ChapterVI
　　DescriptionofthemissionterritoryandtownsfoundedbytheJesuits
　　TheirendeavourstoattracttheIndians
　　Religiousfeastsandprocessions
　　AgriculturalandcommercialorganizationsWiththedeathofCardenasthemostdangerousenemytheJesuitseverhadinParaguayhaddisappeared。Theyworstedhim，anddrovehimfromhissee；butthemovementsetonfootbyhimandthecalumnieshelevelledattheirOrderstillremainedandflourished，andintheendprevailedagainstthemanddrovethemfromtheland。
　　Acalumnyishardtokill；mankindingeneralcherishit；
　　theyneverletitdie，and，ifitlanguishes，resuscitateitunderanotherform；theyholdtoitinevilandingoodrepute，sothat，oncefairlyrooted，itgoesongrowinglikeaforest
　　treethroughoutthecenturies。Therefore，thechargesagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay，whichCardenasfirststarted，arewithusstill，andwarpourjudgmentastothedoingsoftheOrderinthemissionsoftheParanaandUruguayevenuntilto
　　day。
　　ButneithercalumnynortheraidsofthePaulistas，noryetthejealousyoftheSpanishsettlersinParaguay，deterredtheJesuitsfromtheprosecutionoftheirtask。Themissionsgraduallyextended，tilltheyrangedfromSantaMarialaMayor，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowBrazil；andfromJesus，upontheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。Mostofthecountry，withtheexceptionofthemissionsofJesusandTrinidad，upontheParana，whichto
　　day，atleast，areonlyclearingsintheprimevalforest，iscomposedofopenrollingplains，withwooduponthebanksofallthestreams。Coveredasitwasandiswithfine，shortgrass，itformedexcellentcattle
　　breedingcountry，andhencethegreatindustryoftheIndianswastolookafterstock。
　　Thecountrybeingsofavourableforcattle，theymultipliedimmoderately，sothatinthevariousestablishments`estancias'，accordingtotheinventoriespublishedbyBrabo，theirnumberswereimmense。
　　Atthedateoftheexpulsionthenumberofthecattlewas719，761；oxen，44，183；horses，27，204；sheep，138，827
　　`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'，FranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872。
　　Theseopenrollingplains，calledbythenatives`camposquebrantados'，aregenerallystuddedthicklywithstuntedpalmscalledyatais，1
　　butnotsothicklyastospoilthegrasswhichcoverstheminspringandearlysummer，andeveninwintertheyremaingoodfeedingground。Thickclumpsofhard
　　woodtrees2
　　breakuptheprairiehereandthereintopeninsulasandislands，andinthehollowsandrockyvalleysbushypalmettorisesaboveahorse'sknees。Ingeneralthesoilisofarichbrightred，which，gleamingthroughthetrees，givesapeculiarlywarmcolourtotheland。
　　AlltheFrenchJesuitwritersrefertoitas`laterrerougedesmissions'。
　　TheJesuitsuseditandanotherearthofayellowshadeforpaintingtheirchurchesandtheirhousesinthemissionterritory。Itscompositionisrathersandy，thoughafterrainitmakesthickmud，andrenderstravellingmostlaborious。Theflowersandshrubsoftheterritoryarequiteasinterestingandstillmorevariedthanarethetrees。
　　ManyoftheJesuitswerebotanists，andtheworksofFathersMontenegro，3
　　SigismundAspergerandLozanoaremostcurious，andgivedescriptionsandlistsofmanyoftheplantsunclassifiedevento
　　day。
　　ThecelebratedBonpland，solongdetainedbyDr。FranciainParaguay，unfortunatelyneverpublishedanything；butmodernwriters4havedonemuch，thoughstillthefloraofthewholecountryisbutmostimperfectlyknown，andmuchremainstodobeforeitisallclassified。The`Crotonsuccirubrus'
　　fromwhicharesinknownas`sangre
　　de
　　drago'isextracted，thesumahabombax
　　thefruitofwhichyieldsafinevegetablesilk，theerythroxylonorcocaofParaguay，theinciensoorincense
　　treeoftheJesuits，aresomeofthemostremarkableofthemyriadshrubs。
　　Butiftheshrubsaremyriad，theflowersarepastthepowerofmantocount。
　　Lianas，withtheiryellowandredandpurpleclustersofblossoms，likeenormousbunchesofgrapes，hangfromtheforest
　　trees。
　　Intheopengladesuponthenandubays，5thealgarrobos，andtheespinillos，hangvariousOrchidaceae，6calledbythenatives`floresdelaire'，coveringthetreeswiththeiraerialroots，theirhangingblossoms，andtheirfoliageoftendergreen。
　　TheLabiatae，Compositae，Daturae，Umbelliferae，Convolvulaceae，andmanyotherspecies，coverthegroundinspringorrunuptreesandbushesafterthefashionofourhoneysuckleandthetraveller'sjoy。
　　1`Cocosyatais'。
　　2Urunday`Astreniumfraxinifolium:Terebinthaceae'，curapay`Piptadeniacommunis:Leguminaceae'，lapacho`Tecomacurialis'and`varia:Begoniaceae'，taruma`VitexTaruma:Verbenaceae'，tatane`Acaciamaleolens:
　　Leguminaceae'，andcupai`CopaiferaLangsdorfii'。
　　Theseandmanyotherwoods，suchasthePaloSanto`Guaiacumofficinalis'，butacae，andthe`CedrelaBraziliensis'，knowntotheJesuitsas`cedar'，andmuchusedbythemintheirchurches，comprisethechiefvarieties。
　　3`LibrocompuestoporelHermanoPedrodeMontenegrodelaC。deJ。，Ano1711'，MS。folio，withpen
　　and
　　inksketches，formerlybelongedtotheDukesofOsuna，andwasintheirlibrary。PadreSigismundialsowroteaherbalinGuarani，andaPortugueseJesuit，Vasconellos，hasleftacuriousbookuponthefloraofBrazil。
　　4DomingoParodi，inhis`NotassobrealgunasplantasusualesdelParaguay'
　　BuenosAyres，1886，hasdonemuchgoodwork。
　　5`AcaciaCavenia'。
　　6`Prosopisdulcis'。Thefamous`balmofthemissions'，knownbythevulgarnameof`curalotodo'all
　　heal，wasmadefromthegumofthetreecalledaguacciba，oneoftheTerebinthaceae。ItwassoldbytheJesuitsinEurope。
　　ItwassohighlyesteemedthattheinhabitantsofthevillagesneartowhichthetreewasfoundwerespeciallyenjoinedtosendacertainquantityofthebalsameveryyeartotheKing'spharmacyinMadrid。
　　Thelakesandbackwatersofriversarecoveredwithmyriadsofwater
　　liliesalllumpedtogetherbythenativesas`camalote'，whilstinthewoodlandpoolstheVictoriaRegiscarpetsthewaterwithitsgiantleaves。Ineverywoodtheorangeandthelemonwiththesweetlimehavebecomewild，andformgreatthickets。
　　Eachfarmand`rancho'hasitsorange
　　grove，beneaththeshadeofwhichIhavesooftencamped，thatthescentoforange
　　blossomalwaysbringsbacktomethedenseprimevalwoods，thesilentplains，thequietIndians，andtheunnavigatedwaterways，inwhichthealligatorsbasked。ExcepttheSierradeMbaracayu，1
　　onthenorth
　　east，throughoutthemissionterritorytherearenomountainsofconsiderableheight；andthroughthemiddleofthecountryruntheriversParanaandUruguay，thelatterformingtheboundaryonthesouth
　　east。Therollingplainsandwoodsalternatewithgreatmarshescalled`esteros'，whichinsomedistricts，asofthatofNeembucu，coverlargetractsofland，forminginwinteranalmostimpenetrablemorass，andinthespringandearlysummerexcellentfeeding
　　groundforsheep。Throughouttheterritorytheclimateishealthy，excepttowardsthewoodynorthernhills。
　　Withthisrichterritoryandthefalsereportsofmines，whichevenunsuccessfulexplorationcouldnotdispel，itisbutnaturalthattheJesuitswerehatedfarandwide。Itmusthavebeenannoyingtoasocietycomposed，aswerethegreaterportionoftheSpanishsettlementsinParaguay，ofadventurers，whotreatedtheIndiansasbrutebeasts，2
　　toseeapreserveofIndiansseparatedfromtheirterritorybynogreatbarrierofNature，andstillbeyondtheirpower。3
　　Bonpland，inspeakingofthecountry，says:`Thewholeofthelandexceedsdescription；ateverysteponemeetswiththingsusefulandnewinnaturalhistory。'SuchalsowastheopinionoftheFrenchtravellersDemersayandD'Orbigny；ofColonelduGraty，whoseinterestingwork`LaRe/publiqueduParaguay'，Brussels，1862isoneofthebestonthecountry；therecentFrenchexplorerBourgadelaDardye，andofallthosewhohaveevervisitedthemissionsofParaguay。4
　　1ItwasfromthosemountainsthattheJesuitsprocuredtheseedofthe`IlexParaguayensis'toplantintheirreductions。
　　Theleavesbeatenintoafinishpowderfurnishedthe`Paraguayantea'，called`yerba
　　mate'bytheSpaniardsand`caa'bytheIndians，fromwhichtheJesuitsderivedahandsomerevenue。
　　AftertheexpulsionoftheOrderallthe`yerba'inParaguaywasprocured，tillafewyearsago，fromforestsinthenorthofParaguay，inwhichthetreegrewwild。
　　2ItwasbytheBullofPaulIII。
　　givenatthedemandoftwomonks，FrayDomingodeBetanzosandFrayDomingodeMinaya
　　thattheIndianswerefirstconsideredasreasoningmen`gentederazon'，andnotasunreasonablebeings`gentesinrazon'，asJuanOrtiz，BishopofSantaMarta，wished。
　　3Ibanez`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suitesM。D。CCIXXX。'，agreatopponentoftheJesuits，saysthatEuropeanoffendersandrecalcitrantIndiansinthemissionsweresentasalastresourcetotheSpanishsettlements。ThisisnotastonishingwhenwerememberthecuriousletterofDonPedroFaxardo，BishopofBuenosAyrespreservedbyCharlevoix，writtenin1721totheKingofSpain，inwhichhesayshethinks`thatnotamortalcrimeiscommittedinthemissionsinayear。'Headdsthat，`iftheJesuitsweresorich，whyaretheircollegessopoor?'
　　4Itistoberememberedthat，ofthethirtyJesuitmissions，onlyeightwereinParaguay；therestwereinwhatto
　　dayisBrazilandtheArgentineprovincesofEntreRios，Corrientes，andMisiones。
　　InthisrichterritorytheJesuits，when，afterinfinitetrouble，theyhadunitedasufficientquantityofIndians，formedthemintotownships，almostallofwhichwerebuiltupononeplan。InParaguayitselfonlysomethreeorfourremain；buttheyremainsowellpreservedthat，bythehelpofcontemporaryaccounts，itiseasytoreconstructalmostexactlywhatthemissionsmusthavebeenlikeduringtheJesuits'rule。
　　Sometimes，whentheyhadbeenassembled，theyalldesertedsuddenly，asdidtheTobatines，whoin1740suddenlyleftthereductionofSantaFe，andforelevenyearswerelostintheforests，tillFatherYegrosfoundthem，and，astheywouldnotreturn，establishedhimselfamongstthemCretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus'，vol。v。，cap。ii。。
　　P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。282:`Todoslospueblosestanbienformadosconcallesa/cordel。LascasasdelosIndiossonenalgunospueblosdepiedrascuadradasperosincal……otrasdepalosybarrotodascubiertasdeteja，ytodastienensoportaleso/corredores，unasconpilaresdepiedras，otrasdemadera。'
　　Builtroundasquare，thechurchandstore
　　housesfilledoneend，andthedwellingsoftheIndians，formedofsun
　　driedbricksorwattledcanesinthreelongpent
　　houses，completedthethreesides。Ingeneral，thehouseswereofenormouslength，afterthefashionofaSt。Simonianphalanstery，orofa`miners'row'inLanarkshire。Eachfamilyhaditsownapartments，whichwerebutseparatedfromtheapartmentsofthenextbyalath
　　and
　　plasterwall，calledinSpanish`tabique''
　　butoneverandaandoneroofservedforahundredormorefamilies。
　　Thespaceinthemiddleofthesquarewascarpetedwiththefinestgrass，keptshortbybeingpasturedclosebysheep。Thechurches，sometimesbuiltofstone，andsometimesofthehardwoodswithwhichthecountryabounds，werebeyondalldescriptionsplendid，takingintoconsiderationtheremotenessoftheJesuittownsfromtheoutsideworld。Frequently
　　as，forinstance，inthemissionofLosApostoles
　　thechurcheshadthreeaisles，andwereadornedwithloftytowers，richaltars，1super
　　altars，andstatuary，broughtatgreatexpensefromItalyandSpain。
　　Thoughthechurcheswereoftenbuiltofstone，itwasnotusualforthehousesoftheIndianstobesobuilt；butinsituationswherestonewasplentiful，asatthemissionofSanBorja，thehousesoftheJesuitswereofmasonry，withverandasheldupbycolumns，andwithstaircaseswithbalustradesofsculpturedstone。2
　　Theordinaryground
　　planofthepriest'shousewasthatoftheSpanishMoorishdwelling，solikeinallitsdetailstoaRomanhouseatPompeiioratHerculaneum。Builtroundasquarecourtyard，withafountaininthemiddle，theJesuits'houseformedbutaportionofasortofinnertown，whichwassurroundedbyawall，inwhichagate，closedbyaporter'slodge，communicatedwiththeoutsideworld。Withinthewallwassituatedthechurchalthoughithadanentrancetotheplaza，theroomsoftheinferiorpriest，agarden，aguest
　　chamber，stables，andastore
　　house，inwhichwerekeptthearmsbelongingtothetown，thecorn，flour，andwool，andtheprovisionsnecessaryforlifeinaremoteandoftendangerousplace。
　　Ineverycasethehouseswereofonestory；thefurniturewasmodest，andingeneralhome
　　made；ineveryroomhungimagesandpiouspictures，thelatteroftenpaintedbytheIndiansthemselves。InthesmallermissionstwoJesuitsmanagedalltheIndians。3
　　1DonFranciscoGraell，anofficerofdragoonsinserviceduringtheWaroftheSevenTownsin1750，givesthefollowingdescriptionofthechurchofthemissionofSanMiguel:`Laiglesiaesmuycapaz，todadepiedradesilleriacontresnavesymedianaranja。Muybienpintadaydoradaconunporticomagnificoydebellisimaarquitectura，bovedasymedianaranjasondemadera，elaltarmayordetalla，sindorarylefaltaelultimocuerpo。'
　　2`Galeriasconcolumnas，barandillasyescalerasdepiedraentallada'
　　DonFranciscoGraell。SeealsoP。Cardiel`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。247，`Entodoslospuebloshayrelojdesolyderuedas，'etc。
　　TheworkofPadreCardielwaswrittenin1750inthemissionsofParaguay，butremainedunpublishedtill1800，whenitappearedinBuenosAyresfromthepressofJuanA。Alsina，CalledeMexico1422。Itis，perhaps，afterthe`ConquistaEspiritual'ofFatherRuizMontoya，themostpowerfulcontemporaryjustificationofthepolicyoftheJesuitsinParaguay。Itispowerfullybutsimplywritten，andcontainswithalthatsavinggraceofhumourwhichhas，fromthebeginningoftheworld，beenastumbling
　　blocktofools。
　　3ThemissionofSanMiguelhad1，353familiesinit，orsay6，635souls。
　　SanFranciscodeBorjacontained650families，or2，793soulsReportbyManuelQuerinitotheKing，datedCordobadeTucuman，yAgosto1o，1750。
　　ThegreatestdifficultywhichtheJesuitshadtofacewasthenaturalindolenceoftheirneophytes。Quiteunaccustomedastheyweretoregularworkofanykind，theordinaryEuropeansystem，aspractisedintheSpanishsettlements，promptlyreducedthemtodespair，andoftenkilledthemoffinhundreds。ThereforetheJesuitsinstitutedthesemi
　　communalsystemofagricultureandofpublicworkswithwhichtheirnamewillbeassociatedforeverinAmerica。
　　IntheirextensivemissionsintheprovincesofChiquitosandMoxostheypursuedthesamesystem。AstheyweremuchmoreisolatedinthoseprovincesthaninParaguay，andconsequentlymuchlessinterferedwith，itwastherethattheirpeculiarsystemmostflourished。
　　AftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromAmericain1767，theSpaniardsinAltaPeru，andsubsequentlytheBolivians，hadthesensetofollowtheJesuitplaninitsentirety；whereasBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，entirelychangedtheJesuits'ruleinParaguay。
　　TheconsequencewasthatinBoliviatheIndians，insteadofdispersingastheydidinParaguay，remainedinthemissions，andD'Orbigny`Fragmentd'unVoyageauCentredel'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale'
　　sawatthemissionsofSantiagoandElSantoCorazon，intheprovinceofChiquitos，theremainsoftheJesuits'polity。
　　ThereweretenmissionsinChiquitos，andfifteeninMoxos。
　　AtthepresenttimetheFranciscanshavesomesmallestablishmentsinBolivia。
　　ThecelebratedDr。Francia，dictatorofParaguay，usedtorefertotheJesuitsas`cunningrogues'，1and，ashecertainlyhimselfwasversedineveryphaseofcunningness，perhapshisestimate
　　tosomeextent，atleast
　　wasjust。Arogueinpoliticsisbutamanwhodisagreeswithyou；but，still，itwantednolittleknowledgeofmankindtopresentadailytasktomen，unversedinanykindoflabour，asofthenatureofapleasureinitself。Thedifficultywasenormous，astheIndiansseemednevertohavecomeundertheprimevalcurse，butpassedtheirlivesinwanderingabout，occasionallycultivatingjustsufficientfortheirneeds。Whetheramissionary，Jesuit，orJansenist，Protestant，Catholic，orMohammedan，doeswellinforcinghisownmodeoflifeandfaithonthosewholiveahappier，freerlifethananyhisinstructorcanholdouttothemisamootpoint。Onlythefuturecanresolvethequestion，andjudgeofwhatwedoto
　　day
　　nodoubtwithgoodintentions，butwiththeignorancebornofourself
　　conceit。
　　Muchofthemiseryoftheworldhasbeenbroughtaboutwithgoodintentions；
　　butoftheJesuits，atleast，itcanbesaidthatwhattheydidinParaguaydidnotspreaddeathandextinctiontothetribeswithwhomtheydealt。2
　　SotothetaskofagriculturetheJesuitsmarshalledtheirneophytestothesoundofmusic，andinprocessiontothefields，withasaintbornehighaloft，thecommunityeachdayatsunrisetookitsway。
　　Alongthepaths，atstatedintervals，wereshrinesofsaints，andbeforeeachofthemtheyprayed，andbetweeneachshrinesanghymns。3
　　Astheprocessionadvanced，itbecamegraduallysmallerasgroupsofIndiansdroppedofftoworkthevariousfields，andfinallythepriestandacolytewiththemusiciansreturnedalone。4Atmid
　　day，beforeeating，theyallunitedandsanghymns，andthen，aftertheirmealandsiesta，returnedtoworktillsundown，whentheprocessionagainre
　　formed，andthelabourers，singing，returnedtotheirabodes。ApleasingandArcadianstyleoftillage，anddifferentfromthesystemofthe`swinked'labourerinmorenorthernclimes。Buteventhenthehymnaldaywasnotconcluded；
　　forafterabriefresttheyallrepairedtochurchtosingthe`rosary'，andthentosupandbed。Onrainydaystheyworkedatotherindustriesinthesamehalf
　　Arcadian，half
　　communisticmanner，onlytheysangtheirhymnsinchurchinsteadofinthefields。ThesystemwassodifferenttothatunderwhichtheIndiansenduredtheirlivesinthe`encomiendas'
　　andthe`mitas'oftheSpanishsettlements，thatthefactaloneissufficienttoaccountformuchofthecontemporaryhatredwhichtheJesuitsincurred。
　　1`Pillosmuyladinos'Robertson，`LettersfromParaguay'。
　　2FerrerdelRio，inhis`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanzasobreCarlosIII。'Madrid，1859，says:
　　`FueradelasmisionesdelosJesuitasparticularmenteenelParaguayseconsiderabanlosIndiosentrelosseresmasinfelicesdelmundo。'
　　JorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa，intheircelebrated`SecretReport'
　　`NoticiasSecretasdeAmerica':`Lacompan~iadeJesusatiendeasusfinesparticularmenteconlosmisionerosquellevandeEspan~a；
　　perocontodoesonoseolvidadelaconversiondelosIndios，nitieneabandonadoesteasuntopuesaunquevanpocoadelanteenel，queesloquenoseesperimentenenlasdemasreligiones。'
　　3Manytravellers，asAzara，Demersay，DuGraty，andD'Orbigny，haveremarkedhowfondofmusicwastheGuaranirace，andhowsoontheylearnedtheuseofEuropeaninstruments。D'Orbigny`Fragmentd'unVoyageauCentredel'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale'，inhisinterestingaccountofthemissionofElSantoCorazon，inthedistrictofChiquitos，says:`Jefustre\se/tonne/
　　d'entendreexe/cuterapre\slesdansesindige\nesdesmorceauxdeRossiniet……deWeber……lagrandemessechante/eenmusiquee/taitexe/cute/ed'unemanie\retre\sremarquablepourdesIndiens。'
　　VargasMachuca，inhismostcuriousandrare`MiliciayDescripciondelasIndias'，says，undertheheadingof`MusicadelIndio':
　　`Usansusmusicasantiguasensusregocijos，ysonmuytristesenlatonada。'To
　　daytheIndiansofParaguayhavesongsknownas`tristes'。ThebrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，inhis`RelaciondeMisiones'ColecciondeAngelis，saysthatthefirsttoteachtheGuaranisEuropeanmusicwasaFlemishJesuit，P。JuanBasco，whohadbeen`maestrodecapilla'
　　totheArchdukeAlbert。
　　4SeealsoP。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。274:
　　`……yestaacabada，setocaa/Misaa/queentrantodoscantandoelBendito，yalabadoensulengua，o/enCastellano，queenlasdoslenguaslosaben。'
　　Imagineasemi
　　communisticsettlementsetclosetothebordersofRhodesia，inwhichthousandsofKaffirspassedalifeanalogoustothatpassedbytheIndiansofthemissions
　　caredforandfedbythecommunity，lookedafterineverysmallestparticularoftheirlives
　　andwhatafloodofcalumnywouldbeletlooseupontheunfortunatedevisersofthescheme!Firstly，towithdrawthousandsof`natives'
　　fromthelabourmarketwouldbeacrimeagainstallprogress，andthentotreatthemkindlywouldbeheresy，andtosecludethemfromthecontaminationofthescumofEuropeinthesettlementswouldbetermedunnatural；forweknowthatnativeracesderivemostbenefitfromfreecompetitionwiththeleastfittedofourpopulationtoinstruct。
　　Butbesidesagriculturetheenormouscattle
　　farmsofthemissionterritorygaveoccupationtomanyoftheneophytes。Thelifeoncattle
　　farmsgavelessscopeforsupervision，andwemaysupposethattheherdersandthecattlemenweremorelikeGauchos；
　　butGauchosunderreligiousdiscipline，half
　　centaursinthefield，sittingaplunginghalf
　　wildcoltasiftheywerepartofhim，andwhenonfootathomesubmissivetotheJesuits，constantinchurch，butnotsofierceandbloodthirstyastheirdescendantssoonbecameafterthewithdrawalofthemissionrule。
　　DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay'，etc。，saysthatinthe`estancia'ofSantaTecla，inthemissionsofParaguay，duringthetimeoftheJesuits，therewere50，000headofcattle。
　　Aswellasagricultureand`estancia'life，theJesuitshadintroducedamongsttheIndiansmostoftheartsandtradesofEurope。
　　BytheinventoriestakenbyBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyres，attheexpulsionoftheOrder，wefindthattheywovecottonlargely；
　　sometimestheymadeasmuchaseightthousandfivehundredyardsofclothinasingletowninthespaceoftwoorthreemonths。
　　And，inadditiontoweaving，theyhadtanneries，carpenters'shops，tailors，hat
　　makers，coopers，cordage
　　makers，boat
　　builders，cartwrights，joiners，andalmosteveryindustryusefulandnecessarytolife。
　　Theyalsomadearmsandpowder，musicalinstruments，andhadsilversmiths，musicians，painters，turners，andprinterstoworktheirprinting
　　presses:
　　formanybookswereprintedatthemissions，andtheyproducedmanuscriptsasfinelyexecutedasthosemadebythemonksinEuropeanmonasteries。
　　`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'，Introduction，xxvii，FranciscoJavierBrabo。
　　Therareandmuch
　　sought
　　after`ManualeadusumPatrumSocietatisJesuquiinReductionibusParaquariaeversantur，exRitualeRomanoadToletanodecerptum'，wasprintedatthemissionofLoreto。
　　ItcontainsprayersinGuaraniaswellasinLatin。
　　HerealsowasprintedacuriousbookofGuaranisermonsbyNicolasYapuguay，manyGuaranivocabularies，andthe`ArtedelaLenguaGuarani/'ofRuizMontoya。
　　Allthe`estancias'，theagriculturallandsandworkshopswere，sotospeak，thepropertyofthecommunity；thatistosay，thecommunityworkedthemincommon，wasfedandmaintainedbytheirproductions，thewholeunderthedirectionofthetwoJesuitswholivedineverytown。
　　Aportioncalled`tupinambal'inGuaraniwassetasideespeciallyforthemaintenanceoforphansandofwidows。Thecattleandthehorses，withtheexceptionof`loscaballosdelsanto'，destinedforshowatfeasts，werealsousedincommon。ThesurplusofthecapitalwasreservedtopurchasenecessarycommoditiesfromBuenosAyresandfromSpain。
　　Eachfamilyreceivedfromthecommonstocksufficientforitsmaintenanceduringgoodconduct，fortheJesuitsheldinitsentiretythePaulinedictumthatifamanwillnotwork，thenneithershallheeat。
　　Butastheyheldit，sotheypractiseditthemselves，fortheirlivesweremostlaborious
　　teachingandpreaching，andactingasoverseerstotheIndiansintheirlabourscontinually，fromthefirstmomentoftheirarrivalatthemissionstilltheirdeath。
　　Thus，ifthemayorofthetownshipcomplainedofanymanforremissnessathiswork，hereceivednorationstillhehadimproved。
　　P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。295:`Deestosgranoscomunalessedaparasembrar'，etc。
　　ToinculcatehabitsofprovidenceamongsttheIndians，alwaysinclinedtoconsumewhateverwasgiventothemandgofastingafterwards，theyissuedtheprovisionsbutonceaweek，andwhentheykilledtheiroxenforcedtheIndiansto`jerk'acertainquantityofbeeftolastthroughouttheweek。Vegetableseachfamilywasobligedtoplantbothintheirgardensandinthecommonfields；
　　andallthatwerenotactuallyconsumedweredealtouttotheworkersinthecommonworkshopsorpreservedforsale。
　　Thisjerkedbeefiscalled`charqui'inSouthAmerica。
　　CertainoftheIndiansownedtheirowncowsandhorses，andhadgardensinwhichtheyworked；butalltheproductwasobligedtobedisposedoftotheJesuitsforthecommongood，andinexchangeforthemtheygaveknives，scissors，cloth，andlooking
　　glasses，andotherarticlesmadeintheoutsideworld。ClotheswereservedouttoeveryIndian，andconsistedforthemenoftrousers，coarse`ponchos'，strawhatsorcaps，andshirts；butneithermennorwomeneverworeshoes，andthesolecostumeofthelatterwastheGuarani`tipoi'，
　　alongandsleevelessshiftcutratherhigh，andwithcoarseembroideryroundtheshoulders，andmadeofaroughcottoncloth。Forornamentstheyhadglassbeadsandrosariesofbrassorsilver，withsilverrings，andnecklacesofglassorhorn，fromwhichhungcrucifixes。
　　ThusfoodandclothingcosttheJesuitsorthecommunity
　　butlittle，andarudeplentywastheorderoftheland。
　　ThegreatestluxuryoftheIndianswas`mate'，andtoproduceittheyworkedinthe`yerbales'inthesamewayinwhichtheyworkedtheirfields
　　inbandsandwithprocessions，tothesoundofhymnsandheadedbyapriest。
　　ThepoorerclassesinParaguayallusedtowearthe`tipoi'。
　　Theycoveredthemselveswhenitwascoldwithawhitecottonsheetwrappedinmanyfolds。
　　TheJesuitsthemselvesweredressedinhomespunclothes，forMatiasAngles
　　quotedintheintroductiontothe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'ofFatherCardiel，publishedatBuenosAyresin1900theintroductionbyP。PabloHernandez
　　says:
　　`ElvestuariodelosPadresesdelienzodealgodonten~idodenegro，hiladoyfabricadoporlasmismasIndiasdelospueblos；
　　ysitalqualPadretieneuncapoteo/manteodepan~adeCastillasesucededeunosa/otros，yduraunsigloentero。'
　　This，then，wasthesystembymeansofwhichtheJesuitssucceeded，withoutemployingforceofanykind，whichintheircasewouldhavebeenquiteimpossible，lostastheywereamongstthecrowdofIndians，inmakingtheGuaranisenduretheyokeoftoil。Thesemi
　　communalcharacteroftheirruleaccountsforthehostilityofLiberalswho，likeAzara，sawincompetitionthebestroadtoprogress，butwho，likehim，intheirconsumingthirstforprogresslostsightofhappiness。