19。OfLegislators。AristotlewantedtoindulgesometimeshisjealousyagainstPlato，andsometimeshispassionforAlexander。PlatowasincensedagainstthetyrannyofthepeopleofAthens。Machiavelwasfullofhisidol，theDukeofValentinois。SirThomasMore，whospokeratherofwhathehadreadthanofwhathethought，wantedtogovernallstateswiththesimplicityofaGreekcity。[49]HarringtonwasfulloftheideaofhisfavouriterepublicofEngland，whileacrowdofwriterssawnothingbutconfusionwheremonarchyisabolished。Thelawsalwaysconformtothepassionsandprejudicesofthelegislator；sometimesthelatterpassthrough，andonlytincturethem；sometimestheyremain，andareincorporatedwiththem。
　　______
　　1。Aristotle，Politics，iv。11。
　　2。Bookxx。1。
　　3。Ceciliussaysthatheneversawnorreadofaninstanceinwhichthispunishmenthadbeeninflicted；butitislikelythatnosuchpunishmentwaseverestablished：theopinionofsomecivilians，thatthelawoftheTwelveTablesmeantonlythedivisionofthemoneyarisingfromthesaleofthedebtor，seemsveryprobable。
　　4。DeFalsalegatione。
　　5。Dio，xli。
　　6。Aristotle，Politics，v。13。
　　7。Plutarch，Dionysius。
　　8。Seexxvi。17，p。223，above。
　　9。Whentheinheritancewastoomuchencumberedtheyeludedthepontificallawbycertainsales，whencecomethewordssinesacrish？reditas。
　　10。Lawsix。
　　11。Tacitus，Annals，vi。29。
　　12。RescriptoftheEmperorPiusinLeg。3，§§1，2，ff。deboniseorumquiantesententiammortemsibiconsciverunt。
　　13。Leg。18，ff。deinfusvocando。
　　14。SeetheLawoftheTwelveTables。
　　15。Rapitinjus。——Horace，Sat。，i。9。Hencetheycouldnotsummonthosetowhomaparticularrespectwasdue。
　　16。SeeLeg。18，ff。deinjusvocando。
　　17。BytheancientFrenchlaw，witnesseswereheardonbothsides；hencewefindintheInstitutionsofSt。Louis，i。7，thattherewasonlyapecuniarypunishmentagainstfalsewitnesses。
　　18。Leg。1，ff。dereceptatoribus。
　　19。Ibid。
　　20。SeewhatFavorinussaysinAulusGellius，xx。1。
　　21。ComparewhatPlutarchsaysintheLycurguswiththelawsoftheDigest，titleDefurtis；andtheInstitutes，iv，tit。1，§§1，2，3。
　　22。Laws，i。
　　23。Syrian。，inHermog。
　　24。TheCornelianlawDeSicariis，Institutes，iv，tit。3，delegeAquilia，§7。
　　25。SeeLeg。4，ff。adleg。Aquil。
　　26。Ibid。；seethedecreeofTassillonaddedtothelawoftheBavarians，depopularib。Legib。art。4。
　　27。Utcarmennecessarium。——Cicero，DeLeg。ii，23。
　　28。ItistheworkofIrnerius。
　　29。Testament。Polit。
　　30。AppendixtotheTheodosiancodeinthefirstvolumeofFatherSirmond’sworks，p。737。
　　31。AulusGellius，xx。1。
　　32。Wefindintheverbalprocessofthisordinancethemotivesthatdeterminedhim。
　　33。InhisordinanceofMontel—les—Tours，intheyear1453。
　　34。Theymightpunishtheattorney，withouttherebeinganynecessityofdisturbingthepublicorder。
　　35。Theordinanceoftheyear1667hasmadesomeregulationsuponthishead。
　　36。Bookii，tit。37。
　　37。InFatherSirmond’sappendixtotheTheodosiancode，i。
　　38。Leg。1，Cod。derepudiis。
　　39。Seetheauthenticsedhodie，intheCod。derepudiis。
　　40。Leg。1，ff。dePostulando。
　　41。Sentences，iv。9。
　　42。DellaguerracivilediFrancia，p。96。
　　43。ItwasmadeonNovember18，1702。
　　44。Laws，ix。
　　45。Itistheauthenticsedcumtestator。
　　46。Bookxii，tit。2，§16。
　　47。SeeJuliusCapitolinus，inMacrinus，13。
　　48。Ibid。
　　49。InhisUtopia。
　　BookXXX。TheoryoftheFeudalLawsamongtheFranksintheRelationTheyBeartotheEstablishmentoftheMonarchy1。OfFeudalLaws。IshouldthinkmyworkimperfectwereItopassoverinsilenceaneventwhichneveragain，perhaps，willhappen；wereInottospeakofthoselawswhichsuddenlyappearedoverallEuropewithoutbeingconnectedwithanyoftheformerinstitutions；ofthoselawswhichhavedoneinfinitegoodandinfinitemischief；whichhavesufferedrightstoremainwhenthedemesnehasbeenceded；whichbyvestingseveralwithdifferentkindsofseignoryoverthesamethingsorpersonshavediminishedtheweightofthewholeseignory；whichhaveestablisheddifferentlimitsinempiresoftoogreatextent；whichhavebeenproductiveofrulewithabiastoanarchy，andofanarchywithatendencytoorderandharmony。
　　Thiswouldrequireaparticularworktoitself；butconsideringthenatureofthepresentundertaking，thereaderwillheremeetratherwithageneralsurveythanwithacompletetreatiseofthoselaws。
　　Thefeudallawsformaverybeautifulprospect。Avenerableoldoakraisesitsloftyheadtotheskies，theeyeseesfromafaritsspreadingleaves；upondrawingnearer，itperceivesthetrunkbutdoesnotdiscerntheroot；thegroundmustbeduguptodiscoverit。[1]
　　2。OftheSourceofFeudalLaws。TheconquerorsoftheRomanempirecamefromGermany。Thoughfewancientauthorshavedescribedtheirmanners，yetwehavetwoofverygreatweight。C？sarmakingwaragainsttheGermansdescribesthemannersofthatnation；[2]andupontheseheregulatedsomeofhisenterprises。[3]AfewpagesofC？saruponthissubjectareequaltowholevolumes。
　　TacitushaswrittenanentireworkonthemannersoftheGermans。Thisworkisshort，butitcomesfromthepenofTacitus，whowasalwaysconcise，becausehesaweverythingatoneglance。
　　ThesetwoauthorsagreesoperfectlywiththecodesstillextantofthelawsoftheBarbarians，thatreadingC？sarandTacitusweimagineweareperusingthesecodes，andperusingthesecodeswefancywearereadingC？sarandTacitus。
　　ButifinthisresearchintothefeudallawsIshouldfindmyselfentangledandlostinadarklabyrinth，IfancyIhavetheclueinmyhand，andthatIshallbeabletofindmywaythrough。
　　3。TheOriginofVassalage。C？sarsays[4]that，"TheGermansneglectedagriculture；thatthegreatestpartofthemliveduponmilk，cheeseandflesh；thatnoonehadlandsorboundariesofhisown；thattheprincesandmagistratesofeachnationallottedwhatportionoflandtheypleasedtoindividuals，andobligedthemtheyearfollowingtoremovetosomeotherpart。"Tacitussays[5]that，"Eachprincehadamultitudeofmen，whowereattachedtohisservice，andfollowedhimwhereverhewent。"Thisauthorgivesthemanameinhislanguageinaccordancewiththeirstate，whichisthatofcompanions。[6]Theyhadastrongemulationtoobtaintheprince’sesteem；andtheprinceshadthesameemulationtodistinguishthemselvesinthebraveryandnumberoftheircompanions。
　　"Theirdignityandpower，"continuesTacitus，"consistinbeingconstantlysurroundedbyamultitudeofyoungandchosenpeople；thistheyreckontheirornamentinpeace，thistheirdefenceandsupportinwar。Theirnamebecomesfamousathome，andamongneighbouringnations，whentheyexcelallothersinthenumberandcourageoftheircompanions：theyreceivepresentsandembassiesfromallparts。
　　Reputationfrequentlydecidesthefateofwar。Inbattleitisinfamyintheprincetobesurpassedincourage；itisinfamyinthecompanionsnottofollowthebraveexampleoftheirprince；itisaneternaldisgracetosurvivehim。Todefendhimistheirmostsacredengagement。
　　Ifacitybeatpeace，theprincesgotothosewhoareatwar；anditisthustheyretainagreatnumberoffriends。Tothesetheygivethewarhorseandtheterriblejavelin。Theirpayconsistsincoarsebutplentifulrepasts。Theprincesupportshisliberalitymerelybywarandplunder。Youmightmoreeasilypersuadethemtoattackanenemyandtoexposethemselvestothedangersofwar，thantocultivatetheland，ortoattendtothecaresofhusbandry；theyrefusetoacquirebysweatwhattheycanpurchasewithblood。"
　　Thus，amongtheGermans，therewerevassals，butnofiefs；theyhadnofiefs，becausetheprinceshadnolandstogive；orrathertheirfiefsconsistedinhorsestrainedforwar，inarms，andfeasting。Therewerevassals，becausethereweretrustymenwhobeingboundbytheirwordengagedtofollowtheprincetothefield，anddidverynearlythesameserviceaswasafterwardsperformedforthefiefs。
　　4。ThesameSubjectcontinued。C？sarsays[7]that"whenanyoftheprincesdeclaredtotheassemblythatheintendedtosetoutuponanexpeditionandaskedthemtofollowhim，thosewhoapprovedtheleaderandtheenterprisestoodupandofferedtheirassistance。Uponwhichtheywerecommendedbythemultitude。But，iftheydidnotfulfiltheirengagements，theylostthepublicesteem，andwerelookeduponasdesertersandtraitors。"
　　WhatC？sarsaysinthisplace，andwhatwehaveextractedintheprecedingchapterfromTacitus，arethesubstanceofthehistoryofourprincesofthefirstrace。
　　Wemustnotthereforebesurprisedthatourkingsshouldhavenewarmiestoraiseuponeveryexpedition，newtroopstoencourage，newpeopletoengage；thattoacquiremuchtheywereobligedtoincurgreatexpenses；
　　thattheyshouldbeconstantgainersbythedivisionoflandsandspoils，andyetgivetheselandsandspoilsincessantlyaway：thattheirdemesneshouldcontinuallyincreaseanddiminish；thatafatheruponsettlingakingdomononeofhischildren[8]shouldalwaysgivehimatreasurewithit：thattheking’streasureshouldbeconsideredasnecessarytothemonarchy；andthatonekingcouldnotgivepartofittoforeigners，eveninportionwithhisdaughter，withouttheconsentoftheotherkings。[9]Themonarchymovedbysprings，whichtheywerecontinuallyobligedtowindup。
　　5。OftheConquestsoftheFranks。ItisnottruethattheFranksuponenteringGaultookpossessionofthewholecountrytoturnitintofiefs。Somehavebeenofthisopinionbecausetheysawthegreatestpartofthecountrytowardstheendofthesecondraceconvertedintofiefs，rear—fiefs，orotherdependencies；butsuchadispositionwasowingtoparticularcauseswhichweshallexplainhereafter。
　　Theconsequencewhichsundrywriterswouldinferthence，thatthebarbariansmadeageneralregulationforestablishinginallpartsthestateofvillainageisasfalseastheprinciplefromwhichitisderived。Ifatatimewhenthefiefswereprecarious，allthelandsofthekingdomhadbeenfiefs，ordependenciesoffiefs；andallthemeninthekingdomvassalsorbondmensubordinatetovassals；asthepersonthathaspropertyiseverpossessedofpower，theking，whowouldhavecontinuallydisposedofthefiefs，thatis，oftheonlypropertythenexisting；wouldhavehadapowerasarbitraryasthatoftheSultanisinTurkey；whichiscontradictorytoallhistory。
　　6。OftheGoths，Burgundians，andFranks。GaulwasinvadedbyGermannations。TheVisigothstookpossessionoftheprovinceofNarbonne，andofalmostallthesouth；theBurgundianssettledintheeast；andtheFrankssubduedverynearlyalltherest。
　　NodoubtbuttheseBarbariansretainedintheirrespectiveconqueststhemanners，inclinations，andusagesoftheirowncountry；fornonationcanchangeinaninstanttheirmannerofthinkingandacting。ThesepeopleinGermanyneglectedagriculture。ItseemsbyC？sarandTacitusthattheyappliedthemselvesgreatlytoapastorallife；hencetheregulationsofthecodesofBarbarianlawsalmostallrelatetotheirflocks。Roricon，whowroteahistoryamongtheFranks，wasashepherd。
　　7。DifferentWaysofdividingtheLand。AftertheGothsandBurgundianshad，undervariouspretences，penetratedintotheheartoftheempire，theRomans，inordertoputastoptotheirdevastations，wereobligedtoprovidefortheirsubsistence。Atfirsttheyallowedthemcorn，[10]
　　butafterwardschosetogivethemlands。Theemperors，ortheRomanmagistrates，intheirname，madeparticularconventionswiththemconcerningthedivisionoflands，[11]aswefindinthechroniclesandinthecodesoftheVisigoths[12]andBurgundians。[13]
　　TheFranksdidnotfollowthesameplan。IntheSalicandRipuarianlaws，wefindnottheleastvestigeofanysuchdivisionoflands；theyhadconqueredthecountry，andsotookwhattheypleased，makingnoregulationsbutamongthemselves。
　　Letus，therefore，distinguishbetweentheconductoftheBurgundiansandVisigothsinGaul，ofthosesameVisigothsinSpain，oftheauxiliarytroopsunderAugustulusandOdoacerinltaly，[14]andthatoftheFranksinGaul，asalsooftheVandalsinAfrica。[15]Theformerenteredintoconventionswiththeancientinhabitants，andinconsequencethereofmadeadivisionoflandsbetweenthem；thelatterdidnosuchthing。
　　8。ThesameSubjectcontinued。WhathasinducedsometothinkthattheRomanlandswereentirelyusurpedbytheBarbariansistheirfindinginthelawsoftheVisigothsandtheBurgundiansthatthesetwonationshadtwo—thirdsofthelands；butthistheytookonlyincertainquartersordistrictsassignedthem。
　　Gundebaldsays，inthelawoftheBurgundians，thathispeopleattheirestablishmenthadtwo—thirdsofthelandsallowedthem；[16]andthesecondsupplementtothislawnoticesthatonlyamoietywouldbeallowedtothosewhoshouldhereaftercometoliveinthatcountry。[17]
　　Therefore，allthelandshadnotbeendividedinthebeginningbetweentheRomansandtheBurgundians。
　　Inthosetworegulationswemeetwiththesameexpressionsinthetext，consequentlytheyexplainoneanother；andasthelattercannotmeanauniversaldivisionoflands，neithercanthissignificationbegiventotheformer。
　　TheFranksactedwiththesamemoderationastheBurgundians；theydidnotstriptheRomanswherevertheyextendedtheirconquests。Whatwouldtheyhavedonewithsomuchland？Theytookwhatsuitedthem，andlefttheremainder。
　　9。AjustApplicationoftheLawoftheBurgundians，andofthatoftheVisigoths，inrelationtotheDivisionofLands。Itistobeconsideredthatthosedivisionsoflandwerenotmadewithatyrannicalspirit；butwithaviewofrelievingthereciprocalwantsoftwonationsthatweretoinhabitthesamecountry。
　　ThelawoftheBurgundiansordainsthataBurgundianshallbereceivedinanhospitablemannerbyaRoman。ThisisagreeabletothemannersoftheGermans，who，accordingtoTacitus，[18]werethemosthospitablepeopleintheworld。
　　BythelawoftheBurgundians，itisordainedthattheBurgundiansshallhavetwo—thirdsofthelands，andone—thirdofthebondmen。Inthisitconsideredthegeniusoftwonations，andconformedtothemannerinwhichtheyprocuredtheirsubsistence。AstheBurgundianskeptherdsandflocks，theywantedagreatdealoflandandfewbondmen，andtheRomans，fromtheirapplicationtoagriculture，hadneedoflessland，andofagreaternumberofbondmen。Thewoodswereequallydivided，becausetheirwantsinthisrespectwerethesame。
　　WefindinthecodeoftheBurgundians[19]thateachBarbarianwasplacednearaRoman。Thedivisionthereforewasnotgeneral；buttheRomanswhogavethedivisionwereequalinnumbertotheBurgundianswhoreceivedit。TheRomanwasinjuredleast。TheBurgundiansasamartialpeople，fondofhuntingandofapastorallife，didnotrefusetoacceptofthefallowgrounds；whiletheRomanskeptsuchlandsaswereproperestforculture：theBurgundian’sflockfattenedtheRoman’sfield。
　　10。OfServitudes。ThelawoftheBurgundiansnotices[20]thatwhenthosepeoplesettledinGaul，theywereallowedtwo—thirdsoftheland，andone—thirdofthebondmen。ThestateofvillainagewasthereforeestablishedinthatpartofGaulbeforeitwasinvadedbytheBurgundians。[21]
　　ThelawoftheBurgundians，inpointsrelatingtothetwonations，makesaformaldistinctioninboth，betweenthenobles，thefreebornandthebondmen。[22]ServitudewasnotthereforeathingpeculiartotheRomans；
　　norlibertyandnobilitytotheBarbarians。
　　Thisverysamelawsays，[23]thatifaBurgundianfreedmanhadnotgivenacertainsumtohismaster，norreceivedathirdshareofaRoman，hewasalwayssupposedtobelongtohismaster’sfamily。TheRomanproprietorwasthereforefree，sincehedidnotbelongtoanotherperson’sfamily；hewasfree，becausehisthirdportionwasamarkofliberty。
　　WeneedonlyopentheSalicandRipuarianlawstobesatisfiedthattheRomanswerenomoreinastateofservitudeamongtheFranksthanamongtheotherconquerorsofGaul。
　　TheCountdeBoulainvilliersismistakeninthecapitalpointofhissystem：hehasnotprovedthattheFranksmadeageneralregulationwhichreducedtheRomansintoakindofservitude。
　　Asthisauthor’sworkispennedwithoutart，andashespeakswiththesimplicity，frankness，andcandourofthatancientnobilitywhencehedescends，everyoneiscapableofjudgingofthegoodthingshesays，andoftheerrorsintowhichhehasfallen。Ishallnot，therefore，undertaketocriticisehim；Ishallonlyobservethathehadmorewitthanenlightenment，moreenlightenmentthanlearning；thoughhislearningwasnotcontemptible，forhewaswellacquaintedwiththemostvaluablepartofourhistoryandlaws。
　　TheCountdeBoulainvilliersandtheAbbéduBoshaveformedtwodifferentsystems，oneofwhichseemstobeaconspiracyagainstthecommons，andtheotheragainstthenobility。WhenthesungaveleavetoPh？tontodrivehischariot，hesaidtohim，"Ifyouascendtoohigh，youwillburntheheavenlymansions；ifyoudescendtoolow，youwillreducetheearthtoashes；donotdrivetotheright，youwillmeettherewiththeconstellationoftheSerpent；avoidgoingtoomuchtotheleft，youwilltherefallinwiththatoftheAltar：keepinthemiddle。"[24]
　　11。ThesameSubjectcontinued。WhatfirstgaverisetothenotionofageneralregulationmadeatthetimeoftheconquestwasourmeetingwithanimmensenumberofformsofservitudeinFrance，towardsthebeginningofthethirdrace；andasthecontinualprogressionoftheseformsofservitudewasnotperceived，peopleimaginedinanageofobscurityagenerallawwhichwasneverframed。
　　Towardsthecommencementofthefirstracewemeetwithaninfinitenumberoffreemen，bothamongtheFranksandtheRomans；butthenumberofbondmenincreasedtothatdegree，thatatthebeginningofthethirdraceallthehusbandmenandalmostalltheinhabitantsoftownshadbecomebondmen：[25]andwhereas，atthefirstperiod，therewasverynearlythesameadministrationinthecitiesasamongtheRomans，namely，acorporation，asenate，andcourtsofjudicature；attheotherwehardlymeetwithanythingbutalordandhisbondmen。
　　WhentheFranks，Burgundians，andGothsmadetheirseveralinvasions，theyseizedupongold，silver，movables，clothes，men，women，boys，andwhateverthearmycouldcarry；thewholewasbroughttooneplace，anddividedamongthearmy。[26]Historyshowsthatafterthefirstsettlement，thatis，afterthefirstdevastation，theyenteredintoanagreementwiththeinhabitants，andleftthemalltheirpoliticalandcivilrights。Thiswasthelawofnationsinthosedays；theyplunderedeverythingintimeofwar，andgrantedeverythingintimeofpeace。Wereitnotso，howshouldwefindbothintheSalicandBurgundianlawssuchanumberofregulationsabsolutelycontrarytoageneralservitudeofthepeople？
　　Butthoughtheconquestwasnotimmediatelyproductiveofservitude，itaroseneverthelessfromthesamelawofnationswhichsubsistedaftertheconquest。[27]Opposition，revoltsandthetakingoftownswerefollowedbytheslaveryoftheinhabitants。And，nottomentionthewarswhichtheconqueringnationsmadeagainstoneanother，astherewasthispeculiarityamongtheFranks，thatthedifferentpartitionsofthemonarchygaverisecontinuallytocivilwarsbetweenbrothersornephews，inwhichthislawofnationswasconstantlypractised，servitudes，ofcourse，becamemoregeneralinFrancethaninothercountries：andthisis，Ibelieve，oneofthecausesofthedifferencebetweenourFrenchlawsandthoseofItalyandSpain，inrespecttotherightofseigniories。
　　Theconquestwassoonover，andthelawofnationstheninforcewasproductiveofsomeserviledependences。Thecustomofthesamelawofnations，whichobtainedformanyages，gaveaprodigiousextenttothoseservitudes。
　　Theodoric[28]imaginingthatthepeopleofAuvergnewerenotfaithfultohim，thusaddressedtheFranksofhisdivision："Followme，andIwillcarryyouintoacountrywhereyoushallhavegold，silver，captives，clothes，andflocksinabundance；andyoushallremoveallthepeopleintoyourowncountry。"
　　AftertheconclusionofthepeacebetweenGontramandChilperic，thetroopsemployedinthesiegeofBourges，havinghadorderstoreturn，carriedsuchaconsiderablebootyawaywiththemthattheyhardlylefteithermenorcattleinthecountry。[29]
　　Theodoric，KingofItaly，whosespiritandpolicyitwasevertodistinguishhimselffromtheotherbarbariankings，uponsendinganarmyintoGaul，wrotethustothegeneral：[30]"ItismywillthattheRomanlawsbefollowed，andthatyourestorethefugitiveslavestotheirrightowners。Thedefenderoflibertyoughtnottoencourageservantstodeserttheirmasters。Letotherkingsdelightintheplunderanddevastationofthetownswhichtheyhavesubdued；wearedesiroustoconquerinsuchamannerthatoursubjectsshalllamenttheirhavingfallentoolateunderourgovernment。"ItisevidentthathisintentionwastocastodiumonthekingsoftheFranksandtheBurgundians，andthathealludedintheabovepassagetotheirparticularlawofnations。
　　Yetthislawofnationscontinuedinforceunderthesecondrace。KingPepin’sarmy，havingpenetratedintoAquitaine，returnedtoFranceloadedwithanimmensebooty，andwithanumberofbondmen，asweareinformedbytheannalsofMetz。[31]
　　HeremightIquotenumberlessauthorities；[32]andasthepubliccompassionwasraisedatthesightofthosemiseries，asseveralholyprelates，beholdingthecaptivesinchains，employedthetreasurebelongingtothechurch，andsoldeventhesacredutensils，toransomasmanyastheycould；andasseveralholymonksexertedthemselvesonthatoccasion，itisintheLivesoftheSaintsthatwemeetwiththebestexplanationsonthesubject。[33]And，althoughitmaybeobjectedtotheauthorsofthoselivesthattheyhavebeensometimesalittletoocredulousinrespecttothingswhichGodhascertainlyperformed，iftheywereintheorderofhisprovidence；yetwedrawconsiderablelightthencewithregardtothemannersandusagesofthosetimes。
　　Whenwecastaneyeuponthemonumentsofourhistoryandlaws，thewholeseemstobeanimmenseexpanse，aboundlessocean；[34]allthosefrigid，dry，insipid，andhardwritingsmustbereadanddevouredinthesamemannerasSaturnisfabledtohavedevouredthestones。
　　Avastquantityoflandwhichhadbeeninthehandsoffreemen[35]waschangedintomortmain。Whenthecountrywasstrippedofitsfreeinhabitants，thosewhohadagreatmultitudeofbondmeneithertooklargeterritoriesbyforce，orhadthemyieldedbyagreement，andbuiltvillages，asmaybeseenindifferentcharters。Ontheotherhand，thefreemenwhocultivatedtheartsfoundthemselvesreducedtoexercisethoseartsinastateofservitude；thustheservitudesrestoredtotheartsandtoagriculturewhatevertheyhadlost。
　　Itwasacustomarythingwiththeproprietorsoflands，togivethemtothechurches，inordertoholdthemthemselvesbyaquit—rent，thinkingtopartakebytheirservitudeofthesanctityofthechurches。
　　12。ThattheLandsbelongingtotheDivisionoftheBarbarianspaidnoTaxes。Apeopleremarkablefortheirsimplicityandpoverty，afreeandmartialpeople，wholivedwithoutanyotherindustrythanthatoftendingtheirflocks，andwhohadnothingbutrushcottagestoattachthemtotheirlands，[36]suchapeople，Isay，musthavefollowedtheirchiefsforthesakeofbooty，andnottopayortoraisetaxes。Theartoftax—gatheringwasinventedlater，andwhenmenbegantoenjoytheblessingsofotherarts。