St。Louis，inordertogiveadistasteoftheFrenchjurisprudence，causedthebooksoftheRomanlawtobetranslated；bywhichmeanstheyweremadeknowntothelawyersofthosetimes。Défontaines，whoistheoldestlawwriterwehave，madegreatuseofthoseRomanlaws。[284]Hisworkis，insomemeasure，aresultfromtheancientFrenchjurisprudence，ofthelawsorInstitutionsofSt。Louis，andoftheRomanlaw。Beaumanoirmadeverylittleuseofthelatter；buthereconciledtheancientFrenchlawstotheregulationsofSt。Louis。
　　Ihaveanotion，therefore，thatthelawbookknownbythenameoftheInstitutionswascompiledbysomebailiffs，withthesamedesignasthatoftheauthorsofthosetwoWorks，andespeciallyofDéfontaines。ThetitleofthisworkmentionsthatitiswrittenaccordingtotheusageofParis，Orleans，andthecourtofBarony；andthepreamblesaysthatittreatsoftheusageofthewholekingdom，ofAnjouandofthecourtofBarony。ItisplainthatthisworkwasmadeforParis，OrleansandAnjou，astheworksofBeaumanoirandDéfontaineswereframedforthecountiesofClermontandVermandois；andasitappearsfromBeaumanoirthatdiverslawsofSt。LouishadbeenreceivedinthecourtsofBarony，thecompilerwasintherighttosaythathisworkrelatedalsotothosecourts。[285]
　　ItismanifestthatthepersonwhocomposedthisworkcompiledthecustomsofthecountrytogetherwiththelawsandInstitutionsofSt。
　　Louis。Thisisaveryvaluablework，becauseitcontainstheancientcustomsofAnjou，theInstitutionsofSt。Louis，astheyweretheninuse；and，infine，thewholepracticeoftheancientFrenchlaw。
　　ThedifferencebetweenthisworkandthoseofDéfontainesandBeaumanoirisitsspeakinginimperativetermsasalegislator；andthismightberight，sinceitwasamedleyofwrittencustomsandlaws。
　　Therewasanintrinsicdefectinthiscompilation；itformedanamphibiouscode，inwhichtheFrenchandRomanlawsweremixed，andwherethingswerejoinedthatwereinnorelation，butoftencontradictorytoeachother。
　　IamnotignorantthattheFrenchcourtsofvassalsorpeers；thejudgmentswithoutpowerofappealingtoanothertribunal；themannerofpronouncingsentencebythesewords"Icondemn"or"Iabsolve，"[286]hadsomeconformitytothepopularjudgmentsoftheRomans。Buttheymadeverylittleuseofthatancientjurisprudence；theyratherchosethatwhichwasafterwardsintroducedbytheemperor，inordertoregulate，limit，correct，andextendtheFrenchjurisprudence。
　　39。ThesameSubjectcontinued。ThejudiciaryformsintroducedbySt。
　　Louisfellintodisuse。Thisprincehadnotsomuchinviewthethingitself，thatis，thebestmanneroftryingcauses，asthebestmannerofsupplyingtheancientpracticeoftrial。Theprincipalintentwastogiveadisrelishoftheancientjurisprudence，andthenexttoformanewone。Butwhentheinconveniencesofthelatterappeared，anothersoonsucceeded。
　　TheInstitutionsofSt。Louisdidnot，therefore，somuchchangetheFrenchjurisprudenceastheyaffordedthemeansofchangingit；theyopenednewtribunals，orratherwaystocomeatthem。Andwhenoncethepublichadeasyaccesstothesuperiorcourts，thejudgmentswhichbeforeconstitutedonlytheusagesofaparticularlordshipformedauniversaldigest。BymeansoftheInstitutions，theyhadobtainedgeneraldecisions，whichwereentirelywantinginthekingdom；whenthebuildingwasfinished，theyletthescaffoldfalltotheground。
　　ThustheInstitutionsproducedeffectswhichcouldhardlybeexpectedfromamasterpieceoflegislation。Topreparegreatchangeswholeagesaresometimesrequisite；theeventsripen，andtherevolutionsfollow。
　　Theparliamentjudgedinthelastresortofalmostalltheaffairsofthekingdom。Before，[287]ittookcognizanceonlyofdisputesbetweenthedukes，counts，barons，bishops，abbots，orbetweenthekingandhisvassals，[288]ratherintherelationtheyboretothepoliticalthantothecivilorder。Theyweresoonobligedtorenderitpermanent，whereasitusedtobeheldonlyafewtimesinayear：and，infine，agreatnumberwerecreated；inordertobesufficientforthedecisionofallmannerofcauses。
　　Nosoonerhadtheparliamentbecomeafixedbody，thantheybegantocompileitsdecrees。JeandeMonluc，inthereignofPhiliptheFair，madeacollectionwhichatpresentisknownbythenameoftheOlimregisters。[289]
　　40。InwhatMannerthejudiciaryFormswereborrowedfromtheDecretals。
　　Buthowcomesit，somewillask，thatwhentheInstitutionswerelaidaside，thejudicialformsofthecanonlawshouldbepreferredtothoseoftheRoman？Itwasbecausetheyhadconstantlybeforetheireyestheecclesiasticcourts，whichfollowedtheformsofthecanonlaw，andtheyknewofnocourtthatfollowedthoseoftheRomanlaw。Besides，thelimitsofthespiritualandtemporaljurisdictionwereatthattimeverylittleunderstood；therewerepeoplewhosuedindifferently[290]andcausesthatweretriedindifferently，ineithercourt。[291]Itseems[292]asifthetemporaljurisdictionreservednoothercasesexclusivelytoitselfthanthejudgmentoffeudalmatters，[293]andofsuchcrimescommittedbylaymenasdidnotrelatetoreligion。For[294]
　　ifontheaccountofconventionsandcontracts，theyhadoccasiontosueinatemporalcourt，thepartiesmightoftheirownaccordproceedbeforethespiritualtribunals；andasthelatterhadnotapowertoobligethetemporalcourttoexecutethesentence，theycommandedsubmissionbymeansofexcommunications。Underthosecircumstances，whentheywantedtochangethecourseofproceedingsinthetemporalcourt，theytookthatofthespiritualtribunals，becausetheyknewit；butdidnotmeddlewiththatoftheRomanlaw，byreasontheywerestrangerstoit：forinpointofpracticepeopleknowonlywhatisreallypractised。
　　41。FluxandRefluxoftheecclesiasticandtemporalJurisdiction。Thecivilpowerbeinginthehandsofaninfinitenumberoflords，itwasaneasymatterfortheecclesiasticjurisdictiontogaindailyagreaterextent。Butastheecclesiasticcourtsweakenedthoseofthelords，andcontributedtherebytogivestrengthtotheroyaljurisdiction，thelattergraduallycheckedthejurisdictionoftheclergy。Theparliament，whichinitsformofproceedingshadadoptedwhateverwasgoodandusefulinthespiritualcourts，soonperceivednothingelsebuttheabuseswhichhadcreptintothosetribunals；andastheroyaljurisdictiongainedgroundeveryday，itgreweverydaymorecapableofcorrectingthoseabuses。And，indeed，theywereintolerable；withoutenumeratingthemIshallreferthereadertoBeaumanoir，toBoutillierandtotheordinancesofourkings。[295]Ishallmentiononlytwoinwhichthepublicinterestwasmoredirectlyconcerned。Theseabusesweknowbythedecreesthatreformedthem；theyhadbeenintroducedinthetimesofthedarkestignorance，anduponthebreakingoutofthefirstgleamoflight，theyvanished。Fromthesilenceoftheclergyitmaybepresumedthattheyforwardedthisreformation：which，consideringthenatureofthehumanmind，deservescommendation。Everymanthatdiedwithoutbequeathingapartofhisestatetothechurch，whichwascalleddying"withoutconfession，"wasdeprivedofthesacramentandofChristianburial。Ifhediedintestate，hisrelativeswereobligedtoprevailuponthebishopthathewould，jointlywiththem，nameproperarbiterstodeterminewhatsumthedeceasedoughttohavegiven，incasehehadmadeawill。Peoplecouldnotlietogetherthefirstnightoftheirnuptials，oreventhetwofollowingnights，withouthavingpreviouslypurchasedleave；these，indeed，werethebestthreenightstochoose；forastotheothers，theywerenotworthmuch。Allthiswasredressedbytheparliament：wefindintheglossaryoftheFrenchlaw，[296]byRagau，thedecreewhichitpublishedagainsttheBishopofAmiens。[297]
　　Ireturntothebeginningofmychapter。Wheneverweobserveinanyageorgovernmentthedifferentbodiesofthestateendeavouringtoincreasetheirauthority，andtotakeparticularadvantagesofeachother，weshouldbeoftenmistakenwerewetoconsidertheirencroachmentsasanevidentmarkoftheircorruption。Throughafatalityinseparablefromhumannature，moderationingreatmenisveryrare：andasitisalwaysmucheasiertopushonforceinthedirectioninwhichitmovesthantostopitsmovement，sointhesuperiorclassofthepeople，itislessdifficult，perhaps，tofindmenextremelyvirtuous，thanextremelyprudent。
　　Thehumanmindfeelssuchanexquisitepleasureintheexerciseofpower；eventhosewhoareloversofvirtuearesoexcessivelyfondofthemselvesthatthereisnomansohappyasnotstilltohavereasontomistrusthishonestintentions；and，indeed，ouractionsdependonsomanythingsthatitisinfinitelyeasiertodogood，thantodoitwell。
　　42。TheRevivaloftheRomanLaw，andtheResultthereof。ChangeofTribunals。UponthediscoveryofJustinian’sdigesttowardstheyear1137，theRomanlawseemedtoriseoutofitsashes。SchoolswerethenestablishedinItaly，whereitwaspubliclytaught；theyhadalreadytheJustiniancodeandtheNovell？。ImentionedbeforethatthiscodehadbeensofavourablyreceivedinthatcountryastoeclipsethelawoftheLombards。
　　TheItaliandoctorsbroughtthelawofJustinianintoFrance，wheretheyhadonlytheTheodosiancode；[298]becauseJustinian’slawswerenotmadetillafterthesettlementoftheBarbariansinGaul。[299]Thislawmetwithsomeopposition：butitstooditsgroundnotwithstandingtheexcommunicationsofthepopes，whosupportedtheirowncanons。[300]StLouisendeavouredtobringitintoreputebythetranslationsofJustinian’sworks，madeaccordingtohisorders，whicharestillinmanuscriptinourlibraries；andIhavealreadyobservedthattheymadegreatuseofthemincompilingtheInstitutions。PhiliptheFairorderedtheLawsofJustiniantobetaughtonlyaswrittenreasoninthoseprovincesofFrancethatweregovernedbycustoms；andtheywereadoptedasalawinthoseprovinceswheretheRomanlawhadbeenreceived。[301]
　　Ihavealreadynoticedthatthemannerofproceedingbyjudicialcombatrequiredverylittleknowledgeinthejudges；disputesweredecidedaccordingtotheusageofeachplace，andtoafewsimplecustomsreceivedbytradition。InBeaumanoir’stimethereweretwodifferentwaysofadministeringjustice；[302]insomeplacestheytriedbypeers，[303]inothersbybailiffs：infollowingtheformerway，thepeersgavejudgmentaccordingtothepracticeoftheircourt；inthelatter，itwastheprud’hommes，oroldmen，whopointedoutthissamepracticetothebailiffs。[304]Thiswholeproceedingrequiredneitherlearning，capacity，norstudy。ButwhenthedarkcodeoftheInstitutionsmadeitsappearance；whentheRomanlawwastranslatedandtaughtinpublicschools；whenacertainartofprocedureandjurisprudencebegantobeformed；whenpractitionersandcivilianswereseentorise，thepeersandtheprud’hommeswerenolongercapableofjudging：thepeersbegantowithdrawfromthelords’tribunals；andthelordswereverylittleinclinedtoassemblethem；especiallyasthenewformoftrial，insteadofbeingasolemnproceeding，agreeabletothenobilityandinterestingtoawarlikepeople，hadbecomeacourseofpleadingwhichtheyneitherunderstood，norcaredtolearn。Thecustomoftryingbypeersbegantobelessused；[305]thatoftrying，bybailiffstobemoreso；thebailiffsdidnotgivejudgmentthemselves，[306]theysummeduptheevidenceandpronouncedthejudgmentoftheprud’hommes；butthelatterbeingnolongercapableofjudging，thebailiffsthemselvesgavejudgment。
　　Thiswaseffectedsomuchtheeasier，astheyhadbeforetheireyesthepracticeoftheecclesiasticcourts；thecanonandnewcivillawbothconcurredaliketoabolishthepeers。
　　ThusfelltheusagehithertoconstantlyobservedintheFrenchmonarchy，thatjudgmentshouldnotbepronouncedbyasingleperson，asmaybeseenintheSaliclaws，thecapitularies，andinthefirstlaw—writersunderthethirdrace。[307]Thecontraryabusewhichobtainsonlyinlocaljurisdictionshasbeenmoderated，andinsomemeasureredressed，byintroducinginmanyplacesajudge’sdeputy，whomheconsults，andwhorepresentstheancientprud’hommesbytheobligationthejudgeisunderoftakingtwograduatesincasesthatdeserveacorporalpunishment；and，infine，ithasbecomeofnoeffectbytheextremefacilityofappeals。
　　43。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Thustherewasnolawtoprohibitthelordsfromholdingtheircourtsthemselves；nonetoabolishthefunctionsoftheirpeers；nonetoordainthecreationofbailiffs；nonetogivethemthepowerofjudging。Allthiswaseffectedinsensibly，andbytheverynecessityofthething。TheknowledgeoftheRomanlaw，thedecreesofthecourts，thenewdigestofthecustoms，requiredastudyofwhichthenobilityandilliteratepeoplewereincapable。
　　Theonlyordinancewehaveuponthissubjectisthatwhichobligedthelordstochoosetheirbailiffs。fromamongthelaity。[308]Itisamistaketolookuponthisasalawoftheircreation；foritsaysnosuchthing。Besides，theintentionofthelegislatorisdeterminedbythereasonsassignedintheordinance："totheendthatthebailiffsmaybepunishedfortheirprevarications，itisnecessarytheybetakenfromtheorderofthelaity。"Theimmunitiesoftheclergyinthosedaysareverywellknown。
　　Wemustnotimaginethattheprivilegeswhichthenobilityformerlyenjoyed，andofwhichtheyarenowdivested，weretakenfromthemasusurpations；no，manyofthoseprivilegeswerelostthroughneglect，andothersweregivenupbecause，asvariouschangeshadbeenintroducedinthecourseofsomanyages，theywereinconsistentwiththosechanges。
　　44。OftheProofbyWitnesses。Thejudges，whohadnootherruletogobythantheusages，inquiredveryoftenbywitnessesintoeverycausethatwasbroughtbeforethem。
　　Theusageofjudicialcombatsbeginningtodecline，theymadetheirinquestsinwriting。Butaverbalproofcommittedtowritingisnevermorethanaverbalproof；sothatthisonlyincreasedtheexpensesoflawproceedings。Regulationswerethenmadewhichrenderedmostofthoseinquestsuseless；[309]publicregisterswereestablished，whichascertainedmostfacts，asnobility，age，legitimacy，andmarriage。
　　Writingisawitnessveryhardtocorrupt；thecustomswerethereforereducedtowriting。Allthisisveryreasonable；itismucheasiertogoandseeinthebaptismalregisterwhetherPeteristhesonofPaulthantoprovethisfactbyatediousinquest。Whenthereareanumberofusagesinacountry，itismucheasiertowritethemalldowninacode，thantoobligeindividualstoproveeveryusage。Atlengththefamousordinancewasmadewhichprohibitedtheadmittingoftheproofbywitnessesforadebtexceedinganhundredlivres，excepttherewasthebeginningofaproofinwriting。
　　45。OftheCustomsofFrance。France，aswehavealreadyobserved，wasgovernedbywrittencustoms，andtheparticularusagesofeachlordshipconstitutedthecivillaw。Everylordshiphaditscivillaw，accordingtoBeaumanoir，[310]andsoparticularalaw，thatthisauthor，whoislookeduponasaluminary；andaverygreatluminaryofthosetimes；
　　sayshedoesnotbelievethatthroughoutthewholekingdomthereweretwolordshipsentirelygovernedbythesamelaw。
　　Thisprodigiousdiversityhadatwofoldorigin。Withregardtothefirst，thereadermayrecollectwhathasbeenalreadysaidconcerningitinthechapteroflocalcustoms：[311]andastothesecond，wemeetwithitinthedifferenteventsoflegalduels，itbeingnaturalthatacontinualseriesoffortuitouscasesmusthavebeenproductiveofnewusages。
　　Thesecustomswerepreservedinthememoryofoldmen，butinsensiblylawsorwrittencustomswereformed。
　　1。Atthecommencementofthethirdrace，thekingsgavenotonlyparticularcharters，butlikewisegeneralones，inthemanneraboveexplained；sucharetheinstitutionsofPhilipAugustusandthosemadebySt。Louis。Inlikemannerthegreatvassals，inconcurrencewiththelordswhoheldunderthem，grantedcertainchartersorestablishments，accordingtoparticularcircumstancesattheassizesoftheirduchiesorcounties；suchweretheassizeofGodfrey，CountofBrittany，onthedivisionofthenobles；thecustomsofNormandy，grantedbyDukeRalph；
　　thecustomsofChampagne，givenbyKingTheobald；thelawsofSimon，CountofMontfort，andothers。Thisproducedsomewrittenlaws，andevenmoregeneralonesthanthosetheyhadbefore。
　　2。Atthebeginningofthethirdrace，almostallthecommonpeoplewerebondmen；buttherewereseveralreasonswhichafterwardsdeterminedthekingsandlordstoenfranchisethem。
　　Thelordsbyenfranchisingtheirbondmengavethemproperty；itwasnecessarythereforetogivethemcivillaws，inordertoregulatethedisposalofthatproperty。Butbyenfranchisingtheirbondmen，theylikewisedeprivedthemselvesoftheirproperty；therewasanecessity，therefore，ofregulatingtherightswhichtheyreservedtothemselves，asanequivalentforthatproperty。Boththesethingswereregulatedbythechartersofenfranchisement；thosechartersformedapartofourcustoms，andthispartwasreducedtowriting。[312]
　　3。UnderthereignofSt。Louis，andofthesucceedingprinces，someablepractitioners，suchasDéfontaines，Beaumanoir，andothers，committedthecustomsoftheirbailiwickstowriting。Theirdesignwasrathertogivethecourseofjudicialproceedings，thantheusagesoftheirtimeinrespecttothedisposalofproperty。Butthewholeisthere，andthoughtheseparticularauthorshavenoauthoritybutwhattheyderivefromthetruthandnotorietyofthethingstheyspeakof，yetthereisnomannerofdoubtbutthattheycontributedgreatlytotherestorationofourancientFrenchjurisprudence。Suchwasinthosedaysourcommonlaw。
　　Wehavecomenowtothegrandepoch。CharlesVIIandhissuccessorscausedthedifferentlocalcustomsthroughoutthekingdomtobereducedtowriting，andprescribedsetformstobeobservedtotheirdigesting。
　　Now，asthisdigestingwasmadethroughalltheprovinces，andaspeoplecamefromeachlordshiptodeclareinthegeneralassemblyoftheprovincethewrittenorunwrittenusagesofeachplace，endeavoursweremadetorenderthecustomsmoregeneral，asmuchaspossible，withoutinjuringtheinterestsofindividuals，whichwerecarefullypreserved。[313]Thusourcustomswerecharacterisedinathreefoldmanner；theywerecommittedtowriting，theyweremademoregeneral，andtheyreceivedthestampoftheroyalauthority。
　　Manyofthesecustomshavingbeendigestedanew，severalchangesweremadeeitherinsuppressingwhateverwasincompatiblewiththeactualpracticeofthelaw，orinaddingseveralthingsdrawnfromthispractice。
　　ThoughthecommonlawisconsideredamongusasinsomemeasureoppositetotheRoman，insomuchthatthesetwolawsdividethedifferentterritories，itis，notwithstanding，truethatseveralregulationsoftheRomanlawenteredintoourcustoms，especiallywhentheymadethenewdigests，atatimenotverydistantfromours，whenthislawwastheprincipalstudyofthosewhoweredesignedforcivilemployments，atatimewhenitwasnotusualforpeopletoboastofnotknowingwhatitwastheirdutytoknow，andofknowingwhattheyoughtnottoknow，atatimewhenaquicknessofunderstandingwasmademoresubservienttolearningthanpretendingtoaprofession，andwhenacontinualpursuitofamusementswasnoteventhecharacteristicofwomen。
　　Ishouldhavebeenmorediffuseattheendofthisbook，and，enteringintotheseveraldetails，shouldhavetracedalltheinsensiblechangeswhichfromtheopeningofappealshaveformedthegreatcorpusofourFrenchjurisprudence。Butthiswouldhavebeeningraftingonelargeworkuponanother。Iamlikethatantiquarian[314]whosetoutfromhisowncountry，arrivedinEgypt，castaneyeon。thepyramidsandreturnedhome。
　　______
　　1。SeetheprologuetotheSalicLaw。Mr。Leibnitzsays，inhistreatiseoftheoriginoftheFranks，thatthislawwasmadebeforethereignofClovis：butitcouldnotbebeforetheFrankshadquittedGermany，foratthattimetheydidnotunderstandtheLatintongue。
　　2。SeeGregoryofTours。
　　3。SeetheprologuetotheLawoftheBavarians，andthattotheSalicLaw。
　　4。Ibid。
　　5。LexAngliorumWerinorum，hocestThuringorum。
　　6。Theydidnotknowhowtowrite。
　　7。TheyweremadebyEuric，andamendedbyLeovigildus。SeeIsidorus’schronicle。ChaindasuinthusandRecessuinthusreformedthem。Egigasorderedthecodenowextanttobemade，andcommissionedbishopsforthatpurpose；neverthelessthelawsofChaindasuinthusandRecessuinthuswerepreserved，asappearsbythesixthcouncilofToledo。
　　8。SeetheprologuetotheLawoftheBavarians。
　　9。WefindonlyafewinChildebert’sdecree。
　　10。SeetheprologuetotheCodeoftheBurgundians，andthecodeitself，especiallytit。12，§5，andtit。38。SeealsoGregoryofTours，ii。33，andthecodeoftheVisigoths。
　　11。Seelowerdown，chapter3。
　　12。Seecap。ii。§§8and9，andcap。iv。§§2and7。
　　13。DeBelloGall。，vi。
　　14。Booki，formul。8。
　　15。Chapter31。
　　16。ThatofClotariusintheyear560，intheeditionoftheCapitulariesofBaluzius，i，art。4，ib。infine。
　　17。CapitulariesaddedtotheLawoftheLombards，i，tit。25，71，ii，tit。41，7，andtit。56，1，2。
　　18。Ibid。，ii，tit。5。
　　19。Ibid。，ii，tit。7，1。
　　20。Ibid。，2。
　　21。Ibid。，ii，tit。35，2。
　　22。IntheLawoftheLombards，ii，tit。37。
　　23。SalicLaw，tit。44，§1。
　　24。Ibid。，tit。44，§§15，7。
　　25。Ibid。，tit。41，§4。
　　26。Ibid。，§6。
　　27。TheprincipalRomansfollowedthecourt，asmaybeseenbythelivesofseveralbishops，whowerethereeducated；therewerehardlyanybutRomansthatknewhowtowrite。
　　28。SalicLaw，tit。45。
　　29。Liduswhoseconditionwasbetterthanthatofabondman。——LawoftheAlemans，95。
　　30。Tit。35，§§3，4。
　　31。TheAbbéduBos。
　　32。WitnesstheexpeditionofArbogastes，inGregoryofTours，History，ii。
　　33。TheFranks，theVisigoths，andBurgundians。
　　34。Itwasfinishedin438。
　　35。The20thyearofthereignofthisprince，andpublishedtwoyearsafterbyAnian，asappearsfromtheprefacetothatcode。
　　36。Theyear504oftheSpanishera，theChronicleofIsidorus。
　　37。Francum，autBarbarum，authominemquiSalicalegevivit。——SalicLaw，tit。45，§1。
　　38。"AccordingtotheRomanlawunderwhichthechurchlives，"asissaidinthelawoftheRipuarians，tit。58，§1。SeealsothenumberlessauthoritiesonthisheadpronouncedbyDuCange，underthewordsLexRomana。
　　39。SeetheCapitulariesaddedtotheSaliclawinLindembrock，attheendofthatlaw，andthedifferentcodesofthelawsoftheBarbariansconcerningtheprivilegesofecclesiasticsinthisrespect。SeealsotheletterofCharlemagnetohissonPepin，KingofItaly，intheyear807，intheeditionofBaluzius，i，462，whereitissaid，thatanecclesiasticshouldreceiveatriplecompensation；andtheCollectionoftheCapitularies，v，art。302，i。EditionofBaluzius。
　　40。Seethatlaw。
　　41。OfthisIshallspeakinanotherplace，xxx。6—9。
　　42。Agobard，Opera。
　　43。SeeGervaisofTilbury，inDuchesne’sCollection，iii，p。366。Andachronicleoftheyear759，producedbyCatel，Hist。ofLanguedoc。AndtheuncertainauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaire，uponthedemandmadebythepeopleofSeptimania，attheassemblyinCarisiaco，inDuchesne’sCollection，ii，p。316。
　　44。Art。16。Seealsoart。20。
　　45。Seearts。12and16oftheedictofPistesinCavilono，inNarbona，&c。
　　46。SeewhatMachiavellisaysoftheruinoftheancientnobilityofFlorence。
　　47。Hebegantoreignintheyear642。
　　48。"WewillnolongerbeharassedeitherbyforeignorbytheRomanlaws。"——LawoftheVisigoths，ii，tit。1，§§9，10。
　　49。LawoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。1，1。
　　50。SeeBookiv。19，26。
　　51。Therevoltoftheseprovinceswasageneraldefection，asappearsbythesentenceinthesequelofthehistory。PaulusandhisadherentswereRomans；theywereevenfavouredbythebishops。Vambadurstnotputtodeaththerebelswhomhehadquelled。TheauthorofthehistorycallsNarbonneGaulthenurseryoftreason。