Justaboutthistime1644
　　45arumourwassetonfootthattheJesuitshaddiscoveredminesneartheirreductionsontheParana。TheserumourswerealwayssetaboutwhentherewasnothingelsebymeansofwhichtoattacktheJesuits。AnIndianbythenameofBuenaventura，whohadbeenaservantinaconventinBuenosAyres，onthisoccasionwastheinstrumentusedbytheirenemies。Forashorttimeeveryonebelievedhim，andexcitementwasintense；but，mostunluckily，Buenaventurahappenedatthezenithofhisnotorietytorunawaywithamarriedwoman，and，beingpursued，wasbroughttoBuenosAyres，andtheninpublicincontinentlywhipped。InanyothercountryBuenaventuraafterhispublicwhippingwouldhavebeendiscredited，butaletterarrivedfromtheBishopofParaguay，tellingtheGovernorofBuenosAyresthattheminesreallyexisted。AtthattimeanewGovernor，oneDonJacintodeLara，hadjustarrived。BeingnewtoAmericaanditsways，hestartedouthimselftotrythequestion，andwithfiftysoldiers，takingBuenaventuraashisguide，wenttothemissions。
　　Asmighthavebeenexpected，onthejourneyBuenaventuradisappeared，thistimealone。`Cettefuiteluidonnabeaucoupa\penser，'
　　saysCharlevoix。Buthavinggonesofar，theGovernordeterminedtotrythequestionthoroughly。
　　FatherDiazTano，oneofthebestandhardest
　　workingmissionarieswhoeverenteredParaguay，besoughttheGovernortosatisfyhimselfandsearchtheirterritoryforgoldandsilver，andrequestedhimtocallupontheBishopforconfirmationofthestatementshehadmade。
　　Thishedid，andthen，accompaniedbyhissoldiers，beganhissearch。
　　Hegaveoutthatthefirstmantofindamineshouldbeatoncepromotedtobecaptainandhavealargereward。
　　Afterseveraldays'march，andhavingfoundnomines，letterswerebroughthimfromtheGovernorofParaguayandfromtheBishop。
　　Thefirstinformedhimthathehadheardrumoursofmines，butnothingcertain。Theseconddeclinedtospecifythemines，whichthusweredestinedtoremainforever，sotospeak，`inpartibus'。
　　Buthegaveadvice，andgoodadviceisbetterthananymine，whetherofsilverorofgold。HetoldtheGovernortostartbyturningouttheJesuits，andhewouldfindtheprofitsoftheirexpulsionjustasvaluableasmines。
　　WhetherthisalsomadetheGovernorpensiveIdonotknow，but，luckily，theJesuits，whowereconcernedinexposingtheimposture，hadcomeonBuenaventura，andbroughthimironedtotheGovernor。
　　He，afterhavingtriedtomakehimconfesshisimposturewithoutsuccess，condemnedhimtobehung。TheJesuits，withtheiraccustomedhumanityoringenuity，beggedforhislife。Thiswasaccordedtothem，andonceagainBuenaventurareceivedagoodsoundwhippingforhispains。
　　ThusendedthejourneyofDonJacinto，withoutprofittohimself，exceptsofarastheexperiencegained。NodoubthesawandmarkedtheJesuittowns，thechurchesbuiltofmassivetimberorofstone，andthecontentedairofIndiansandpriests，whichalwaysstruckalltravellersinthosetimes。Hesawthecountlessherdsofcattle，thecultivatedfields；enjoyed，nodoubtforthefirsttimesincearrivinginSouthAmerica，thesenseofperfectsafety，atthattimetobeexperiencedaloneinMisiones。Butindespiteofhisexposureoftheimposture，therumourastotheexistenceoftheminesneverdiedout，andlingersevento
　　day，inspiteofgeologicalresearchinParaguay。
　　WhilstthiswasgoingoninMisiones，intheremoteandrecently
　　converteddistrictoftheItatines，inthenorthofParaguay，theexamplesetbytheBishophadborneitsfruit。TheIndiansbecameunmanageable。
　　Oneofthechiefsbrokeintoopenrebellion，andwoundedaJesuitfathercalledArenasattheveryaltar
　　steps。Soonthegeneralcorruptionofmannersbecamealmostuniversalthroughoutthedistrict。This，Ifancy，mustbetakentomeanthattheIndiansrevertedtopolygamy，fortheJesuitsalwayshadtroubleinthismatter，beingunabletopersuadetheIndiansoftheadvantageofmonogamy。
　　Butmostfortuitously，justasthegeneralcorruptiongainedallhearts，atigerrushedintothetown，and，afterkillingfourteenpeopleandsomehorses，disappearedagainintothewoods。
　　TheJesuits，everreadytotakeadvantageofeventslikethese，calledontheIndianstoseeinthevisitationofthetigerthewrathofHeaven，andtoleavetheirwickedways。
　　TheIndians，alwaysaswillingtosubmitastorevolt，submitted，andthegoodfathers`prirentlepartidefaireuncoupd'autorite/，quileurre/ussit，'asCharlevoixrelates。
　　Theydecoyedthechief，hisnephew，andson，intoanotherdistrict，wheretheyseizedandshippedthemofftwohundredleaguestoaremotereductionacrosstheUruguay。TheSpaniardsusedtosayofFerdinandVII。，whenhehadcommittedanygreatbarbarity，`HeisquiteaKing'`EsmuchoRey'，andtheIndiansoftheItatinesesteemedtheJesuitsfortheir`coupd'autorite'inthesamemannerastheSpaniardstheirKing。
　　HisusualluckattendedCardenasinhisexileinCorrientes。ThistownformedpartofthedioceseofBuenosAyres，whichhappenedtobevacantatthetime。
　　HethereforetookuponhimselftoactjustashehadactedinParaguay
　　appointedofficersofjustice，heldordinations，andinstitutedacampaignagainsttheJesuitsofthetown。
　　Whilsthewasthusoccupiedinhisfavouritepastimeofusurpingotherpeople'sfunctions，twocitationsweresenthimtoappearbeforetheHighCourtofCharcas。Hedisregardedthem，andsentastatementofhiscasebythehandsofhisnephewtotheBishopofTucuman。IntheletterhesetforthallhiscomplaintsagainsttheGovernorofParaguay，callinghimaviolatoroftheChurch，aheretic，andgenerallyapplyingtohimallthosetermsinwhichathwartedchurchmanusuallyexhaleshisrage。
　　MixedupwiththiswasadetailedaccusationoftheJesuits，towhoseaccounthelaidallhismisfortuneswhilstinParaguay。
　　Lastly，hecalledupontheBishopofTucumantosummonaprovincialcounciltocondemnthemonstrousheresieswhichheattributedtotheJesuits，remindinghimthattheCouncilofTrenthadrecommendedtheholdingoffrequentprovincialcouncils，andstatinghisopinionthat，unlessacouncilwerecalledatonce，theBishopwouldincuramortalsin。
　　TheanswerCardenasreceivedfromTucumanwasmostironicallycouchedinthebeststylethathislong
　　sufferingfriendwasabletocommand。
　　AfteraddressingCardenasas`yourillustriouslordship'，heproceededtodemolishallhisstatementsinsuchamannerastoarguethathehadhadmuchpracticewithrefractorypriestsinhisowndiocese。
　　HetoldhimthattheJesuitsweretheonlyOrderinParaguaythatreallyworkedamongsttheIndians。HeremindedhimthatfromthatOrderthe`secondPaul'，i。e。，St。FrancisXavier，hadhimselfissued。Heaskedhimwhether，asachurchman，hethoughttheyearlysumoftwelvethousandcrownsgivenbytheKingoutofthetreasuryofBuenosAyrestowardstheJesuits'workwasbettersaved，orthatthethousandsofIndianswhomtheJesuitshadconvertedshouldbelosttoGod。Andastoheresy，hesaidhewasnojudge，leavingsuchmatterstothePope；
　　butthatnooneaccusedtheJesuitsofcorruptionintheirmorals，orofanyofthegreatercrimestowhichthegreatfragilityofhumannaturerendersusliable。HeremindedhimtheJesuitshadmadenoaccusationontheirpart，butalwaysspokeofhimwithmoderationandrespect。
　　Andastoaprovincialcouncil，hesaidthatitwasimpossible，forthefollowinggoodcause:TheBishopofMisquewastooinfirmtotravel；
　　theBishopofLaPazwaslatelydead，andtheseestillvacant；
　　theBishopofBuenosAyresonlyjustarrived，andtoomuchoccupiedtoleavehisdiocese。Therefore，theonlyBishopsavailablewerehimselfandCardenas，andthattheyneverwouldagree。
　　MisqueisatleastfifteenhundredmilesfromTucuman。
　　`Moreover，'heremarked，`whatisitthatyourillustriouslordshipwishesmetodo?
　　`ToadviseaBishop?
　　`Godhasonlygivenmethechargeofmyownsheep。YourlordshipknowsaswellasIdohowaBishopshouldcomporthimself。'
　　Hefinishedwithaquotation，sayingthataBishop'sstatewasnottolie`insplendorevestium，sedmorum；nonadiram，sedutomnimodumpatientium。'
　　WhatCardenasrepliedisnotsetdowninanyhistorywhichhascomeundermyobservation，butwhathemusthavethoughtiseasytodivine。
　　TheGovernorofParaguay，notcontentwithhavingputhiscasebeforetheSupremeCourtofCharcas，sentalsototheCouncilGeneraloftheIndiesinSeville，detailingallthevagariesoftheBishop。TheJesuitsalsoempoweredanofficertorepresentthemthere。
　　Duringthesepreparations，andwhilsteveryonewasoffhisguard，theGuaycurusendeavouredtosurprisethecapital，andwouldhavedonesohadnotsomeregimentsofGuaranisarrivedintimefromthemissionterritory。Thisshouldhavebeenanobject
　　lessontothosewhoalwaystriedtoshowtheJesuitsinthelightofenemiestotheauthorityoftheKingofSpain。Nothing，however，provedoftheleastavail，andthoughonseveraloccasionstheSpanishpowerinParaguaywasonlysavedbytheexertionsoftheJesuitsandtheirIndians，thecalumniesofCardenashadtakentoodeeproottobedispelled。
　　Meanwhile，inCorrientes，CardenasschemednightanddaytoreturntoParaguay。InhisowncityofLaPlatanaturallyhehadsomefriends，andthesedidalltheycouldtogethimreinstated。
　　Inspiteofalltheirefforts，anordercamefromCharcasforhimtoleavethecityunderpainofbanishment。AnyonebutCardenaswouldhavebeendisconcerted；he，though，pretended，asintheorderhewasstillstyledBishopofParaguay，thatbeforeleavingforCharcas，topresenthimselfbeforethecourt，hehadtogotoAsunciontonameaVicar
　　General，andtowardstheendof1646heembarkedupontheriverforParaguay。
　　`QuelohagansalirdenuestrosReynosySen~orioscomoagenoyestran~o，porimportarassiparalaquietuddeaquellasProvincias，yalserviciodesuMajestad。'
　　TheGovernorwasonthealert，andsentavesselwithorderstoturnhimback，whichorderwascarriedoutinspiteofhisremonstrances，andhereturnedtoCorrientesinamiserablestate。
　　ThencameanothercitationtoappearatCharcas，andanintimationthathewasappointedBishopofPopayan。AsPopayaninNewGranada
　　wasatleastthreethousandmilesfromAsuncion，hisjoyattheappointmentmusthavebeenextreme。
　　Hisfortunesnowseemeddesperate；ashesaidhimselfinalettertotheKing，`atanadvancedagehecouldnotundertakesogreatajourney'；
　　andoneverysidehisenemiesseemedtohavegottheupperhand。
　　In1648achangecameovereverything。DonGregorioHinestrosawasremovedfromParaguay，andanewGovernor，DonDiegoEscobardeOsorio，appointedinhisplace。ImmediatelythenewsreachedCardenashesetoutforParaguay。ArrivingatAsuncion，hisfriendsallmethimandtookhiminprocessiontotheCathedral。HisfirstthoughtwastorenewhispersecutionoftheJesuits。Mostunfortunatelyforthem，DonJuandePalafox，BishopofPuebladelosAngelesinMexico，whohadhimselfinMexicohadmanyquarrelswiththeJesuits，wrotebeggingCardenasandalltheBishopsofSouthAmericatojoinagainstthem。
　　ThisPalafoxwasafterwardsbeatified，andeveninhislifetimeenjoyedthereputationofasaint，sothathislettergreatlystrengthenedCardenas。
　　Notwithstandingthis，PalafoxinsubsequentworksofhisduringthetimethathewasBishopofOsmainSpainsaidmanythingsinpraiseoftheworkdonebytheJesuitsinParaguay。
　　ThenewGovernor，himselfamemberoftheSupremeCourtofCharcas，hadneverbeenbeforeinParaguay，andthereforeresolvedtotreattheBishopasDonGregoriohaddonewitheveryrespectduetohisstation。
　　TheBishopwantednothingbetter，andsawatoncehehadanotherfooltodealwith。ThereforehemadenosecretofhisintentionofnotcomplyingwiththecitationofthecourtatCharcas，andsethimselfatoncetopreachagainsttheJesuits，andstiruppopularresentmentagainstthem。
　　Unluckily，proofwaswantingofthecrimesheallegedtheyhadcommitted，soheresortedtothedeviceofgettingapetitionsignedbyallandsundry，askingfortheexpulsionoftheOrderfromParaguay。Likeallpetitions，itwaslargelysignedbywomenandbychildrenandbythosewhohadneverthoughtbeforeaboutthematter，butlikedtheopportunitytowritetheirnamesafterthenamesofothers，assheepgothroughagapormembersgivetheirvotesoutofmeresympathy
　　inthehighcourtofParliament。
　　Thisdevicehavingtakentoomuchtime，blankdocumentswerepassedaboutforalltowriteuponwhatevertheyimaginedtothedisadvantageoftheJesuits。Byanuntowardchance，abundleofthese，senttotheagentoftheBishopinSpain，wastakenonthevoyagebyanEnglishcorsair。TheworthypiratenodoubtaProtestantwas，ifwecanbelievetheJesuits，extremelyscandalizedatthebadfaithofthosewhousedsuchmeansofwreakingtheirmalevolence。
　　SoallseemedonceagaintosmileuponDonBernardino，whonodoubtresumedhisflagellations，hismidnightservices，andhissayingoftwoMasses，andonceagainbecametheidolofthepeopleofAsuncion。
　　Butinthenorth，inthewilddistrictofCaaguayu，hardbythemountainsofMbaracaya，closetothegreat`yerbales'，
　　theJesuitshadformedtwotownsamongsttheIndians。
　　ThesetwotownsweredestinedtobetheoutpostsofthecountryagainsttheincursionsofthewildIndiansfromtheChaco。
　　A`yerbal'isaforestchieflycomposedofthe`IlexParaguayensis'，fromtheleavesofwhichthe`yerbamate'，or`Paraguayantea'，ismade。
　　TheBishopprevailedupontheGovernortolethimturnouttheJesuitsandreplacethembypriestsofanotherOrder。Thisbeingdone，theIndiansalldeserted，leavingthedistrictquiteuninhabited。
　　ThecourtatCharcas，hearingofthisfolly，sentanordertotheGovernortosendtheJesuitsback。AyearwaspassedinceaselesssearchingofthewoodsanddesertsfortheIndians，butonlyhalfofthepopulationcouldeverbepersuadedtoreturn，andFatherMansilla，theex
　　missionary，diedofthehardshipsthatheunderwent。
　　FromthatdatedowntothetimeofDr。Franciacirca1812
　　35，thedistrictremainedadesert。Franciauseditasapenalsettlement，andto
　　day，saveforafewwild，wanderingIndians，knownasCaaguas，andasparsepopulationofyerba
　　gatherers，itstillremainsalmostunpopulated。
　　Meanwhile，thegeneralindignationagainsttheJesuitsseemedtoinfectallclassesofthepopulation。Certainly，thecitizensofAsuncionhadgoodandsufficientcausesofcomplaintagainsttheJesuits。
　　OnseveraloccasionstheeffortsoftheJesuitsandtheirIndiansalonehadsavedthecapitalfromthewildIndians，andbenefitsarehardtobear，ifonlyfromtheirrarity。
　　Popularhatred，tothefullasidioticasispopularapplause，fellchieflyuponFatherDiazTano
　　hewhohadsavedtenthousandIndiansfortheKingofSpaininhiscelebratedretreatbeforetheMamelucosdowntheParana
　　andhewasfrequentlyinsultedinthestreets。
　　FatherAntonioManquiano，aquietandlearnedman，wasalmostmurderedinopendaybyafuriousfanatic，whofelluponhimwiththeopenlyexpressedintent`toeathisheart'。
　　ThiswasthemomentCardenaspitchedontodeclaretheentireOrderoftheJesuitsexcommunicated。Ashehadbeenayearawayfromthesceneofhisformerexploits，peoplewerenotsousedtoexcommunications，andthereforetookthemseriously。
　　AtthiseventfuljuncturetheGovernor，DonDiego，diedsosuddenlythatsuspicionsofhishavingbeenpoisonedwerearoused。
　　Scarcewashedeadthanallthepopulationassembledatthepalacetoelectaninterimsuccessor。Thiswasamostimportantthing，astocommunicatewithSpaintook，attheveryshortesttime，abouteightmonths。ByacclamationthechoicefellontheBishop，whothusfoundhimselfheadofthespiritualandthetemporalpoweratonce。
　　Theelectionwasabsolutelyillegal，astheSpanishlawprovidedthat，ifaGovernorofParaguayshouldchancetodie，thenominationofaninterimsuccessorshouldrestfirstwiththeViceroyofPeru，andfailinghimwiththeHighCourtofCharcas。
　　CardenasbasedhiselectiononthepretendededictoftheEmperorCharlesV。，but，ifhehadacopyoftheedict，neverproducedit。Asusual，`goodmendaringnot，andwisemencaringnot'，butonlyfoolsandschemerstakingpartintheelection，noseriousoppositiontohisusurpationwasencountered。
　　CardenasneverdoubtedforamomentthatthefunctionofaGovernorwastogovern，andhebeganatoncetodosowithawill。
　　Xarque，aSpanishwriter，givesthefollowingcuriousdescriptionofhowhesetabouttogetthepeopleonhissidetoexpeltheJesuits:
　　Xarque，bookii。，cap。xl。，p。30。
　　PreachingonedayintheCathedral，aftertheconsecrationheturnedtowardsthepeople，and，showingtheholywafer，said，`Doyoubelieve，mybrethren，thatJesusChristishere?'
　　All，beingtruebelievers，answeredasonemanthatsuchwastheirbelief。
　　Inthesamewayasatascientificlecture，whenthelecturerholdsupsomesubstance，andsays，`Youallknowwellthatcalciumtungstateorbariumhydrocyanidehasthisortheotherproperty，'
　　thehearersnodassentlikesheep，beingafraidtocontradictsoglibastatementfromsoeminentaman。
　　ThensaidCardenas，`BelieveasfirmlythatIhaveanorderfromtheKingtoexpeltheJesuits。'Thepeopleallbelieved，andCardenasforgottotellthemthatbytheexpulsionoftheJesuitstwentythousandIndianswouldpassintohispower，whomhecouldthendistributeamongsthisfriendsasslaves，asheproposedtodividetheIndiansofthemissionsamongsttheParaguayannotablestowinthemtohisside。
　　BeingattheheadofeverythinginAsuncion，Cardenasnolongerhesitated，butorderedanofficer，DonJuandeVallejoVillasanti，withatroopofsoldierstomarchtothecollegeoftheJesuits。
　　Thishedid，andfindingthegatesallbarred，heburstthemopen，and，enteringthecollege，signifiedtotherectoranorderfromtheGovernordulycountersignedbytheBishoptoleavethecitywithallhispriests，andtoevacuateallthemissionsontheParana。TherectoransweredthattheJesuitshadapermissionfromPhilipII。，renewedbyhissuccessors，tofoundacollege，andFatherTanoexhibitedthedocuments。
　　Villasanti，whohadbutlittlelovefordocuments，snatchedtheparchmentsfromhishand，andthesoldiersforcedtheJesuitsinabodytotheportlikesheep。Theretheyweretiedandthrownintocanoesalmostwithoutprovisions，andsentoffdowntherivertoCorrientes，thecertainhavenofthepartyinParaguaywhichhasgottheworstofanelectionorarevolution，andwishestogaintime。
　　ArrivedinCorrientes，DonManuelCabral，apiousofficer，receivedtheminhishouse，and，curiouslyenough，thepopulationwelcomedtheJesuitswithenthusiasm，andpressedthemearnestlytobuildacollegeinthetown。
　　TheircollegeatAsuncionwastreatedlikeatowntakenbystorm:
　　pulpitandfont，confessionalsanddoors，allweretorndownandburnt，and，withaviewofjustifyingwhatwasdone，theBishop'spartisansspreadareportthat，astheJesuitswereheretics，theirtemplewasunclean。
　　Thepopulation，moreartisticinitsinstinctsthantheBishop，refusedtoallowthealtar，whichhadbeenbroughtfromSpain，tobedestroyed。Besidesthealtar，therewerealsostatuesofSanIgnacioandSanFranciscoXavier。ThesetheBishopwishedtoturnintoSt。PeterandSt。Paul。WiththisdesignhegavethemtoanIndiancarpentertoworkupon。Thepoormandidhisbest，butonlymanagedtoturnouttwomonstrousblocks，whichlookedlikenothinghuman。
　　AstatueoftheBlessedVirginwhichhadtheeyesturneduptoheaventheBishopwishedtoalter，andreplacetheheadbyanotherwiththeeyesturneddowntoearth，asbeingmorebefittingtothestatue'ssex。
　　Thepeople，lessmadorsuperstitiousthantheBishop，refusedtoallowit，andtheimage，too，wasplacedintheCathedral。
　　In1649theexpulsionofanOrdersopowerfulasweretheJesuitscausedsomecommotionthroughtheworldatlarge。Miracleshappenedopportunelytostrengthenwaningfaith。Afireplacedroundtheirchurch，thoughitdestroyed，refusedtoblacken；andropesfixedtothetowerofthechurch，althoughattachedtowindlasses，refusedtopullitdown，sothatthetowerandchurch，thoughgutted，stillremainedalmostintact，and，ontheJesuits'return，wereeasilyrepaired，andservedasamonumentofvictory。
　　Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsamitre，aspoorCardenasfoundout。
　　HispopularitysufferedsomedecreasebythelackoftreasurefoundintheJesuits'college，forhehadalwaysdangledmillionsinprospectivebeforethepeople'seyestoengagethemonhisside，and，mostunluckily，hehadnomillionstobestow。So，tomakeallthingsright，hesentFrayDiegoVillalontoMadridtorepresenthisinterests。
　　ThisVillalonhasleftsomecuriousmemoirsinthecasewhichhesubmittedtotheCounciloftheIndieswhichsatinSeville。
　　TheJesuitsupontheirsidewerenotinactive。ByvirtueofabriefofGregoryXIII。theyhadtheprivilegeofappointinganofficialcalledajudgeconservatorincaseswheretheirhonourortheirpossessionswereattacked。ThereforeFatherAlfonsodeOjedawassenttoCharcastoarrangeaboutthecase。AtCharcastheyfoundthatCardenashadbeenbeforethem，andhadinstitutedproceedingsagainsttheirOrderintheHighCourt。FatherPedroNolasco，SuperioroftheOrderofMercy，wasappointedjudgeconservator。HeatoncesummonedtheBishoptoappearbeforehim，andarrangedtotrythecaseandheartheevidence。
　　Cardenashavingrefusedtoappear，sentencewentbydefaultagainsthim。
　　TheHighCourt，beingconvincedthatthepretendededictoftheEmperorCharlesV。didnotexist，appointedDonAndresGarabitodeLeontobeinterimCaptain
　　GeneralofParaguay，andgavehimpower，ifnecessary，torestoreorderbyforceofarms。ThecourtthenissuedadecreesummoningCardenastoappearatonceatCharcasandgivehisreasonswhyhehadhadhimselfmadeGovernorandhadexpulsedtheJesuitsfromParaguay。ItthencommunicatedwiththeMarquisofMancera，ViceroyofPeru，whoquiteconcurredinitsdecisionastoCardenas。
　　ApparentlyupontheprinciplewhichprevailsamongstMohammedansofalwaysappointing，firstanofficer，andthenacaliphtothatofficertodothework，theHighCourtofCharcasalsoappointedacommandertoproceedtoParaguay，pendingthetimethatDonAndresshouldfeelinclinedtostarthimself。Asthecaliph'snamewasSebastiandeLeon，itisnotimprobablethathewasarelationofthefirst
　　appointedman。
　　DonSebastiandeLeonseemstohavebeeninParaguayalready，forbothCharlevoixandXarqueagreethatheandhisbrothers，aftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsbyCardenas，hadretiredtoanestatesomedistancefromAsuncion。Attheestatethenewsofhisappointmentreachedhim，andmusthaveplacedhiminamostdifficultpositionastowhattodo。
　　OnseveraloccasionsinthevariousrebellionswhichoccurredinSouthAmericaduringtheSpanishrule，menwereappointedtoquellrebellions，pacifycountries，andrestoreorder，andallwithoutanarmyoranyforcesbeingplacedattheircommand。ThiswasthecasewiththecelebratedLaGasca，whowassentfromSpaintoputdowntherebellionofGonzaloPizarro，andsucceededinsodoing，thoughheleftSpainwithoutasinglesoldierinhistrain。
　　InthisconnectionitistoberememberedthatnoneoftherebellionsinSpanishAmericafromthedaysofCharlesI。i。e。，theEmperorCharlesV。
　　tothoseofCharlesIII。werefortheobjectofseparationfromthemetropolis，butmerelyrisingsagainstGovernorssentoutfromSpain。
　　ItseemsthatbothinPeruandParaguaytheverynameoftheimperialpowerwasabletodrawhundredsofmentothestandardofwhateverofficerheldacommissionfromMadrid，suchasthatheldbyGarabitodeLeonorbyLaGascaontheParana。
　　AtfirstDonSebastiandidnotshowhimselfinAsuncion，butsentoutmessengersoneverysidetosummonsoldiers，requisitionhorses，andcollectprovisions。HealsosenttoCorrientestotelltheJesuitshewasreadytoreinstatethemintheirpossessions。
　　DonBernardinomeanwhilewaspreparingforthegreatadventureofhislife。
　　HeseemstohavebelievedmostfirmlythatnopoweronearthhadanyrighttoremovehimfromthegovernorshipofParaguay。
　　InaletterwhichheaddressedtoDonJuanRomerodelaCruz
　　hesaysheisonthepointofdistinguishinghimselfbyheroicexploitsandgreatvictories；thathehadonhissidejusticeandforceamostuncommoncombination；thattheentirecapitalwasfavourabletohim；andthathewasresolvedneithertoreadmittheJesuitsnortorecogniseDonSebastiandeLeonasGovernor。
　　Charlevoix，bookxii。，p。115。
　　Asuncionwasonceagainconvulsed，andallwaspreparationfortheholywar。
　　TheBishophadgivenoutthatangelsweretohelphim，andthissoreassuredhissoldiersthattheyprovidedthemselveswithcordstobindtheIndiansinthearmyofDonSebastianLeon，thinkingtheywouldfallaneasypreytothem。Thismatterofthecordsexplains，perhaps，whythepopulationofAsuncionwasalmostunanimousinfavouroftheBishop。
　　InthearmyofDonSebastian，aswellasthemilitiaoftheprovince，marchedthreethousandIndiansfromtheJesuitreductionsontheParana。
　　TheSpaniardsofthecapitalwerealldeterminednottokillanyofthem，butkeepthemaliveforslaves，andhencethecordswithwhichtheyarmedthemselves。
　　ThesacredgeneralissimoledouthisarmyfromAsuncioninperson，celebratingMasshimself，andthenheadinghistroopslikemanyanotherSpanishecclesiastichasdonebeforeandafterhim，andcontinueddoingeventothelatestCarlistwar。
　　ThearmiesmetnotfarfromLuque，inalittleplainknownastheCampoGrande。Anopenplainwithsandysoil，whichgavethehorsesagoodfooting，withseverallittlestagnantpoolsinthecentrewherethewoundedmencoulddrinkandwashtheirwounds，withamostconvenientforestonallsidesforthedesertersandthecowardstohidein，madeagoodbattlefield。ThevillageofLuque，groupedrounditschurch，andwithalittleplazainthemiddleinwhichsatParaguayanwomensellingmandioca，chipa，1andrapadura，2
　　withsacksofmaizeandofmani，3stoodonthesummitofalittlehill。
　　Upontheplaintheearthisred，andlooksasifabattlehadbeenfoughtuponitandmuchbloodspilt。Inalldirectionsrunlittlepaths，worndeepbythefeetofmulesandhorses，andinwhichtheriderhastolifthisfeetasifheweregoingthroughastream。ToAsuncionthereleadsoneofthedeep
　　sunkroadsplantedwithorangeandparaiso4trees，constructedthusasBarcodelaCenteneratellsusinhis`Argentina'soastobedefensibleagainsttheIndiansafterthecountrywasfirstconqueredbytheSpaniards。
　　1Chipaisakindofbreadmadeofmandiocaflour。
　　2Rapaduraisakindofcoarsesugar，generallysoldinlittlepyramid
　　shapedlumps，doneupinabananaleaf。
　　Itisstronglyflavouredwithlye。
　　3Maniisground
　　nut。["Peanut"inAmericanEnglish。
　　A。L。，1998。]
　　4TheparaisoisoneofthePaulinias。
　　OntheBishop'ssidehardlyasoldierbutthoughthimselfanemissaryofGod，ordoubtedofthevictoryforamomentinhisheart。Angelsthemselveshadpromisedvictorytotheirleader，who，tomakeallthingssafe，hadissuedaproclamationpunishingsurrenderwiththepainofdeath；
　　sotheystoodquietlyinarrayofbattlewaitingtobeattacked。
　　Uponhisside，DonSebastianLeon，seeingtheattitudeoftheenemy，immediatelyorderedanadvance，andchargedhimself，withallhiscavalry，upontheBishop'smen。They，withthefirmnessthatfanaticssooftenshow，stoodfirmlyintheirranks，thinkingthemselvesinvulnerable。
　　Theirvalourprovedbutmomentary，foratthesecondchargetheybroketheirranksandfled。Flightturnedtorout，andDonSebastianhavingcommandedthattheyshouldnotbepursued，theystillfledon，nomanpursuingthem。
　　TheGovernorthenenteredthecapitalwithoutresistance。
　　Ontheplazahestopped，andhavinggatheredupthewoundedwithoutrespectofparty，hesentthemtothehospital。
　　Then，havingseentothesafetyofthetown，herodetotheCathedraltogivethankstoGodforhavingpreservedhimfromthedangersofthefight。
　　DressedinhisrobesandseatedonhisthronewasCardenas。DonSebastianenteredthechurch，dismounted，andkissedhishandrespectfully，likeatrueSpaniard，andaskedhimceremoniouslytodeigntogivehimthebatonofthecivilpower。Cardenasanswerednotaword，buthandedhimthebaton，andthenretired，accompaniedbyallhispriests。
　　ThevictorydidnotterminatetheworkofDonSebastian。
　　Afterareasonableinterval，andbeforewitnesses，hecitedtheBishoptoappearbeforethecourtofCharcas。TheBishoppromisedtoobey，thinkinghehadanotherDonGregorioHinostrosatodealwith，butquitedeterminednevertocomply，actingaccordingtothecustomofGovernorsinSouthAmerica，who，whenanorderreachedthemfromMadrid，eitherabsurdorquiteimpossibletoexecute，solemnlyanswered，`Iobey，butIdonotcomply，'savingbythephrasethehonouroftheirsovereignsandthemselves。UpontheirsidetheJesuitspressedthejudgeconservator，FatherNolasco，toissuehissentence，andfreethemfromthechargesunderwhichtheylay。
　　Thishedid，andgaveashisopiniontheywerequiteinnocentofallthatCardenashadlaidtotheiraccount。
　　`Obedesco，peronocumplo。'
　　Asinapalace，thingsgoslowinSpain，anditwasnottill1654
　　thataroyaldecisionconfirmedthejudgmentofNolasco，andfreedtheJesuitsfromallthechargesraisedagainstthem。
　　`Cosasdepalaciovandespacio。'
　　Orderrestored，Cardenasdeprivedofhisusurpedauthority，andtheJesuitsreinstated，thetemporarycommissionofSebastianLeonwasatanend。Thereforeheretiredagaintoplanthismandiocaunderhisownguayaba
　　tree。YetfeelingransohighthathewashardlysafefromthevengeanceofthepartisansofCardenas，sothathefoundhimselfoncemoreobligedtosummonthemilitiaoftheprovince，andleadthemtoaperfunctorycampaignagainstthePayaguas。
　　TheseIndianstheearlierhistoriansoftheconquest，BarcodelaCenteneraandRuiDiazdeGuzman，describeasriver
　　pirates，almostlivingincanoes，anddashingoutonanypassingSpanishvesselthattheythoughtweakenough。TheJesuitsMontoyaandDobrizhoffertellusthattheywentnaked，paintedinmanycolours，withahawk'sorparrot'swingpassedthroughthecartilageoftheirleftear，andthattheywere，ofalltheIndiansofParaguay，themostindomitable。Afew，whenIknewParaguaysometwentyyearsago，hungroundAsuncion，squalidandmiserable，passingtheirtimeinfishingincanoes，andasattachedtotheirownmodeoflifeaswhenthefirstdiscovererscalledthem`sweet
　　waterpirates'andthe`mostpestilentofalltheIndiansontheriverParaguay。'ThePayaguaschastised，DonSebastian，upononepretextoranother，didnotdisbandhistroops，keepingthemalwaysbyhim，andthusmakingthepositionoftheBishopquiteuntenable，tillbydegreeshisfollowersfellawayandlefthimalmostdesertedandhispartyalldissolved。Seeingthegamewasup，theBishop，afterhavingnamedoneDonAdrianCornejoashissuffragan，tookhisdeparture1650forCharcastoappearbeforethecourt。
　　Foreighttumultuousyearshehadkepthisbishopricinaperpetualturmoil，havingbeentheevilgeniusoftheland。
　　Whatsortofmanhereallywasishardto
　　daytojudge，forXarque，Villalon，Charlevoix，andDeanFunes，whochroniclehisdoings，wereall，ononesideortheother，partisans。TheJesuitscondemnhimasaspoliator，theFranciscansholdhimupasonewhofoughtthroughouthislifeforthehonourofthefounderoftheirrule。Tracts，books，andpamphletsforandagainsthimhavebeenwritteninnumbers，andinthehistoryofthetimesinParaguayhisnamebulkslarge。
　　Onethingiscertain
　　thattheIndianslovedandreveredhim，andfollowedhimuptotheend。EveninCharcas，wherehelivedforyearsuponapensionoftwothousandcrownsallowedhimbytheKingwhilsthiscasedraggeditswearycoursetoRome，Madrid，backtoPeru，andthentoRomeagain，theIndians，whenheappearedinpublic，greetedhimwithflowers。Hemayhavebeenasaint:somanymenaresaints，andtheworldknowsthemnot。Hemayhavebeenaschemer；buthemadenothingbyhisschemesexceptthebarrenhonourofhisconsecrationtotheseeofParaguay。Apreachercertainlyhewas，ableandwillingtodrawcrowds，afterthefashionofallthosewhohavethegiftofwords。
　　DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay，BuenosAyresyTucuman'bookii。，cap。i。，p。10，sayshewas`Dotadodeuntemperamentomuyfacildeinflamarse，deunaimaginacionviva，deunamemoriafeliz，ydeuningenionovulgar。'
　　Headstrongandobstinate，throughalonglifehehatedvigorously，thinkingallthosewhodifferedfromhimwereaccursedofGod。
　　AstrenuousmemberoftheChurchmilitantonearth，hewasatleastapersonality，andthosewhoreadthehistoryofhistimemustreckonwith，andtakesidesfororagainst，himafterthefashionofthemenwithwhomhepassedhislife，whotoamanreveredhimasasaint，orlookeduponhimasadevilsenttoplaguemankind。
　　ArrivedinCharcas，hesoonfelloneviltimes，althoughatfirsthemadesomepartisans。StilllookingbacktoParaguay，hepassedhistimeindrawingoutpetitionstotheKing；then，onebyone，allhisfriendsfellfromhim，exceptsomefaithfulIndians，whoconsideredhimasaint。
　　Hisdreamsofsaintshipwerenotfulfilled，forhisnameneverfiguredinthecalendar。Yearsdidnottamenoryetdidhopeevercompletelyleavehim；forinoldbooksIfindhimalwaysprotesting，evercomplaining，andstillstriving，till，in1665，PhilipIV。inpitymadehimBishopofSantaCruz。AsentencefromtheregistersoftheConsistoryatRomeinformsusthat，asBishopofLaPaz，inhisownprovinceoftheCharcas，heleftofftroubling，andrestedfromhisagitatedlife。