40。Theywereconsideredasmorehonourable。SeePhilo，DeSpecialibuslegib。qu？pertinetadpr？ceptadecalogi，p。778，Paris，1640。
　　41。SeeLeg。8，Cod。deincestisetinutilibusnuptiis。
　　42。EdifyingLetters，coll。xiv，p。403。
　　43。"Thelordappointedcollectorstoreceivethetollfromthepeasant，thegentlemenwereobligedtocontributebythecount，andtheclergytothebishop。"——Beaumanoir，25，§§13，17。
　　44。DeLeg。，i。
　　45。Politics，iii。13。
　　46。Hyperbolus。SeePlutarch，Aristides。
　　47。Itwasfoundoppositetothespiritofthelegislator。Seebelow，xxix。7。
　　48。PlutarchinhiscomparisonbetweenLycurgusandNuma。
　　49。Plutarch，CatotheYounger。
　　50。Leg。11§ult。，ff。ad。leg。Jul。deadulteriis。
　　51。LawoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。4，§6。
　　52。SeeGarcilassodelaVega，p。108。
　　53。Seev。14；viii。16—20；ix。4—7；andx。9，10。
　　54。Venice。
　　55。Chapter14，partXII。
　　BookXXVII。
　　1。OftheOriginandRevolutionsoftheRomanLawsonSuccessions。Thisaffairderivesitsestablishmentfromthemostdistantantiquity，andtopenetratetoitsfoundation，permitmetosearchamongthefirstlawsoftheRomansforwhat，Ibelieve，nobodyyethasbeensohappyastodiscover。
　　WeknowthatRomulus[1]dividedthelandofhislittlekingdomamonghissubjects；itseemstomethathencethelawsofRomeonsuccessionswerederived。
　　Thelawofthedivisionoflandsmadeitnecessarythatthepropertyofonefamilyshouldnotpassintoanother：henceitfollowedthattherewerebuttwoordersofheirsestablishedbylaw，thechildrenandallthedescendantsthatlivedunderthepowerofthefather，whomtheycalledsuih？redes，orhisnaturalheirs；and，intheirdefault，thenearestrelativesonthemaleside，whomtheycalledagnati。[2]
　　Itfollowedlikewise，thattherelativesonthefemaleside，whomtheycalledcognati，oughtnottosucceed；theywouldhaveconveyedtheestateintoanotherfamily，whichwasnotallowed。
　　Thencealsoitfollowedthatthechildrenoughtnottosucceedtothemother，northemothertoherchildren；forthismightcarrytheestateofonefamilyintoanother。ThusweseethemexcludedbythelawoftheTwelveTables：[3]itcallednonetothesuccessionbuttheagnati，andtherewasnoagnationbetweenthesonandthemother。
　　Butitwasindifferentwhetherthesuush？res，or，indefaultofsuch，thenearestbyagnation，wasmaleorfemale；because，astherelativesonthemother’ssidecouldnotsucceed，thoughawomanwhowasanheiressshouldhappentomarry，yettheestatealwaysreturnedintothefamilywhenceitcame。Onthisaccount，thelawoftheTwelveTablesdoesnotdistinguish，whetherthepersonwhosucceededwasmaleorfemale。[4]
　　Thiswasthecausethat，thoughthegrandchildrenbythesonsucceededtothegrandfather，thegrandchildrenbythedaughterdidnotsucceed；
　　for，topreventtheestatefrompassingintoanotherfamily，theagnatiwerepreferredtothem。Hencethedaughter，andnotherchildren，succeededtothefather。[5]
　　ThusamongtheprimitiveRomans，thewomensucceeded，whenthiswasagreeabletothelawofthedivisionoflands，andtheydidnotsucceed，whenthismightsufferbyit。
　　SuchwerethelawsofsuccessionamongtheprimitiveRomans；andasthesehadanaturaldependenceontheconstitution，andwerederivedfromthedivisionoflands，itiseasytoperceivethattheyhadnotaforeignorigin，andwerenotofthenumberofthosebroughtintotherepublicbythedeputiessentintothecitiesofGreece。
　　DionysiusHalicarnassustellsus[6]thatServiusTullius，findingthelawsofRomulusandNumaonthedivisionoflandsabolished，restoredthem，andmadenewonestogivetheoldagreaterweight。Wecannotthereforedoubtbutthatthelawswehavebeenspeakingof，madeinconsequenceofthisdivision，weretheworkofthesethreeRomanlegislators。
　　Theorderofsuccessionhavingbeenestablishedinconsequenceofapoliticallaw，nocitizenwasallowedtobreakinuponitbyhisprivatewill；thatis，inthefirstagesofRomehehadnotthepowerofmakingatestament。Yetitwouldhavebeenhardtodeprivehim，inhislastmoments，ofthefriendlycommerceofkindandbeneficentactions。
　　Theythereforefoundamethodofreconciling，inthisrespect；thelawswiththedesiresoftheindividual。Hewaspermittedtodisposeofhissubstanceinanassemblyofthepeople；andthuseverytestamentwas；insomesort；anactofthelegislativepower。
　　ThelawoftheTwelveTablespermittedthepersonwhomadehiswilltochoosewhichcitizenhepleasedforhisheir。ThereasonthatinducedtheRomanlawssostrictlytorestrainthenumberofthosewhomightsucceedabintestatowasthelawofthedivisionoflands；andthereasonwhytheyextendedsowidelythepowerofthetestatorwasthat，asthefathermightsellhischildren，[7]hemightwithgreaterreasondeprivethemofhissubstance。Thesewerethereforedifferenteffects，sincetheyflowedfromdifferentprinciples；andsuchis，inthisrespect，thespiritoftheRomanlaws。
　　TheancientlawsofAthensdidnotsufferacitizentomakeawill。
　　Solonpermittedit，withanexceptiontothosewhohadchildren；[8]andthelegislatorsofRome，filledwiththeideaofpaternalpower，allowedthemakingawilleventotheprejudiceoftheirchildren。ItmustbeconfessedthattheancientlawsofAthensweremoreconsistentthanthoseofRome。TheindefinitepermissionofmakingawillwhichhadbeengrantedtotheRomans，ruinedlittlebylittlethepoliticalregulationonthedivisionoflands；itwastheprincipalthingthatintroducedthefataldifferencebetweenrichesandpoverty：manyshareswereunitedinthesameperson；somecitizenshadtoomuch，andamultitudeofothershadnothing。Thusthepeoplebeingcontinuallydeprivedoftheirshareswereincessantlycallingoutforanewdistributionoflands。Theydemandeditinanagewhenthefrugality，theparsimonyandthepovertyoftheRomansweretheirdistinguishingcharacteristics；aswellasatatimewhentheirluxuryhadbecomestillmoreastonishing。
　　Testamentsbeingproperlyalawmadeintheassemblyofthepeople，thosewhowereinthearmyweretherebydeprivedofatestamentarypower。Thepeoplethereforegavethesoldierstheprivilegeofmakingbeforetheircompanions[9]thedispositionswhichshouldhavebeenmadebeforethem。[10]
　　Thegreatassemblyofthepeoplemetbuttwiceayear；besides，boththepeopleandtheaffairsbroughtbeforethemwereincreased；theythereforejudgeditconvenienttopermitallthecitizenstomaketheirwillbeforesomeRomancitizensofripeage，whoweretorepresentthebodyofthepeople；[11]theytookfivecitizens，[12]inwhosepresencetheinheritorpurchasedhisfamily，thatis，hisinheritance，ofthetestator；[13]anothercitizenbroughtapairofscalestoweighthevalue；fortheRomans，asyet，hadnomoney。[14]
　　Toallappearancethesefivecitizensweretorepresentthefiveclassesofthepeople；andtheysetnovalueonthesixth，asbeingcomposedofmenwhohadnoproperty。
　　Weoughtnottosay，withJustinian，thatthesescalesweremerelyimaginary；theybecame，indeed，imaginaryintime，butwerenotsooriginally。Mostofthelaws，whichafterwardsregulatedwills，werebuiltontherealityofthesescales：wefindsufficientproofofthisinthefragmentsofUlpian。[15]Thedeaf，thedumb，theprodigal，couldnotmakeawill：thedeaf，becausehecouldnothearthewordsofthebuyeroftheinheritance；thedumb，becausehecouldnotpronouncethetermsofnomination；theprodigal，becauseashewasexcludedfromthemanagementofallaffairs，hecouldnotsellhisinheritance。Iomitanyfurtherexamples。
　　Willsbeingmadeintheassemblyofthepeoplewererathertheactsofpoliticalthanofcivillaws，apublicratherthanaprivateright；
　　whenceitfollowedthatthefather，whilehissonwasunderhisauthority，couldnotgivehimleavetomakeawill。
　　Amongmostnations，willsarenotsubjecttogreaterformalitiesthanordinarycontracts；becauseboththeoneandtheotherareonlyexpressionsofthewillofhimwhomakesthecontract，andbothareequallyaprivateright。ButamongtheRomans，wheretestamentswerederivedfromthepubliclaw，theywereattendedwithmuchgreaterformalitiesthanotheraffairs；[16]andthisisstillthecaseinthoseprovincesofFrancewhicharegovernedbytheRomanlaw。
　　Testamentsbeing，asIhavesaid，alawofthepeople，theyoughttobemadewiththeforceofacommand，andinsuchtermsasarecalleddirectandimperative。[17]Hencearulewasformed，thattheycouldneithergivenortransmitaninheritancewithoutmakinguseoftheimperativewords：whenceitfollowed，thattheymightveryjustlyincertaincasesmakeasubstitution；[18]andordain，thattheinheritanceshouldpasstoanotherheir；butthattheycouldnevermakeafiduciarybequest，[19]
　　thatis，chargeanyoneintermsofentreatytorestoreaninheritance，orapartofit，toanother。
　　Whenthefatherneitherinstitutedhissonhisheir，nordisinheritedhim，thewillwasannulled；butitwasvalid，thoughhedidnotdisinherithisdaughter，norinstituteherhisheiress。Thereasonisplain：whenheneitherinstitutednordisinheritedhisson，hedidaninjurytohisgrandson，whomighthavesucceededabintestatotohisfather；butinneitherinstitutingnordisinheritinghisdaughter，hedidnoinjurytohisdaughter’schildren，whocouldnotsucceedabintestatototheirmother，becausetheywereneithersuih？redes，noragnati。[20]
　　ThelawsoftheancientRomansconcerningsuccessions，beingformedwiththesamespiritwhichdictatedthedivisionoflands，didnotsufficientlyrestraintherichesofwomen；thusadoorwasleftopentoluxury，whichisalwaysinseparablefromthissortofopulence。BetweenthesecondandthirdPunicwar，theybegantoperceivetheevilandmadetheVoconianlaw；[21]butastheywereinducedtothisbythemostimportantconsiderations；asbutfewmonumentshavereachedusthattakenoticeofthislaw，andasithashithertobeenspokenofinamostconfusedmanner，Ishallendeavourtoclearitup。
　　Cicerohaspreservedafragment，whichforbidstheinstitutingawomananheiress，whethershewasmarriedorunmarried。[22]
　　TheEpitomeofLivy，wherehespeaksofthislaw，saysnomore：[23]itappearsfromCicero[24]andSt。Augustine[25]thatthedaughter，thoughanonlychild，wascomprehendedintheprohibition。
　　Cato，theelder，contributedallinhispowertogetthislawpassed。[26]AulusGelliuscitesafragmentofaspeech，[27]whichhemadeonthisoccasion。Bypreventingthesuccessionofwomen，hisintentwastotakeawaythesourceofluxury；asbyundertakingthedefenceoftheOppianlaw，heintendedtoputastoptoluxuryitself。
　　IntheInstitutesofJustinian[28]andTheophilus，[29]mentionismadeofachapteroftheVoconianlawwhichlimitsthepowerofbequeathing。
　　Inreadingtheseauthors，everybodywouldimaginethatthischapterwasmadetopreventtheinheritancefrombeingsoexhaustedbylegaciesastorenderitunworthyoftheheir’sacceptance。ButthiswasnotthespiritoftheVoconianlaw。Wehavejustseenthattheyhadinviewthehinderingwomenfrominheritinganestate。Thearticleofthislaw，whichsetboundstothepowerofbequeathingenteredintothisview：forifpeoplehadbeenpossessedofthelibertytobequeathasmuchastheypleased，thewomenmighthavereceivedaslegacieswhattheycouldnotreceivebysuccession。
　　TheVoconianlawwasmadetohinderthewomenfromgrowingtoowealthy；
　　forthisenditwasnecessarytodeprivethemoflargeinheritances，andnotofsuchaswereincapableofsupportingluxury。Thelawfixedacertainsumtobegiventothewomenwhomitdeprivedofthesuccession。
　　Cicero，[30]fromwhomwehavethisparticular，doesnottelluswhatwasthesum；butbyDioweareinformeditwasahundredthousandsesterces。[31]
　　TheVoconianlawwasmadetoregulateopulence，nottolayarestraintuponpoverty；henceCicero[32]informsusthatitrelatedonlytothosewhosenameswereregisteredinthecensors’books。
　　Thisfurnishedapretenceforeludingthelaw：itiswellknownthattheRomanswereextremelyfondofsetforms；andwehavealreadytakennoticethatitwasthespiritoftherepublictofollowtheletterofthelaw。Therewerefatherswhowouldnotgiveintheirnamestobeenrolledbythecensors，becausetheywouldhaveitintheirpowertoleavethesuccessiontoadaughter：andthepr？torsdeterminedthatthiswasnoviolationoftheVoconianlawsinceitwasnotcontrarytotheletterofit。
　　OneAniusAsellushadappointedhisdaughterhissoleheirandexecutrix。Hehadarighttomakethisdisposition，saysCicero；[33]hewasnotrestrainedbytheVoconianlaw，sincehewasnotincludedinthecensus。Verres，duringthetimeofhispr？torship，haddeprivedAnius’
　　daughterofthesuccession；andCiceromaintainsthatVerreshadbeenbribed，otherwisehewouldnothaveannulledadispositionwhichalltheotherpr？torshadconfirmed。
　　Whatkindofcitizensthenmustthosehavebeen，whowerenotregisteredinthecensusinwhichallthefreemenofRomewereincluded？AccordingtotheinstitutionofServiusTullius，mentionedbyDionysiusofHalicarnassus，[34]everycitizennotenrolledinthecensusbecameaslave；evenCicerohimselfobserves[35]thatsuchamanforfeitedhisliberty，andthesamethingisaffirmedbyZonaras。TheremusthavebeenthereforeadifferencebetweennotbeinginthecensusaccordingtothespiritoftheVoconianlaw，andnotbeinginitaccordingtothespiritofServiusTullius’institutions。
　　Theywhosenameswerenotregisteredinthefirstfiveclasses，[36]inwhichtheinhabitantsrankedinproportiontotheirfortunes，werenotcomprisedinthecensusaccordingtothespiritoftheVoconianlaw：
　　theywhowerenotenrolledinoneofthesesixclasses，orwhowerenotrankedbythecensorsamongsuchaswerecalled？rarii，werenotincludedinthecensusaccordingtothespiritofServius’institutions。
　　Suchwastheforceofnature，thattoeludetheVoconianlawfatherssubmittedtothedisgraceofbeingconfoundedinthesixthclasswiththeproletariiandcapitecensi，orperhapstohavetheirnamesenteredintheC？ritestabul？。[37]
　　WehaveelsewhereobservedthattheRomanlawsdidnotadmitoffiduciarybequests。ThehopesofevadingtheVoconianlawwerethecauseoftheirbeingintroduced：theyinstitutedanheirqualifiedbythelaw，andtheybeggedhewouldresignthesuccessiontoapersonwhomthelawhadexcluded；thisnewmethodofdispositionwasproductiveofverydifferenteffects。Someresignedtheinheritance；andtheconductofSextusPeduccusonanoccasionofthisnaturewasveryremarkable。[38]A
　　considerablesuccessionwaslefthim，andnobodylivingknewthathewasdesiredtoresignittoanother，whenhewaiteduponthewidowofthetestatorandmadeovertoherthewholefortunebelongingtoherlatehusband。
　　Otherskeptpossessionoftheinheritance；andheretheexampleofP。
　　SextiliusRufusisalsofamous，havingbeenmadeuseofbyCiceroinhisdisputationsagainsttheEpicureans。[39]"Inmyyoungerdays，"sayshe，"IwasdesiredbySextiliustoaccompanyhimtohisfriends，inordertoknowwhetherheoughttorestoretheinheritanceofQuintusFadiusGallustohisdaughterFadia。Therewereseveralyoungpeoplepresent，withothersofmorematurityandjudgment；andnotoneofthemwasofopinionthatheshouldgivemoretoFadiathantheladywasentitledtobytheVoconianlaw。Inconsequenceofthis，Sextiliuskeptpossessionofafineestate，ofwhichhewouldnothaveretainedasinglesestertiushadhepreferredjusticetoutility。Itispossible，addedhe，thatyouwouldhaveresignedtheinheritance；nayitispossiblethatEpicurushimselfwouldhaveresignedit；butyouwouldnothaveactedaccordingtoyourownprinciples。"HereIshallpausealittletoreflect。
　　Itisamisfortuneinherentinhumanitythatlegislatorsshouldbesometimesobligedtoenactlawsrepugnanttothedictatesofnature：
　　suchwastheVoconianlaw。Thereasonis，thelegislatureconsidersthesocietyratherthanthecitizen，andthecitizenratherthantheman。
　　Thelawsacrificedboththecitizenandtheman，anddirecteditsviewstotheprosperityoftherepublic。Supposeapersonmadeafiduciarybequestinfavourofhisdaughter；thelawpaidnoregardtothesentimentsofnatureinthefather，nortothefilialpietyofthedaughter；allithadaneyetowasthepersontowhomthebequestwasmadeintrust，andwhoonsuchoccasionfoundhimselfinaterribledilemma。Ifherestoredtheestate，hewasabadcitizen；ifhekeptit，hewasabadman。Nonebutgood—naturedpeoplethoughtofeludingthelaw；andtheycouldpitchuponnonebuthonestmentohelpthemtoeludeit；foratrustofthiskindrequiresatriumphoveravariceandinordinatepleasure，whichnonebuthonestmenarelikelytoobtain。
　　Perhapsinthislighttolookuponthemasbadcitizenswouldhavesavouredtoomuchofseverity。Itisnotimpossiblebutthatthelegislatorcarriedhispointinagreatmeasure，sincehislawwasofsuchanatureasobligednonebuthonestmentoeludeit。
　　AtthetimewhentheVoconianlawwaspassed，theRomansstillpreservedsomeremainsoftheirancientpurityofmanners。Theirconsciencewassometimesengagedinfavourofthelaw；andtheyweremadetosweartheywouldobserveit：[40]sothathonestyinsomemeasurewassetinoppositionagainstitself。ButlatterlytheirmoralswerecorruptedtosuchadegreethatthefiduciarybequestsmusthavehadlessefficacytoeludetheVoconianlaw，thanthatverylegislatorhadtoenforceitsobservance。
　　Thecivilwarswerethedestructionofaninfinitenumberofcitizens。
　　UnderAugustus，Romewasalmostdeserted；itwasnecessarytore—peopleit。TheymadethePapianlaws，whichomittednothingthatcouldencouragethecitizenstomarryandprocreatechildren。[41]Oneoftheprincipalmeanswastoincrease，infavourofthosewhogaveintotheviewsofthelaw，thehopesofbeingheirs，andtodiminishtheexpectationsofthosewhorefused；andastheVoconianlawhadrenderedwomenincapableofsucceeding，thePapianlaw，incertaincases，dispensedwiththisprohibition。[42]
　　Women，[43]especiallythosewhohadchildren，wererenderedcapableofreceivinginvirtueofthewilloftheirhusbands；theyevenmight，whentheyhadchildren，receiveinvirtueofthewillofstrangers。AllthiswasindirectoppositiontotheregulationsoftheVoconianlaw：andyetitisremarkablethatthespiritofthislawwasnotentirelyabandoned。
　　Forexample，thePapianlaw，whichpermittedamanwhohadonechild[44]
　　toreceiveanentireinheritancebythewillofastranger，grantedthesamefavourtothewifeonlywhenshehadthreechildren。[45]
　　ItmustberemarkedthatthePapianlawdidnotrenderthewomenwhohadthreechildrencapableofsucceedingexceptinvirtueofthewillofstrangers；andthatwithrespecttothesuccessionofrelatives，itlefttheancientlaws，andparticularlytheVoconian，inalltheirforce。[46]
　　Butthisdidnotlongsubsist。
　　Rome，corruptedbytherichesofeverynation，hadchangedhermanners；
　　theputtingastoptotheluxuryofwomenwasnolongerminded。AulusGellius，wholivedunderAdrian，[47]tellsus，thatinhistimetheVoconianlawwasalmostabolished；itwasburiedundertheopulenceofthecity。ThuswefindinthesentencesofPaulus，[48]wholivedunderNiger，andinthefragmentsofUlpian，[49]whowasinthetimeofAlexanderSeverus，thatthesistersonthefather’ssidemightsucceed，andthatnonebuttherelativesofamoredistantdegreewereinthecaseofthoseprohibitedbytheVoconianlaw。
　　TheancientlawsofRomebegantobethoughtsevere。Thepr？torswerenolongermovedexceptbyreasonsofequity，moderation，anddecorum。
　　Wehaveseen，thatbytheancientlawsofRomemothershadnoshareintheinheritanceoftheirchildren。TheVoconianlawaffordedanewreasonfortheirexclusion。ButtheEmperorClaudiusgavethemotherthesuccessionofherchildrenasaconsolationforherloss。TheTertulliansenatusconsultum，madeunderAdrian，[50]gaveitthemwhentheyhadthreechildreniffreewomen，orfouriftheywerefreedwomen。Itisevident，thatthisdecreeofthesenatewasonlyanextensionofthePapianlaw，whichinthesamecasehadgrantedtowomentheinheritanceleftthembystrangers。AtlengthJustinianfavouredthemwiththesuccessionindependentlyofthenumberoftheirchildren。[51]
　　Thesamecauseswhichhaddebilitatedthelawagainstthesuccessionofwomensubvertedthat，bydegrees，whichhadlimitedthesuccessionoftherelativesonthewoman’sside。
　　Theselawswereextremelyconformabletothespiritofagoodrepublic，wheretheyoughttohavesuchaninfluenceastopreventthissexfromrenderingeitherthepossession，ortheexpectationofwealth，aninstrumentofluxury。Onthecontrary，theluxuryofamonarchyrenderingmarriageexpensiveandcostly，itoughttobethereencouraged，bothbythericheswhichwomenmaybestow，andbythehopeoftheinheritancesitisintheirpowertoprocure。ThuswhenmonarchywasestablishedatRome，thewholesystemofsuccessionswaschanged。
　　Thepr？torscalledtherelativesofthewoman’ssideindefaultofthoseofthemaleside；thoughbytheancientlaws，therelativesonthewoman’ssidewerenevercalled。TheOrphitiansenatusconsultumcalledchildrentothesuccessionoftheirmother；andtheEmperorsValentinian，Theodosius，andArcadiuscalledthegrandchildrenbythedaughtertothesuccessionofthegrandfather。[52]Inshort，theEmperorJustinian[53]leftnottheleastvestigeoftheancientrightofsuccessions：heestablishedthreeordersofheirs，thedescendants，theascendants，andthecollaterals，withoutanydistinctionbetweenthemalesandfemales；betweentherelativesonthewoman’sside，andthoseonthemaleside；andabrogatedalllawsofthiskind，whichwerestillinforce：hebelievedthathefollowednature，evenindeviatingfromwhathecalledtheembarrassmentsoftheancientjurisprudence。
　　______
　　1。DionysiusHalicarnassus，ii。3。Plutarch’scomparisonbetweenNumaandLycurgus。
　　2。Astsiintestatomoriturcuisuush？resnecexhabit，agnatusproximusfamiliamhabeto。FragmentofthelawoftheTwelveTablesinUlpian，thelasttitle。
　　3。SeeUlpian，Fragment。，§8，tit。26。Institutes，tit。3，Inpr？mioadS。C。Tertullianum。
　　4。Paul，Sentences，tit。8，§3。
　　5。Institutes，iii，tit。1，§15。
　　6。Bookiv，p。276。
　　7。DionysiusHalicarnassusproves，byalawofNuma，thatthelawwhichpermittedafathertosellhissonthreetimeswasmadebyRomulus，andnotbytheDecemvirs。——Bookii。
　　8。SeePlutarch，Solon。
　　9。Thistestament，calledinprocinctu，wasdifferentfromthatwhichtheystyledmilitary，whichwasestablishedonlybytheconstitutionsoftheemperors。Leg。1，ff。demilitaritestamento。Thiswasoneoftheartificesbywhichtheycajoledthesoldiers。
　　10。Thistestamentwasnotinwriting，anditwaswithoutformality，sinelibraettabulis，asCicerosays，DeOrat。，i。
　　11。Institutes，ii，tit。10，§1。AulusGellius，xv。27。Theycalledthisformoftestamentper？setlibram。
　　12。Ulpian，tit。10，§2。
　　13。Theophilus，Institutes，ii，tit。10。
　　14。Livy，iv，Nondumargentumsignatumerat。HespeaksofthetimeofthesiegeofVeii。
　　15。Tit。20，§13。
　　16。Institutes，ii，tit。10，§1。
　　17。LetTitusbemyheir。
　　18。Vulgar，pupillary，andexemplary。
　　19。Augustus，forparticularreasons，firstbegantoauthorisethefiduciarybequest，which，intheRomanlaw，wascalledfideicommissum。
　　Institutes，ii，tit。23，§1。
　　20。Adliberosmatrisintestat？h？reditas，leg。12Tab。，nonpertinebat，quia，f？min？suosh？redesnonhabent。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。26，§7。
　　21。ItwasproposedbyQuintusVoconius，tribuneofthepeople，intheyear585ofRome，169B。C。SeeCicero，SecondOrationagainstVerres。IntheEpitomeofLivy，xliweshouldreadVoconius，insteadofVoluminus。
　　22。Sanxit……nequish？redemvirginernnevemulieremfaceret。——
　　Cicero，SecondOrationagainstVerres，107。
　　23。Legemtulit，nequish？redemmuliereminstitueret——Bookxli。
　　24。SecondOrationagainstVerres。
　　25。CityofGod，iii。21。
　　26。EpitomeofLivy，xli。
　　27。Bookxvii，6。
　　28。Institutes，ii，tit。22
　　29。Ibid。
　　30。NemocensuitplusFadi？dandum，quampossetadcamlegeVoconiapervenire。DeFinib。bonietmali，ii。55。
　　31。CumlegeVoconiamulieribusprohiberetur，nequamajoremcentummillibusnummumh？reditatempossetadire。Booklvi。
　　32。Quicensusesset。SecondOrationagainstVerres。
　　33。Censusnonerat。Ibid。
　　34。Bookiv。
　　35。OratioproC？cinna。
　　36。Thesefiveclassesweresoconsiderable，thatauthorssometimesmentionnomorethanfive。
　　37。InC？ritumtabulasreferri；？rariusfieri。
　　38。Cicero，DeFinib。bonietmali，ii。58。
　　39。Ibid。
　　40。Sextiliussaidhehadsworntoobserveit。——Cicero，DeFinib。bonietmali，ii。55。
　　41。Seewhathasbeensaidinxxiii。21。
　　42。ThesamedifferenceoccursinseveralregulationsofthePapianlaw。
　　SeeUlpian，Fragment。tit。ult。，§§4，5，6。
　　43。SeeUlpian，Fragment。，tit。15，§16。
　　44。Quodtibifiliolus，velfilianasciturexme，JuraParentishabes；
　　proptermescriberish？res。——Juvenal，Sat。ix。5，83，87。
　　45。SeeLeg。9，Cod。Theod。Debonisproscriptorum，andDio，lv。SeeUlpian，Fragment。，tit。ult。，§6，andtit。29，§3。
　　46。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§1。Sozomenus，i。29。
　　47。Bookxx。1。
　　48。Bookiv，tit。8，§3。
　　49。Tit。26，§6。
　　50。Thatis，theEmperorPiuswhochangedhisnametothatofAdrianbyadoption。