Inadditiontothemeansdescribed，theJesuitshadrecoursetofrequentreligiousfeasts，forwhichthecalendargavethemfullscope，sothatthelifeinaJesuitmissionwasmuchdiversifiedandrenderedpleasanttotheIndians，whohavearootedloveofshow。Eachmissionhad，ofcourse，itspatronsaint，1andonhisdaynobodyworked，whilstallwasjoyfulnessandsimplemirth。Atbreakofdayadischargeofrocketsandoffirearmsandpealsuponthebellsannouncedthejoyfulmorn。Thenthewholepopulationflockedtochurchtolistentoanearlymass。Thosewhocouldfindnoroominsidethechurchstoodinlonglinesoutsidethedoor，whichremainedopenduringtheceremony。
　　Massover，eachonerantopreparehimselfforhispartinthefunction，theJesuitshavingtakencare，bymultiplyingofficesandemployments，toleavenomanwithoutadirectshareinalltheothersdid。2
　　Thehumblestandthehighesthadtheirpart，andtheheaviestburden，nodoubt，felluponthetwoJesuits，3whowereanswerableforall。
　　Theforemostdutywastogettheprocessionreadyforthemarch，andsaddle`loscaballosdelsanto'4toserveasescort，mountedbyIndiansinrichdresses，keptspeciallyforfeasts。
　　1Inthe`RelaciondeMisiones'oftheBrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，writtenbetween1788and1801，andpreservedinthe`ColecciondeAngelis'，occursthefollowingcuriousdescriptionofthefeast
　　dayofapatronsaintofaJesuitreduction:`Theymakealongalleyofinterwovencanes，whichendsinatriumphalarch，whichtheyadornwithbranchesofpalmsandothertreeswithconsiderablegraceandtaste`conbastantegraciaysimetria'。
　　Underthearchtheyhangtheirimagesofsaints，theirclothes，theirfirst
　　fruits
　　ascornandsugar
　　cane，andcalabashesfullofmaize
　　beer`chicha'
　　theirmeatandbread，togetherwithanimalsbothaliveanddead，suchastheycanprocure`comolospuedenhaberconsudiligencia'。Then，forminginaring，theydanceandshout，`Vivaelrey!Vivaelsantotutelar!'
　　2Manyandcuriousarethenamesbywhichtheoffice
　　bearerswent。
　　Thus，intheMissionofelSantoCorazon，intheChiquitos，Ifindthefollowing:Corregidor，theMayor；Teniente，Lieutenant；
　　Alferez，Sub
　　Lieutenant；AlcaldePrimero，HeadAlcalde；
　　AlcaldeSegundo，SecondAlcalde；Commandante，CaptainoftheMilitia；
　　JusticiaMayor，ChiefJustice；SargentoMayor，Sergeant
　　Major。
　　Thencamefiscales，fiscals；sacristanmayor，head
　　beadle；
　　capitandeestancia，chiefofthecattlefarm；capitandepinturas，carpinteria，herreros，etc。
　　captainofpainters，carpenters，smiths，etc。Alltheofficeswerecompetedforardently，andthoseofCorregidorandAlcaldeinespecialwereprizedsohighlythatIndianswhoweredegradedfromthemforbadconductorcarelessnessnotinfrequentlydiedofgrief。
　　3Ineachreductionthereweretwopriests。InallParaguay，attheexpulsionoftheOrderin1767，therewereonlyseventy
　　eightJesuitsDeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay'，etc。，cap。i。，vol。ii。。
　　4InthemissionofLosApostolestherewere599ofthese`horsesofthesaint'，accordingtoaninventorypreservedbyBrabo。
　　TheinventoryofthetownofLosApostoles1enablesustoreconstruct，withsomeattemptataccuracy，howtheprocessionwasformedandhowittookitsway。Allthemilitiaofthetownwereinattendance，mountedontheirbesthorses，andarmedwithlances`chuzos'，lazo，bolas，andafewwithguns。TheofficersoftheIndiansrodeattheirhead，dressedoutingorgeousclothes，andtroopsofdancers，atstatedintervals，performedasortofPyrrhicdancebetweenthesquadronsofthecavalry。2
　　InthefrontofallrodeonawhitehorsetheAlferezReal，3
　　dressedinadoubletofbluevelvetrichlylacedwithgold，awaistcoatofbrocade，andwithshortvelvetbreechesgarteredwithsilverlace；uponhisfeetshoesdeckedwithsilverbuckles，andthewholeschemecompletedbyagold
　　lacedhat。Inhisrighthandheheldtheroyalstandardfastenedtoalongcanewhichendedinasilverknob。
　　Aswordwasbyhisside，which，asheonlycouldhavewornitonsuchoccasions，andasthe`horsesofthesaint'werenotunlikelyasticklishasmosthorsesoftheprairiesofEntreRiosandCorrientesarewonttobe，musthaveembarrassedhimconsiderably。
　　BehindhimcametheCorregidor，arrayedinyellowsatin，withasilkwaistcoatandgoldbuttons，breechesofyellowvelvet，andahatequalinmagnificencetothatwornbyhisboldcompeer。
　　ThetwoAlcaldes，lessviolentlydressed，worestraw
　　colouredsilksuits，withsatinwaistcoatsofthesamecolour，andhatsturnedupwithgold。
　　Otherofficials，astheCommissario，MaestredeCampo，andtheSargentoMayor，werequiteasgailydressedinscarletcoats，withcrimsondamaskwaistcoatstrimmedwithsilverlace，4redbreeches，andblackhatsadornedwithheavylace。InthebrightParaguayansunshine，withtheprimevalforestforabackground，orinsomemissioninthemidstofavastplainbesidetheParana，theymusthavelookedasgorgeousasaflightofparrotsfromtheneighbouringwoods，andhavemadeaTurneresqueeffect，amblingalong，ablazeofcolours，quiteasself
　　satisfiedintheirfineryasif`therainbowhadbeenentailsettledonthemandtheirheirsmale。'Quiteprobablytheirbroad，flatnoses，andtheirlong，lankhair，theirfacesfixedimmovably，asiftheywerecarvedinnandubay，contrastedstrangelywiththeirfinery。
　　Buttherewerenonetojudge
　　noonetomakeremarks；mostlikelyallwasconscienceandtenderheart，andnottheirbitterestenemyhaslaidthechargeofhumourtotheJesuits'account。
　　1FurnishedtoBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyresattheexpulsion，andfirstprintedbyBrabo`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'。
　　2TheJesuitsexercisedtheIndiansagreatdealindancing，takingadvantageoftheirloveofdancingintheirsavagestate。
　　D'OrbignyandDemersay`Fragmentd'unVoyageauCentredel'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale'，and`HistoirePhysique，etc。，duParaguay'foundbetweentheyears1830and1855
　　thattheIndiansoftheMoxosandChiquitosstilldancedastheyhaddoneinthetimeoftheJesuits。
　　Ihaveseentheminthethen1873almostdesertedmissionofJesus，buriedinthegreatwoodsontheshoreoftheParana，danceastrange，half
　　savagedanceoutsidetheruinedchurch。
　　3Cardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。239，says:
　　`TodoslospueblosponensucastilloenlaplazayenelmediodeelcolocanelretratrodelRey，yelIndioAlferezReal……vaalcastilloconelEstandarteRealyallihacesuhomenageconotrosrendimientosanteelRetratroReal，'sayinginGuarani，`Toicohengatu/n~andeMbarubichaguazu/!Toicohengatu/n~andeReymarangatu/!Toicohengatu/n~andeReyFernandoSesto!'
　　`LongliveourKing，thegreatchief!LongliveourgoodKing!
　　LongliveourKingFerdinandVI。'。
　　4`Chupasdedamascocarmesiconencajesdeplata。'
　　AsintheinventoriesofthethirtytownsIfindnomentioneitherofstockingsorofshoesforIndians，withtheexceptionofthelowshoesandbuckleswornbytheAlferezReal，itseemsthegorgeouscostumesendedattheknee，andthatthesepopinjaysrodebarefoot，with，perhaps，largeironGauchospursfastenedbystripsofmare
　　hideroundtheirankles，andhangingdownbelowtheirnakedfeet。But，notcontentwiththeprocessionoftheeldersinparrotguise，therewasaparodyofparodiesinthe`cabildoinfantil'，thebandcomposedofchildren，who，withtheself
　　sametitlesastheirelders，andintheself
　　sameclothesadjustedtotheirsize，rodecloseupontheirheels。Lastly，asCharlevoixtellsus，came`deslionsetdestigres，maisbienenchaine/safinqu'ilsnetroublerentpointlafe^te，'
　　andsothewholeprocessiontookitswaytowardsthechurch。
　　Thechurch，allhungwithvelvetandbrocade，wasallablazewithlights，andfumesofincensenodoubtnecessaryalmostobscuredthenave。
　　Upontherightandlefthandofthechoirwhich，asisusualinSpain，wasinthemiddleofthechurchtheyoungerIndianswereseatedallinrows，theboysandgirlsbeingseparated，aswasthecustominallthemissionsoftheJesuits，who，nodoubt，wereconvincedoftheadvisabilityofthesayingthat`entresantaysanto，pareddecalycanto。'1TheIndianswhohadsomeoffice，andwhoworetheclothes2Ihavedescribed，wereseatedorkneltinrows，andattheoutsidestoodthepeopleofthetowndressedinwhitecotton，theirsimpleclothes，nodoubt，forminganeffectivebackgroundtotheirmoreparti
　　colouredbrethrenkneelinginthefront。
　　Throughoutthechurchthemenandwomenwereseparated，andifarumourofanincursionofPaulistaswasintheair，theIndianscarriedarmseveninthesacredbuildingsandatthesolemnfeasts。
　　Masswascelebratedwithafullband，theoboe，fagot，lute，harp，cornet，clarinet，violin，viola，andallotherkindsofmusic，figuringintheinventoriesofthethirtytowns。Indeed，intwooftheinventories3anoperacalled`Santiago'ismentioned，whichhadspecialcostumesandpropertiestoputitonthestage。
　　Massover，theprocessionwasreconstitutedoutsidethechurch，andafterparadingoncemorethroughthetownbrokeup，andtheIndiansdevotedthenighttofeasting，andnotinfrequentlydancedtillbreakofday。
　　1Itmayberoughlytranslated，`agoodstonewallbetweenamaleandfemalesaint。'
　　2Theseclotheswerethepropertyofthecommunity，andnotoftheindividualIndians。
　　3Brabo，xxxv。，Introductionto`Losinventariosdelosbienes。'
　　SuchweretheoutwardartswithwhichtheJesuitssoughttoattachthesimplepeople，towhomtheystoodinthepositionnotonlyofpastorsandmastersbothinone，butalsoasprotectorsfromthePaulistasononeside，andontheotherfromtheSpaniardsofthesettlements，who，withtheir`encomiendas'
　　andtheirEuropeansystemoffreecompetitionbetweenmanandman，wereperhapsunknowinglythedirestenemiesofthewholeIndianrace。
　　Thereis，asitwouldseem，implantedinthemindsofalmostallprimitivepeoples，suchastheGuaranis，asolidarity，aclingingkinship，whichifoncebrokendownbycompetition，unrestrainedafterourmodernfashion，inevitablyleadstotheirdecay。
　　HencethekeenhatredtotheChineseinCaliforniaandinAustralia。
　　Naturally，thosewhomwehate，andinameasurefear，wealsovilify，andthishasgivenrisetoallthoseaccusationsofOrientalviceasiftheviceofanyOriental，howevermuchdepraved，wascomparabletothatofcitizensofParisorofLondon，ofbarbarism，andthelike，sofreelylevelledagainsttheunfortunateChinese。
　　InParaguaynothingismoreremarkableinamarketinthecountrythanthewayinwhichthepeoplewillnotunderselleachother，evenrefusingtopartwithgoodsafractionlowerthanthepricewhichtheyconsiderfair。ItmaybethattheJesuitswouldhavedonebettertoendeavourtoequiptheirneophytesmorefully，soastotaketheirplaceinthebattleoftheworld。Itmaybethatthesimple，happylivestheyledweretooopposedtothegeneralschemeofoutsidehumanlifetofindacceptanceoraplaceinourcosmogony。ButonethingIamsureof
　　thattheinnocentdelightofthepoorIndianAlferezReal，mounteduponhishorse，dressedinhismotley，barefooted，andovershadowedbyhisgold
　　lacedhat，wasasentireasifhehadeatenofallthefruitsofallthetreesofknowledgeofhistime，andsoperhapstheJesuitswerewise。
　　Arecentwriterinthelittlejournalpublishedonyellowpacking
　　paperintheSocialistcolonyofCosme，inParaguay`CosmeMonthly'，November，1898，hasacuriouspassagecorroboratingwhatIhavesooftenobservedmyself。Undertheheadingof`AParaguayanMarket'，hesays:`TheGuaraniclingsstubbornlytotheGuaranicustoms。
　　ThisisirritatingtotheEuropean，butwhoshallsaythattheGuaraniisnotright?……EuropeansettlementcannotbutbefataltotheGuarani，howeverprofitableitmaybetoland
　　owningandmercantileclasses……TheParaguayanmarketisawoman'sclub……theywillcomethirtyorfortymileswithaclothfulofthewhitecurd
　　cheeseofthecountry，contentedlyjourneyingonfootalongthenarrowpaths。
　　Theywillcutacabbageintosixteenthsandeattheircheesethemselvesratherthansellitundermarketprice。'Longmaytheydoso，forsolongwilltheybefree，andperhapspoor；but，then，incountriessuchasParaguayfreedomandpovertyareidentical。
　　Strangelyenough
　　but，then，howstrangelyallextremesmeetinhumanity!
　　theJesuitsaloneatleast，inParaguayseemtohaveapprehended，astheArabscertainlyhavedonefromimmemorialtime，thatthefirstdutyofamanistoenjoyhislife。Art，science，literature，ambition
　　allthefrivolitieswithwhichmenoccupythemselves
　　havetheirdueplace；butlifeisfirst，andinsomestrange，mysteriouswaytheJesuitsfeltit，though，nodoubt，theywouldhavebeenthefirsttodenyitwithathousandoaths。
　　ButinaJesuitmissionallwasnotfeastingorprocessioning，forwithsuchneighboursastheMamelucostheyhadtokeepthemselvesprepared。1Asfortheirbettergovernmentinhomeaffairseachmissionhaditspolice，withofficers2chosenbytheJesuitsamongsttheIndians，soforexteriordefencetheyhadmilitia，andinitthe`caciques'3ofthedifferenttribesheldprincipalcommand。
　　Mostlikelyoverthem，orattheirelbows，weresetpriestswhobeforeenteringtheCompanyofJesushadbeensoldiers:
　　forthereweremanysuchamongsttheJesuits。Astheirownfounderoncehadbeenasoldier，sotheCompanywaspopularamongstthosesoldierswhofromsomecauseorotherhadchangedtheirswordstocrucifixes，andtakenserviceintheranksofChrist。4Asitwasmostimportant，bothfordefenceandpolicy，tokeepthe`caciques'content，theyweredistinguishedbybettertreatmentthantheothersinmanydifferentways。Theirfoodwasmoreabundant，andaguardofIndianswasonperpetualdutyroundthehouseswheretheylived；thesetheyemployedasservantsandasmessengerstosummondistantcompaniesofIndianstothefield。TheirmethodoforganizationmusthavebeenlikethatoftheBoersoroftheArabs；foreveryIndianbelongedtoacompany，whichnowandthenwasbroughttogetherforevolutionsinthefieldorforaperiodoftraining，afterthefashionofourmilitiaortheGermanLandwehr。
　　Perhapsthissystemofanarmedmilitia，alwaysreadyforthefield，waswhat，aboveallotherreasons，enabledtheirdetractorstorepresenttheJesuitsasfearedandunpopular。Why，itwasasked，doesthiscommunityofpriestsmaintainanarmyinitsterritories?
　　NoonerememberedthatifsuchwerenotthecasethemissionscouldnothaveexistedforayearwithoutaforcetodefendtheirbordersfromthePaulistas。EveryoneforgotthatFathersMontoyaandDelTanohadobtainedspecialpermissionfromtheKingfortheIndiansofthemissionstobeararms；and，asnohumanbeingisgratefulforanythingbutcontumelioustreatment，theSpanishsettlersconvenientlyforgothowmanytimesaJesuitarmyhadsavedtheirterritories。
　　ThebodyofthreethousandGuaranissentattheexpenseoftheCompanytoassisttheSpaniardsagainstthePortugueseattheattackupontheColoniadelSacramento5ontheriverPlate，in1678，wasquiteforgotten，togetherwiththeinnumerablecontingentssentbytheJesuitsatthedemandofSpanishgovernorsagainsttheChacoIndians，thePayaguas，andevenagainstthedistantCalchaquis，inwhatisnowtheprovinceofJujuy。EvenwhenanEnglishpirate，calledintheSpanishhistoriesRoqueBarloqueexplainedbysometobeplainRichardBarlow，appearedoffBuenosAyres，theundauntedneophytesshranknotamomentfromgoingtotheassistanceoftheirco
　　religionistsagainstthe`Lutherandog'。6Lastly，allSpanishgovernorsandwriters，bothcontemporaneousandattheendoftheeighteenthcentury，seemtoforgetthatiftheJesuitshadanarmyofneophyteswithintheirterritorythefactwasknownandapprovedofatthecourtofSpain。7ButitappearsthatCalvinhadmanycoadjutorsinhispolicyof`Jesuitasautnecandiautcalumniisopponendisunt。'8WhenaJesuitarmytookthefield，drivingbeforeitsufficientcattletosubsistupon，andwithits`caballada'ofsparehorsesuponitsflank，itmusthaveresembledmanyaGauchoarmyIhaveseeninEntreRiosfive
　　and
　　twentyyearsago。
　　TheonlydifferenceseemstohavebeenthattheGauchosofyesterdaydidnotusebowsandarrows，althoughtheymighthavedonesowithasmuchbenefittothemselves，andnomoredangertotheirenemies，thanwasoccasionedbytherusty，ill
　　conditionedgunstheyusedtobear。
　　TheIndianswerearmedwithbows，andintheirexpeditionseachIndiancarriedonehundredandfiftyarrowstippedwithiron。
　　Othershadfirearms，butallborebolasontheirsaddles，andcarriedlazosandlonglances，9which，likethePampaIndians，theyusedinmountingtheirhorses，placingonehanduponthemane，andvaultingintothesaddleswiththeotherleaningonthelance。
　　Theinfantrywerearmedwithlancesandafewguns；theyalsocarriedbolas，buttheytrustedmosttoslings，forwhichtheycarriedbagsofhide，withaprovisionofsmoothroundstones，andusedthemdexterously。
　　Onseveraloccasionstheirrudemilitiagaveproofsofstubbornvalour，and，astheyfoughtundertheJesuits'eyes，nodoubtacquittedthemselvesasmenwouldwholookedupontheirpriestsalmostinthelightofgods。
　　Butagricultureandcattle
　　breedingwerenotalltheresourcesofthemissions；fortheJesuitsengagedincommercelargely，bothwiththeouterworldandbytheintricateandcuriousbartersystemwhichtheyhadsetonfootforthemutualconvenienceofthedifferentmissiontowns。InmanyoftheinventoriesprintedbyBrabo，onecomesacrosstheentry`Deudas'，showingasortofaccountcurrentbetweenthetownsforvariousarticles。Thus，theyexchangedcattleforcotton，sugarforrice，wheatforpig
　　ironortoolsfromEurope；
　　asnoaccountofinteresteverappearsinanyinventoryasbetweentownandtown，itseemstheJesuitsanticipatedSocialism
　　atleast，sofarasthattheyboughtandsoldforuse，andnotforgain。
　　Althoughbetweenthetownsoftheirownterritoryallwasarrangedformutualconvenience，yetintheirdealingswiththeoutsideworldtheJesuitsadheredtowhatareknownas`businessprinciples'。
　　Theseprinciples，ifImistakenot，havebeendeifiedbypoliticianswiththeir`Buyinthecheapest，sellinthedearest'tag，andthereforeeventhesternestProtestantorJansenistifsuchtherestillexist
　　canhavenostonetothrowattheCompanyofJesusforitsparticipationinthatsystemwhichhasmadethewholeworldglad。
　　1AstheGauchoproverbsays，`Lasarmassonnecesariaspero"naide"sabecuando。'
　　2Corregidores，alcaldes，regidores，alguaciles，etc。
　　3Hereditaryorsometimeselectedchiefs。
　　4IrememberseeingonthetombstoneofaSpanishsailorhishopeofsalvationthroughtheintercessionoftheLordHighAdmiralChrist。AftertheSpanishcustom，officerswereoftengeneralsbothbyseaandland，sothatsoldierswerenotexcludedfromtheLordHighAdmiral'sintercession。
　　5DeanFunes`EnsayodelaHistoriadeParaguay'，etc。says:
　　`TheseIndianswentunderthecommandofDonAntoniodeVeraMoxica；
　　theirsergeantswereGuaranisandtheircaptainsSpaniards。
　　Their`cacique'wasIgnacioAmandaa，whocommandedinchiefunderVeraMoxica。'Theyfoughtbravely，andreturnedagainandagaintotheassaultofthetownafterseveralrepulses，manifestingthesamedoggedcourageandindifferencetodeathwhichtheirdescendantsshowedinthewaragainstBrazilin1866
　　70。
　　InthatwarbodiesofParaguayansfrequentlyattackedstrongpositionsdefendedbyartillery，andallowedthemselvestobeshotdowntothelastmanratherthanretire。Atothertimes，concealedbehindmassesoffloatingherbage，fromtheircanoestheysprangonboardBrazilianironclads，andwereallkilledinthevainendeavourtocapturethevessels。Iknewalittlepettifogginglawyer，oneIzquierdo，who，withtencompanions，attemptedinacanoetotaketheBrazilianflagshipanironclad；leftaloneonherdeck，afterthedeathofhiscompanions，hesprangintothewaterunderashowerofbullets，and，badlywounded，swamovertotheChaco，thedesertsideoftheriver。Thereforthreedaysheremained，subsistingonwildoranges，andthenswamacrossagainonaraftofsticks，inspiteofthealligatorsandmanyfiercefishwhichaboundinParaguay。Hegotwell，and，thoughlame，was，whenIknewhim，asarrantalittlescriveningknaveasyoucouldhopetomeetineitherhemisphere。
　　OnmanyotheroccasionsthemissionIndiansperformednotableservicesfortheSpanishGovernment。In1681，whentheFrenchattackedBuenosAyres，adetachmentoftwothousandIndianswassenttoitsassistance。
　　PhilipV。himselfwrotetotheProvincialofParaguayonthisoccasionaskinghimtosendtroopstothedefenceofthecity。
　　In1785fourthousandGuaranis，commandedbyDonBaltazarGarcia，wereatthesecondsiegeoftheColoniadelSacramento。
　　Funessaysofthem:`Ajuiciodeuntestigoocular，noesmenosadmirablelasangrefriadesuscapellanes。'
　　6`PerroLuterano'。ItisastonishinghowinSpainthecomparativelyinnocuousLutherhasfallenheirtotheheritageofhatredthatshouldmoreproperlyhavebelongedtotheinhumanandtreacherousCalvin。
　　7PhilipV。in1745，afteranexaminationwhichlastedsixyears，approvedofalltheactionsoftheJesuitsinParaguayCretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus'，vol。v。，p。103。
　　SothatacuriousletterofaJeronimitefriaronePadreCevallos，writtenin1774，iswellwithinduelimitswhenitsaysthatalltheJesuitsdidinParaguaywas`todoprobadoporrealescedulaso/procediadeordenesexpresas。'
　　8Oneisobligedtoallow，incommonfairness，thatCalvincarriedoutinhisownpracticewhatheadvocated
　　aswitnesshisconductwithServetus，whomhefirstcalumniated，thenentrapped，andlastlymurderedincoldblood。
　　9DonFranciscoCorrsentthefollowinglistofarmstotheViceroyZabala，ofBuenosAyresFunes，`Ensayo'，etc。:`Armasbuenas，850；
　　lanzasdehierro，3，850；pedrerasculverins，10。Lasflechasnosecuentan。'Hesays:`TodoslosIndiosquandohandesaliracompan~allevan150flechasdehierro，menoslosquellevanarmosdefuego。Asimismocargan"bolas"quesondospiedrasenunacuerda。Losdeapiequenollevanescopetastienenlanza，flecha，yhondaconsuprovisiondepiedrasenunbolsoncomodegranaderos。
　　Seprestancaballosentrelospueblos。'
　　Cottonandlinencloth，tobacco，hides，woodsofthevarioushard
　　woodforestsofthecountry，and，aboveall，`yerba
　　mate'，weretheirchiefarticlesofexporttotheoutsideworld。
　　TheirnearestmarketwasinBuenosAyres，andtothatporttheysenttheir`yerba'inboatsmadeattheirownyards，ofwhichtheyhadseveral，butnotablyatYapeyuupontheUruguay。
　　ThemoneythatwasmadewassenttotheSuperiorofthemissions，whohadthedispositionofthewayinwhichitwasdispensed，eitherforuseathomeortobesenttoEuropefornecessarygoods。
　　Aswellas`yerba
　　mate'，theysentgreatquantitiesofhides。
　　Theinventoriesofthetownstakenattheexpulsionstatethatthenumberofgreenhides1exportedannuallywasfiftythousand，togetherwithsixthousandcured；inadditiontheysoldfromthreetofourarrobas2ofhorse
　　hair，andwoodtothevalueoftwenty
　　fivetothirtythousanddollarseveryyear。Thetotalexportoftheir`yerba'rangedbetweeneightyandonehundredthousandarrobas，whichatthelowestpricecouldnothavebeensoldataprofitundersevendollarsanarroba，3
　　sothattheincome4ofthethirtytownsmusthavebeenrelativelylarge。5
　　Twoorthreehundredbarrelsofhoney6andsomethreeorfourthousandarrobasoftobaccomadeupthesumtotaloftheirexports，though，hadtheyneededmoney，itmighthavebeenincreasedinsuchacountry，andwithsomanywillinglabourers，almostindefinitely。
　　1Ibanez`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suites'statesthehidessoldataboutthreedollarsapiece。
　　2Thearrobawastwenty
　　fivepounds。
　　3ThesefiguresarefromBrabo'sinventories。
　　4Ibanezstatesthatonlyeighty
　　fourdollarsayearweresetapartforthemaintenanceofeachpriest。
　　5DeanFunes`EnsayodeleHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，etc。
　　putsitatamillionreales，whichalmostequals20，800Pounds。
　　Ibanez`LaRepublicaJesuitica'，withthenobledisregardofconsequencessonoticeableinmostpolemicalwriters，boldlyaltersthistoamilliondollars，hisobjectbeingtoprovethattheJesuitsexactedexorbitanttaxationfromtheneophytes。
　　6Thehoneyofthemissionswascelebrated，andthewaxmadebythesmallbeecalled`Opemus'，accordingtoCharlevoixlivrev。，p。285，`e/taitd'uneblancheurquin'avaitriendepareil，etcesneophytesontconsacre/toutqu'ilsenpeuventavoira\brulerdevantlesimagesdelaSte。Vierge。'
　　Thusitwillbeseenthatthemissionswereorganizedbothagriculturallyandcommerciallysoastobealmostself
　　supporting，andthatofthemerenecessariesoflifetheyhadsufficientforexportation，nosmallachievementwhenweconsiderhowaversefromlabourweretheIndianswithwhomtheyhadtodeal。Butthatnothingshouldbewantingthatacivilizedcommunitycouldpossiblydesire，theyhadtheirprisons，withgoodstoreofchains，fetters，whips，andalltheotherinstrumentswithwhichthemoralcodeisgenerallyenforced。Themostusualpunishmentwaswhipping；andthecrimesmostfrequentweredrunkenness，neglectofwork，andbigamy，whichlatterlapsefromvirtuetheJesuitschastisedseverely，notthinking，beingcelibatesthemselves，thatnotunlikelyitwasapttoturnintoitsownpunishmentwithouttheaidofstripes。
　　IntheinventoryofthemissionofSanJoseIfind:
　　`Item，doceparesdegrillos'；butIamboundtosaythatinthisinstancetheywerefortheuseof`losGuaicurusinfielesprisionerosqueestanendichamision。'
　　ChapterVII
　　CausesoftheJesuits'unpopularity
　　Descriptionofthelivesandhabitsofthepriests
　　Testimonyinfavourofthemissions
　　Theiroppositiontoslavery
　　TheirsystemofadministrationMuchhasbeenwrittenoftheinteriorgovernmentofthemissionsbytheJesuits，butchieflybystrongpartisans，forandagainst，oneitherside，whoseonlyobjectwastomakeoutacasetofittheprejudicesofthoseforwhomtheywrote。UpontheJesuitsidetheAbbeMuratoridescribesaparadise。AveryCarloDolceamongstwriters，withhimallinthemissionsissocloyingsweetthatone'ssoulsickens，andonelongsinhis`HappyChristianity'
　　tofindadropofgall。Butforfivehundredpagesnothingisamiss；
　　themenofBelialpersecutetheJesuitsaints，whoalwaysafterthefashionoftheirOrderandmankindturnbothcheekstothesmiter，and，iftheirpurseistaken，hastentogiveuptheircloaks。
　　TheIndiansareallloveandgratitude。NoneedintheAbbe'spagesforthetwelvepairoffetters，whichBrabomostunkindlyhassetdownamongsthisinventories。Neverasingle`lapsus'fromthemoralruletheJesuitsimposed
　　nodrunkenness，andbigamysoseldommetwiththatitwouldseemthatJosephAndrewshadbeenaswaggererjudgedbythestandardofthesemoralGuaranis。ThencomesIbanez，
　　theex
　　Jesuit，ontheotherside。Inatwinklingofaneyethesceneischanged。For，quiteinHogarth'svein，hepaintsthemissionsasaperpetualmarchtoFinchley，andtellsusthattheIndiansweresavages，andquiteunchangedinalltheirprimitivepropensitiesundertheJesuitrule。
　　AndfortheJesuitsthemselveshehasafewhome
　　truthsadministeredwithvinegar，afterthefashionoftherenegadethewholeworldover，whoseesnothinggoodinthesocietythathasturnedhimout。HeroundlysaystheJesuitswereloafers，accusesthemofkeepingtheIndiansignorantfortheirownpurposes，andpaintsthemquiteasblackastheAbbeMuratoripaintedthemrosecolour，andwithaslittleart。Sothat，asusuallyhappensinthewritingsofallpolemists，nomatteruponwhichsidetheymaywrite，butlittleinformation，andthatdistortedtoanincredibledegree，isallthattheyafford。
　　`IlCristianesimoFelicenelleMissionedeiPadridellaCompagniadiJesunelParaguay'。
　　`L'HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suites'，Amsterdam，1700，lxxv。
　　Ingeneral，curiousasitmayappear，thebitterestopponentsoftheJesuitswereCatholics，andProtestantshaveoftenwrittenasapologists。
　　Buffon，Raynal，andMontesquieu，withVoltaire，Robertson，andSouthey，havewrittenfavourablyoftheinternalgovernmentofthemissionsandtheeffectwhichitproduced。Noothernamesofequalauthoritycanbequotedontheotherside；butyetthefactremainsthattheJesuitsinParaguaywereexposedtoconstantcalumnyfromthefirstdaytheywenttheretillthelastmemberoftheOrderlefttheland。
　　Itismyobjectfirsttotrytoshowwhattheconditionsoftheirgovernmentreallywere，andthentotryandclearupwhatwasthecauseofunpopularity，andwhysomanyandsuchpersistentcalumnieswerelaidtotheiraccount。
　　StretchingrightupanddownthebanksofboththeParanaandUruguay，themissionsextendedfromNuestraSenoradeFeorSantaMaria，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowtheBrazilianprovinceofRioGrandedoSul；andfromthemissionofCorpus，ontheeastbankoftheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。