecrees。
　　Undoubtedly，thedangerouspositioninwhichtheIndiansstood，exposedononesidetothePaulistas，andontheothertotheSpanishsettlers，bothofwhomwishedtotakethemastheirslaves，placedpowerintheJesuits'hands:fortheIndiansclearlyperceivedthattheJesuitsalonestoodbetweenthemandinstantslavery。
　　MostcontroversialistswhohaveopposedtheJesuitsassertthattheIndiansofthemissionswere，inreality，halfslaves。
　　Nothingisfurtherfromthetruth，ifoneconsultsthecontemporaryrecords，andremembersthesmallnumberoftheJesuits。TheworktheIndiansdidwasinconsiderable，andundersuchconditionsastodepriveitofmuchofthetoilsomenesswhichisincidenttoanykindofwork。
　　Theveryessenceofaslave'sestateisbeingobligedtoworkwithoutremunerationforanotherman。NothingwasfartherfromtheIndiansthansuchastateofthings。Theirworkwasdoneforthecommunity，andthoughtheJesuits，withoutdoubt，hadthefulldispositionofallthemoneyearnedincommerce，3andofthedistributionofthegoods，neitherthemoneynorthegoodswereusedforself
　　aggrandisement，butwerelaidoutforthebenefitofthecommunityatlarge。
　　Thetotalpopulationofthethirtytownsisvariouslyestimatedfromonehundredandfortytoonehundredandeightythousand，4
　　and，curiouslyenough，itremainedalmostatthesamefigureduringthewholeperiodoftheJesuitrule。ThisfacthasbeenadducedagainsttheJesuits，andithasbeensaidthattheycouldnothavebeengoodrulers，orthepopulationmusthaveincreased；butthosewhosaysoforgetthattheIndiansofParaguaywereneveringreatnumbers，andthatmostwritersonthewildtribes，asDobrizhoffer5andAzara，remarktheirtendencynevertoincrease。
　　1Corregidores，regidores，alcaldes，etc。
　　2Itisnottobesupposed，however，thattheIndianswerekeptinignorance。P。Cardiel`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。222，quotingfromtheCedulaRealof1743，saysthat`ineveryoneofthetownsthereisaschoolestablishedtoteachreadingandwritinginSpanish，andthatonthataccountagreatnumberofIndiansaretobemetwhowritewell。'Cardieladds，onthesamepage，`Dosdeellosestancopiandoahoraestoqueyoescribo，ydemejorletraquelamia。'
　　3DeanFunes`EnsayoCritico'，etc。putstheincomefromcommerceofthethirtytownsatahundredthousanddollars，andinformsusthat，aftertaxationtotheCrownhadbeendeductedfromit，itwasappliedtothemaintenanceofthechurchesandothernecessaryexpenses，andbytheendoftheyearlittleofitremained。
　　4DonMartindeBarua，inhismemorialtotheKing1736，complainingoftheJesuits，putsthenumberoftaxableIndiansatfortythousand。TheCommissionappointedtoexamineintothechargesin1736，whichreportedin1745areasonableinterval，affirmedthatthetaxableIndiansonlynumbered19，116。
　　EachIndianpaidanannualpoll
　　taxofonedollarayeartotheCrown。
　　Inadditiontothat，everytowngaveonehundreddollarsayear。
　　ThesalaryofthepriestswassixhundreddollarsayearAzara，`Voyagedansl'Ame/riqueMe/ridionale'。
　　5`AccountoftheAbipones'。London:JohnMurray，1822。
　　AllthisrelativelylargepopulationofIndianswasruled，ashasbeenseen，byaquiteinconsiderablenumberofpriests，who，notdisposingofanyEuropeanforce，andbeingalmostalwaysonbadtermswiththeSpanishsettlersinParaguayonaccountofthefirmstandtheymadeagainsttheenslavingoftheIndians，hadnomeansofcoercionattheircommand。HencetheIndiansmusthavebeencontentedwiththeirrule，foriftheyhadnotbeensotheJesuitspossessednopowertostopthemfromreturningtotheirsavagelife。Azara，1althoughinthemainanopponentoftheJesuits，inthesamewaythata`goodLiberal'ofto
　　daywouldopposeanythingofaSocialistictendency，yethasthismostsignificantpassageintheirfavour。AfterenumeratingtheamountoftaxespaidbythemissionstotheCrown，hesays`enfaisantlebilantoutsetrouvaite/gal，ets'ilyavaitquelqueexce/dant，ile/taitenfaveurdesJe/suitesoudespeoplades。'2Seldomenoughdoessucharesulttakeplacewhenthebalanceisstruckto
　　dayinanycountrybetweentherulersandtheir`taxables'。Followingtheirsystemofperfectisolationfromtheworldtoitslogicalsequence，theJesuitssurroundedalltheterritoriesoftheirdifferenttownswithwallsandditches，andatthegatesplantedaguardtopreventegressoringressbetweenthemissionsandtheouterworld。3
　　Muchcapitalhasbeenmadeoutofthis，asitisattemptedtobeshownthattheIndiansweretherebytreatedasprisonersintheirownterritories。
　　Nothing，however，hasbeensaidofthefactthat，iftheditches，palisades，andguard
　　houseskeptintheIndians，theyalsohadtheeffectofkeepingtheSpaniardsout。WhenmenwholookedupontheIndiansaswithoutreason，andcapturedthemforslaveswhenitwaspossible，begantotalkofliberty，itlooksasifthe`sacrednameofliberty'wasusedbutasastalking
　　horse
　　asgreasyTestamentsareusedtoswearuponinpolice
　　courts，whenthewitness，withhistongueinhischeek，raiseshiseyestoheaven，andthenwithfervencyimprintsakissuponhisthumb。
　　1`Voyagedansl'Ame/riqueMe/ridionale'。Paris:Denton，1809。
　　2Pera/mas`DevitaetmoribussexsacerdotumParaguaycorum，PetrusJoanesAndrea'，lxxxiv。statesthatitappeared，frompapersleftaftertheirexpulsion，thattheincomeoftheJesuitCollegeofCordobajustpaidtheexpensesofadministration`eraconescasadiferenciaiguala/losgastos'。
　　IntheArchivoGeneralofBuenosAyres，legajo`Compan~iadeJesu/s'，thereisadocumentreferredtobyP。HernandezinhisintroductiontotheworkofP。Cardiel`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，whichstatesthatintheyearoftheexpulsiontheincomeofthethirtytownsfellalittleshortoftheexpenses。
　　3Azara，`Voyagedansl'Ame/riqueMe/ridionale'；alsoFunes，`EnsayoCriticodelaHistoriadelParaguay'；andPadreGuevara，`HistoriadelParaguay，RiodelaPlatayTucuman'。
　　Itwillbeseenthatthecommunismofthemissionswasofalimitedcharacter，and，thoughthelandwascultivatedbythelabourofthecommunity，thattheproductswereadministeredbytheJesuitsalone。Thoughithasbeenstatedbymanypolemicalwriters，suchasIbanezandAzara，andmorerecentlybyWashburne，whowasAmericanMinisterinParaguayduringthewarwithBrazilandtheArgentineRepublic1866
　　70，thattheJesuitshadamassedgreatwealthinParaguay，noproofhaseverbeenadvancedforsuchacharge。CertainlyCardenasmadethesamestatement，butitwasneverinhispowertobringanyconfirmationofwhathesaid。
　　ThispoweralonewasinthehandsofBucareli1767，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，underwhoseauspicestheexpulsionoftheJesuitswascarriedout。ByseveralextractsfromBrabo'sinventories，andbythestatementofthereceiverssentbyBucareli，Ihopetoshowthattherewasnogreatwealthatanytimeinthemissionterritory，andthattheincomewasexpendedintheterritoryitself。
　　Itmaybethattheexpenditureonchurcheswasexcessive，andalsothatthemoneylaidoutonreligiousceremonieswasnotproductive；
　　buttheJesuits，strangeasitmayappear，didnotconductthemissionsafterthefashionofabusinessconcern，butratherastherulersofsomeUtopia
　　thosefoolishbeingswhothinkhappinessispreferabletowealth。
　　NothingcangiveabetterideaofthewayoflifeofaJesuitpriestandofhisdailylaboursthanthecuriousletterofNicolasNeenguiru，originallywritteninGuarani，butofwhichatranslationisextantintheNationalSpanishArchivesinSimancas:
　　ArchivoGeneraldeSimancas，Estado，legajo7，450，folios21y22，5a，Copiadelascartassinfirma；lasiguienteesdeNicolasNeenguiru/
　　quesehallaronenletraGuarani/traducidasporlosinterpreteonombradosenlassorpresahechaalpueblodeSanLorenzoporelCoronelD。JoseJoaquindeViana，GobernadordeMontevideo，eldia20deMayode1756:
　　`ElmododevivirdelPadrees，cerrarbientodaslaspuertasyquedarseelsolo，suMayordomo，ysumuchacho。SonyaIndiosdeedad，ysoloestosasistensolodediaadentro，ya/lasdocesalenafuera，yunviejoesquiencuidadelaPorteria，yesquienSierralapuertaquandodescansaelPadre，o/quandosaleelPadrea/versuchacara。
　　Yaunentoncesvansolos，sinoesconunIndiodehedadquienlosgiuaycuidadeelcaballoydespuesdeestoa/misaya/latardealRosariodeMariaSantisimallamandonoscontoquedecampana，yantesdeestoa/losmuchachosymuchachittaslosllamaconunacampa/nillaydespuesdeesoelbuenodeelPadreentrahaensen~arleslaDoctrina，yelpersinarsedeelmismomodo，todoslosdiasdefiestanosPredicalapalabradeDios，delmismomodoelSantoSacramentodelaPenitenciaydelaCommunion，enestascosasseexercittaelbuenodelPadreytodaslasnochessesierralaporteriaylallavesellevaalaposentodelPadreysolosevuelvea/abrirporlaman~anaquandoentraelSachristanyloscosineros……
　　`LosPadrestodaslasman~anasnosdicenmisas，ydespuesdemisa，sevanasuaposentoyhaicogenunpocodeaquacalienteconYervaynootracosamas；despuesdeestosalealapuertadesuaposentoyahaitodoslosqueoyeronmisasearrimenabesarlelamano，ydespuesdeestosaleafueraaverlosIndiossitrabajanenlosoficiosquecadaunotiene，ydespuessevanasuaposentoaresareloficiodivino，ensulibro，yparaqueDiosleayudeentodassuscosas。Alasoncedeeldiavanacomerunpoquitto，noa/comermuchosolocogecincoplattitosysolobeveunavezelvino，nollenandounvasopequen~o，yaguardientenuncalotomanyelvinonolohaiennuestropueblo，sololotraendelaCandelariasegunloqueenviaelPadreSuperiorlotrahendeaciaBuenosAires……
　　Despuesquesaledecomeryparadescansaranpoco，ymientrasdescansasalenfueralosqueassistenenlacasadelPadre，ylosquetrabajandentroenalgunasobrasytamvienelSachristanyelcosinero:
　　todosestossalenfuerayquandonosetocalacampanaestanserradaslaspuertas，ysolounviejoeselquecuidadelaspuertas，yquandovuelvanatocarlacampana，vuelveesteaabrirlasparaquevuelvanaentrarlosquetrabajandentro，yelPadreCogeelBrebiarionoairaparteninguna。
　　Alatardetocanlacampanillaparaqueserecojanlascriatturas，yentreelPadrea/ensenarlesladoctrinachristiana。'
　　`Themanneroflivingofthefatheristoshutallthedoors，andremainalonewithhisservantandhiscookwhoareIndiansofaconsiderableage，andtheseonlywaitonhim；butbydayonly，andattwelveo'clock，theygoout，andanoldmanhascareoftheporter'slodge，anditishewhoshutsthegatewhenthefatherisasleep，orwhenhegoesouttoseehiscultivatedground，andeventhentheygoalone，exceptitbewithanoldIndian，whoguidesthemandattendstothefather'shorse；andafterthathegoestoMass，andintheeveningtotheRosaryoftheBlessedVirgin，callingustogetherbythesoundofthebell，andbeforethathecallstheboysandgirlswithasmallbell，andafterthatthegoodfatherbeginstoteachthemdoctrineandhowtocrossthemselves。
　　Inthesameway，oneveryfeastday，hepreachestoustheWordofGod，inthesamewaytheHolySacramentofPenitenceandoftheCommunion；
　　inthesethingsdoesthegoodFatheremployhimself，andeverynighttheporter'slodgeisclosed，andthekeytakentotheFather'sroom，whichisonlyopenedinthemorninginorderthatthesacristanandthecooksmayenter……
　　`TheFatherseverymorningsayMassforus，andafterMasstheygototheirrooms，andthentheytakesomehotwaterand`yerba'`mate'，andnothingmore；afterthathecomestothedoorofhisapartment，andthenallthosewhoheardMasscometokisshishand，andafterthathegoesouttoseeiftheIndiansarediligentattheirtasks，andafterwardstheygototheirroomtoreadthedivineserviceforthedayinhisbook，andtopraythatGodmayprosperhiminallhisaffairs。
　　Ateleveno'clocktheygotoeatalittle，nottoeatmuch，forheonlyhasfivedishes，andonlydrinkswineonce，notfillingalittleglass；
　　andspiritstheyneverdrink，andthereisnowineinourtown，exceptthatwhichisbroughtfromCandelaria，accordingtothatwhichtheSuperiorsends，andtheybringitfromsomewherenearBuenosAires……Afterhehasfinishedeating，torestalittlehegoesintothechurch；afterwards
　　yes，heretirestorestalittle，andwhilstheisrestingthosewhoworkinthefather'shousegoout，andthosewhodoanykindofindoorwork，andalsothesacristanandthecook:
　　allthesegoout，andaslongasthebelldoesnotringthedoorsareshut，andonlyanoldmanguardsthegate，andwhentheyringthebellagainheopensthedoorssothatthosewhoworkindoorsmaygoinside，andthefathertakeshisbreviaryandgoesnowhere。Intheeveningtheyringthebellsothatthechildrenmaycomehome，andthefathercomesintoteachthemChristiandoctrine。'
　　Perhapstheforegoingsimpledescription，writtenbyanIndianinGuarani，andtranslatedbysomeonewhohaspreservedinSpanishallthecuriousinversionsoftheGuarani，presentsasgoodapictureofthedailylifeofamissionpriestinParaguayasanythathaseverbeengiventothepublicbywritersmuchmoreambitiousthanmyselforNeenguiru。NicolasNeenguiru，thewriteroftheletter，afterwardsfiguredinthewaragainstthePortuguese，andseveralofhislettersarepreservedinthearchivesofSimancas，thoughnonesointerestingandsimpleasthatIhavetranscribed。
　　Dobrizhoffer，inhishistoryoftheAbipones，saysofhimthathewasasimpleIndian，whomoftenhehadseenputinthestocksforpettyfaults；
　　atanyrate，heseemstohavebeenoneofthoseIndianswhomtheJesuitshadatleastfavourablyimpressedbythesystemtheyemployed。
　　Afterthemannerinwhichhewrote，hundredsofIndiansmusthavethought，orelsethemissions，placedastheywere，surroundedonallsidesbyenemies，couldnothaveenduredasingleday。Whatwasit，then，whichraisedtheJesuitsupsomanyandsopowerfulenemiesinParaguay，wheninthedistrictsoftheMoxosandtheChiquitoswheretheirpowerwastothefullasgreat，amongsttheIndians，theyneverhadaquarrelwiththeSpaniardstillthedaytheywereexpelled?
　　Manyandvariouscausescontributedtoalltheyunderwent，butmostundoubtedlytworeasonsmusthavebroughtabouttheirfall。
　　PerhapstheentireisolationoftheJesuitsinthesetwoprovincesaccountsfortheirabsolutequiet；andifthisisso，itgoesfartoprovethattheywererighttoattemptthesameisolationinParaguay。
　　ThecomparativenearnessoftheSpanishsettlementsfrustratedtheirattemptsinthisinstance。
　　SincethetimeofCardenas，thereportthattheJesuitshadrichmines，whichtheyworkedonthesly，hadbeenpersistentlyontheincrease。
　　Althoughdisprovedathousandtimes，itstillremained；evento
　　day，inspiteof`science'anditswonderfuldiscoveries，therearemanyinParaguaywhocherishdreamsofdiscoveringJesuitmines。Humanitylovestodeceiveitself，althoughthereareplentyreadytodeceiveit；
　　andifmencanbothforgeforthemselvesfablesandatthesametimedamagetheirneighboursinsodoing，theirpleasureisintense。
　　Itakeitthatmanyreallybelievedthestoriesofthemines，beingunabletocreditthatanyonewouldlivefarfromtheworld，surroundedbutbyIndians，foranyotherreasonthantoberich。
　　Butletacountryhaverichminerals，eveniftheyexistbutinimagination，anditbecomesacrimeagainsthumanitytoshutitup。SothatitwouldappearoneofthereasonswhichinducedhatredagainsttheJesuitswastheideathattheyhadenormousmineralwealth，whicheithertheydidnotworkorelseworkedinsecretforthebenefitoftheirsociety。
　　Theotherreasonwasthequestionofslavery。Oncegetitwellintoyourheadthatyouandyoursare`reasoningmen'`gentederazon'，andthatallcolouredpeopleareirrational，andslaveryfollowsasanaturalsequence；for`reasoningmen'havewittomakeagun，andonthegunallreasontakesitstand。FromthefirstinstantoftheirarrivalinAmerica，theJesuitshadmaintainedafirmfrontagainsttheenslavementoftheIndians。TheymayhavehadtheirfaultsinEurope，andinthelargercentresofpopulationinAmerica；
　　butwheretheycameincontactwiththeIndians，theirswasthesolevoiceraisedupontheirside。
　　For`reasoningmen'，andhowthismonstroussuperstitionstillprevailsinVenezuela，seethecharmingbookofS。PerezTriana，`DeBogotaalAtlantico'，etc。，pp。156
　　158Paris:ImpresaSudAmericana。
　　Areallyinterestingbookoftravels，withoutcant，andwithoutaneyeonthepublic。Strangetorelate，theauthorseemstohavekillednothingduringhisjourney。
　　In1593PadreJuanRomero，sentfromPeruasSuperiortoParaguay，onhisarrivalgaveupanestatewithIndiansin`encomienda'
　　whichhispredecessorshadenjoyed，allegingthathedidnotwishtogivetheexampleofmakingprofitoutoftheunpaidlabouroftheIndians，
　　andthatwithouttheirworktheestatewasvalueless。
　　Charlevoix，bookiv。
　　Onmanyoccasions，notablyinthetimeofCardenas，theJesuitsopenlywithstoodallslavery，andamongsttheconcessionsthatRuizMontoyaobtainedfromtheKingofSpainwasonedeclaringalltheIndianstobefree。1Ifmoreexamplesofthehatredthattheirattitudeonslaverycalledforthwerewanting，itistoberememberedthatin1640，whenMontoyaandTanoreturnedfromSpain，andaffixedtheedictofthePopeonthechurchdoorsinPiritinanga，threateningwithexcommunicationallslave
　　holders，acryofrobberywentforth，andtheJesuitswerebanishedfromthetown。
　　ButinthismatterofslaverythereisnosayingwhatviewanyonegivenmanwilltakeuponitwhenhefindshimselfinsuchacountryasAmericawasduringthetimetheJesuitswereinParaguay。DonFelixdeAzara，aliberalandaphilosopher，amanofscience，andwhohasleftusperhapsthebestdescriptionbothofParaguayandoftheRiverPlate，writtenintheeighteenthcentury，yetwasapartisanofslavery。2
　　InamostcuriouspassageforaLiberalphilosopher，hesays:3
　　`TheCourtorderedDonFrancisco，JudgeoftheHighCourtofCharcas，togotoPeruinthecharacterofvisitor。Thefirstmeasurewhichhetook，in1612，wastoorderthatinfuturenooneshouldgototheIndians'houseswiththepretextofreducingthemi。e。，tocivilization，andthatno`encomiendas'fiefsshouldbegivenofthekindwehaveexplained
　　thatistosay，withpersonalserviceoftheIndians。
　　Icannotunderstandonwhathecouldhavefoundedameasuresopoliticallyabsurd；butasthatjudgefavouredthe`ideasoftheJesuits'，itissuspectedthattheydictatedhisconduct。'
　　1`ConquistaEspiritual'，RuizMontoya。
　　2`Voyagedansl'Ame/riqueMe/ridionale'。
　　3Azara，`ViagealAmericaMeridional'，tomo2，cap12。`Lacorteordeno/aDonFranciscodeAlfarooidordelaAudienciadeCharcaspasaralPeru/encalidaddevisitador。Laprimeramedidaquetomo/en1612fueordenarqueningunoenlosucesivopudieseiracasadeIndios，conelpretextodereducirlos，yquenosediesenencomiendasdelmodoquehemosexplicado，esdecirconserviciopersonal。Noalcanzosobrequepodiafundarseunamedidatanpoliticamenteabsurda:perocomoesteoidorfavorecialas`ideasdelosJesuitas'，sesospecho/queporaqueltiempoqueellosdictaronsuconducta。'
　　Whatstrongertestimonycomingfromsuchamancouldpossiblybefound，boththattheJesuitswereopposedtotheenslavingoftheIndiansandthattheiroppositionrenderedthemunpopular?Inthesameway，nodoubt，somemodern，unwisephilosopher，writinginBrussels，wouldupholdtheslaveryandmassacresinBelgianAfricaasevidencesofawisepolicy，becausetheendcondonesthemeans，andinthefuture，whenprogresshashadtimetofructify，therewillbeworkhousesdottedallupanddowntheCongo，andevery`native'
　　willbeforcedtosupplyhimself，atbutatrifleabovethecostinBelgium，withasufficiencyofcomfortableandthoroughlywell
　　seasonedwoodenshoes。
　　SoitappearsthattheaforesaidwerethetwochiefreasonswhichmadetheJesuitsunpopularwiththeSpanishsettlersinParaguay。
　　ButinadditionitshouldberememberedthattherewereinthatcountrymembersofalmostalltheotherreligiousOrders，andthat，asnearlyeveryoneofthemhadquarrelledwiththeJesuitsinEurope，oratthebestwerejealousoftheirpower，theenmitiesbeguninEuropeweretransmittedtotheNewWorld，andconstantlyfannedbyreportsofthequarrelswhichwentonbetweenthevariousOrdersallthroughEurope，andespeciallyinRome。
　　ButifitwerethecasethattheJesuitsexcitedfeelingsofhatredintheirneighbours，yettheycertainlyhadthegiftofattachingtothemselvestheIndians'hearts。Noinstitution，condemnedwithcontumelyandthrustoutofacountrywhereithadworkedforlong，itssupposedcrimeskeptsecret，anditsmembersallcondemnedunheard，couldhavepreserveditspopularityamongstthedescendantsofthemenwithwhomitworked，aftermorethanonehundredyearshavepassed，hadthisnotbeenthecase。
　　Icarenotintheleastfortheories，forthisorthatdogmaofpoliticiansortheologists，buttakemystandonwhatIheardmyselfduringmyvisitstothenowruinedJesuitmissionsinParaguay。
　　Horsemensayhorsescangoinanyshape，and，wonderfulasitmayseem，mencanbehappyunderconditionswhichnowriteronpoliticaleconomywouldrecogniseasfitforhumanbeings。NotoncebutmanytimeshaveagedIndianstoldmeofwhattheirfathersusedtosayabouttheJesuits，andtheythemselvesalwaysspokeofthemwithrespectandkindness，andendeavouredtokeepuptothebestoftheirabilityallthetraditionsoftheChurchceremoniesandhoursofprayerwhichtheJesuitshadinstilled。
　　Thattheinteriorsystemoftheirgovernmentwasperfect，orsuchaswouldbesuitableformencalled`civilized'to
　　day，isnotthecase。Thatitwasnotonlysuitable，butperhapsthebestthatunderallthecircumstancescouldhavebeendevisedforIndiantribestwohundredyearsago，andthenbutjustemergedfromsemi
　　nomadism，is，Ithink，clear，whenoneremembersinwhatastateofmiseryanddespairtheIndiansofthe`encomiendas'andthe`mitas'passedtheirlives。
　　Thatsemi
　　communism，withacontrollinghandinadministrativeaffairs，producedmanysuperiormen，orsuchasrisetothetopinmoderntimes，Idonotthink；but，then，whoarethemen，andbytheexerciseofwhatkindofvirtuesdotheyriseinthesocietiesofmoderntimes?TheJesuits'aimwastomakethegreatbulkoftheIndiansundertheircontrolcontented，andthattheygainedtheirendthecomplaintsagainstthembythesurroundingpopulationofslave
　　holdersandhuntersafterslavesgofartoprove。
　　For`mitas'and`encomiendas'，seeforegoingchapters。
　　Leavingupononesidetheirsystemofadministration，anddiscountingtheirunalterableperseverance，thereweretwothingsonwhichtheJesuitsappealedtotheIndians；andthosetwothings，bytheverynatureoftheirknowledgeofmankind，theyknewappealedasmuchtoIndiansastoanyotherraceofmen。Firstlyandinthiswritersopposedtothem，asBraboandAzara，bothagree，theyinstilledintotheIndiansthatthelandonwhichtheylived，withmissions，churches，herds，flocks，andtherest，wastheirownproperty。
　　Andinthesecondplacetheytoldthemtheywerefree，andthattheyhadtheKingofSpain'sownedictinconfirmationoftheirfreedom，sothattheynevercouldbeslaves。NeitherofthesetwopropositionscommendsitselftomanywritersontheJesuitsinParaguay，butforallthatitseemstomethatinthemselvestheyweresufficienttoaccountforthefirmholdtheJesuitshadontheirneophytes。
　　Brabo，`InventariosdelosbieneshalladosalaexpulsiondelasJesuitas'。
　　`Voyagedansl'Ame/riqueMe/ridionale'。
　　ThefreedomwhichtheIndiansenjoyedundertheJesuitrulemightnothaveseemedexcessivetomodernmindsandthoseattunedtothemildruleoftheEuropeansofto
　　dayinAfrica。Suchasitwas，itseemedsufficienttotheGuaranis，andeven，inalimiteddegree，placedthemabovetheIndiansoftheSpanishsettlements，whoforthemostpartpassedtheirlivesinslavery。
　　ChapterVIII
　　DonJosedeAntequera
　　AppointshimselfGovernorofAsuncion
　　Unsettledstateofaffairsinthetown
　　Heiscommandedtorelinquishhisillegalpower
　　Herefuses，andresortstoarms