Thereshouldbethereforeaninsurmountablebarrierbetweenthosewhooughttogivetheeducation，andthosewhoaretoreceiveit，inordertopreventeverykindofcorruption，eventhoughthemotivebelawful。
　　Whydofatherssocarefullydeprivethosewhoaretomarrytheirdaughtersoftheircompanyandfamiliarity？
　　Thehorrorthatarisesagainsttheincestofthebrotherwiththesistershouldproceedfromthesamesource。Thedesireoffathersandmotherstopreservethemoralsoftheirchildrenandfamiliesuntaintedissufficienttoinspiretheiroffspringwithadetestationofeverythingthatcanleadtotheunionofthetwosexes。
　　Theprohibitionofmarriagebetweencousins—germanhasthesameorigin。
　　Intheearlyages，thatis，inthetimesofinnocence，intheageswhenluxurywasunknown，itwascustomaryforchildren[34]upontheirmarriagenottoremovefromtheirparents，butsettleinthesamehouse；
　　asasmallhabitationwasatthattimesufficientforalargefamily；
　　thechildrenoftwobrothers，orcousins—german，[35]wereconsideredbothbyothersandthemselvesasbrothers。Theestrangementthenbetweenthebrothersandsistersastomarriagesubsistedalsobetweenthecousins—german。[36]Theseprinciplesaresostrongandnonaturalthattheyhavehadtheirinfluencealmostoveralltheearth，independentlyofanycommunication。ItwasnottheRomanswhotaughttheinhabitantsofFormosa[37]thatthemarriageofrelativesofthefourthdegreewasincestuous；itwasnottheRomansthatcommunicatedthissentimenttotheArabs；[38]itwasnottheywhotaughtittotheinhabitantsoftheMaldivianislands。[39]
　　Butifsomenationshavenotrejectedmarriagesbetweenfathersandchildren，sistersandbrothers，wehaveseeninthefirstbook，thatintelligentbeingsdonotalwaysfollowthelawofnature。Whocouldhaveimaginedit！Religiousideashavefrequentlymademenfallintothesemistakes。IftheAssyriansandthePersiansmarriedtheirmothers，thefirstwereinfluencedbyareligiousrespectforSemiramis，andtheseconddiditbecausethereligionofZoroastergaveapreferencetothesemarriages。[40]IftheEgyptiansmarriedtheirsisters，itproceededfromthewildnessoftheEgyptianreligion，whichconsecratedthesemarriagesinhonourofIsis。Asthespiritofreligionleadsustoattemptwhateverisgreatanddifficult，wecannotinferthatathingisnaturalfromitsbeingconsecratedbyafalsereligion。
　　Theprinciplewhichinformsusthatmarriagesbetweenfathersandchildren，betweenbrothersandsisters，areprohibitedinordertopreservenaturalmodestyinfamilieswillhelpustothediscoveryofthosemarriagesthatareforbiddenbythelawofnature，andofthosewhichcanbesoonlybythecivillaw。
　　Aschildrendwell，oraresupposedtodwellintheirfather’shouse，andconsequentlytheson—in—lawwiththemother—in—law，thefather—in—lawwiththedaughter—in—law，orwife’sdaughter，themarriagebetweenthemisforbiddenbythelawofnature，inthiscasetheresemblancehasthesameeffectasthereality，becauseitspringsfromthesamecause；thecivillawneithercan，noroughttopermitthesemarriages。
　　Therearenations，aswehavealreadyobserved，amongwhomcousins—germanareconsideredasbrothers，becausetheycommonlydwellinthesamehouse；thereareotherswherethiscustomisnotknown。
　　Amongthefirstthemarriageofcousins—germanoughttoberegardedascontrarytonature；notsoamongtheothers。
　　Butthelawsofnaturecannotbelocal。Therefore，whenthesemarriagesareforbiddenorpermitted，theyare，accordingtothecircumstances，permittedorforbiddenbyacivillaw。
　　Itisnotanecessarycustomforthebrother—in—lawandthesister—in—lawtodwellinthesamehouse。Themarriagebetweenthemisnotthenprohibitedtopreservechastityinthefamily；andthelawwhichforbidsorpermitsitisnotalawofnature，butacivillaw，regulatedbycircumstancesanddependentonthecustomsofeachcountry：
　　thesearecasesinwhichthelawsdependonthemorals，orcustomsoftheinhabitants。
　　Thecivillawsforbidmarriageswhenbythecustomsreceivedinacertaincountrytheyarefoundtobeinthesamecircumstancesasthoseforbiddenbythelawofnature；andtheypermitthemwhenthisisnotthecase。Theprohibitionsofthelawsofnatureareinvariable，becausethethingonwhichtheydependisinvariable；thefather，themotherandthechildrennecessarilydwellinthesamehouse。Buttheprohibitionsofthecivillawsareaccidentalbecausetheydependonanaccidentalcircumstance，cousins—germanandothersdwellinginthehousebyaccident。
　　ThisexplainswhythelawsofMoses，thoseoftheEgyptians，[41]andofmanyothernationspermittedthemarriageofthebrother—in—lawwiththesister—in—law；whilsttheseverymarriagesweredisallowedbyothernations。
　　IntheIndiestheyhaveaverynaturalreasonforadmittingthissortofmarriages。Theuncleisthereconsideredasthefatherandisobligedtomaintainandeducatehisnephewasifhewerehisownchild；thisproceedsfromthedispositionofthispeople，whichisgood—naturedandfullofhumanity。Thislaworthiscustomhasproducedanother；ifahusbandhaslosthiswife，hedoesnotfailtomarryhersister：[42]
　　whichisextremelynatural，forhisnewconsortbecomesthemotherofhersister’schildren，andnotacruelstepmother。
　　15。ThatweshouldnotregulatebythePrinciplesofpoliticalLawthoseThingswhichdependonthePrinciplesofcivilLaw。Asmenhavegivenuptheirnaturalindependencetoliveunderpoliticallaws，theyhavegivenupthenaturalcommunityofgoodstoliveundercivillaws。
　　Bythefirst，theyacquiredliberty；bythesecond，property。Weshouldnotdecidebythelawsofliberty，which，aswehavealreadysaid，isonlythegovernmentofthecommunity，whatoughttobedecidedbythelawsconcerningproperty。Itisaparalogismtosaythatthegoodoftheindividualshouldgivewaytothatofthepublic；thiscannevertakeplace，exceptwhenthegovernmentofthecommunity，or，inotherwords，thelibertyofthesubjectisconcerned；thisdoesnotaffectsuchcasesasrelatetoprivateproperty，becausethepublicgoodconsistsineveryone’shavinghisproperty，whichwasgivenhimbythecivillaws，invariablypreserved。
　　CiceromaintainsthattheAgrarianlawswereunjust；becausethecommunitywasestablishedwithnootherviewthanthateveryonemightbeabletopreservehisproperty。
　　Letus，therefore，laydownacertainmaxim，thatwheneverthepublicgoodhappenstobethematterinquestion，itisnotfortheadvantageofthepublictodepriveanindividualofhisproperty，oreventoretrenchtheleastpartofitbyalaw，orapoliticalregulation。Inthiscaseweshouldfollowtherigourofthecivillaw，whichisthePalladiumofproperty。
　　Thuswhenthepublichasoccasionfortheestateofanindividual，itoughtnevertoactbytherigourofpoliticallaw；itisherethatthecivillawoughttotriumph，which，withtheeyesofamother，regardseveryindividualasthewholecommunity。
　　Ifthepoliticalmagistratewoulderectapublicedifice，ormakeanewroad，hemustindemnifythosewhoareinjuredbyit；thepublicisinthisrespectlikeanindividualwhotreatswithanindividual。Itisfullyenoughthatitcanobligeacitizentosellhisinheritance，andthatitcanstriphimofthisgreatprivilegewhichheholdsfromthecivillaw，thenotbeingforcedtoalienatehispossessions。
　　AfterthenationswhichsubvertedtheRomanempirehadabusedtheirveryconquests，thespiritoflibertycalledthembacktothatofequity。
　　Theyexercisedthemostbarbarouslawswithmoderation：andifanyoneshoulddoubtthetruthofthis，heneedonlyreadBeaumanoir’sadmirableworkonjurisprudence，writteninthetwelfthcentury。
　　Theymendedthehighwaysinhistimeaswedoatpresent。Hesays，thatwhenahighwaycouldnotberepaired，theymadeanewoneasneartheoldaspossible；butindemnifiedtheproprietorsattheexpenseofthosewhoreapedanyadvantagefromtheroad。[43]Theydeterminedatthattimebythecivillaw；inourdays，wedeterminebythelawofpolitics。
　　16。ThatweoughtnottodecidebytheRulesofthecivilLawwhenitispropertodecidebythoseofthepoliticalLaw。Mostdifficultiesonthissubjectmaybeeasilysolvedbynotconfoundingtherulesderivedfrompropertywiththosewhichspringfromliberty。
　　Isthedemesneofastateorgovernmentalienable，orisitnot？Thisquestionoughttobedecidedbythepoliticallaw，andnotbythecivil。
　　Itoughtnottobedecidedbythecivillaw，becauseitisasnecessarythatthereshouldbedemesnesforthesubsistenceofastate，asthatthestateshouldhavecivillawstoregulatethedisposalofproperty。
　　Ifthentheyalienatethedemesne，thestatewillbeforcedtomakeanewfundforanother。Butthisexpedientoverturnsthepoliticalgovernment，because，bythenatureofthething，foreverydemesnethatshallbeestablished，thesubjectwillalwaysbeobligedtopaymore，andthesovereigntoreceiveless；inaword，thedemesneisnecessary，andthealienationisnot。
　　Theorderofsuccessionis，inmonarchies，foundedonthewelfareofthestate；thismakesitnecessarythatsuchanordershouldbefixedtoavoidthemisfortunes，whichIhavesaidmustariseinadespotickingdom，whereallisuncertain，becauseallisarbitrary。
　　Theorderofsuccessionisnotfixedforthesakeofthereigningfamily；butbecauseitistheinterestofthestatethatitshouldhaveareigningfamily。Thelawwhichregulatesthesuccessionofindividualsisacivillaw，whoseviewistheinterestofindividuals；thatwhichregulatesthesuccessiontomonarchyisapoliticallaw，whichhasinviewthewelfareandpreservationofthekingdom。
　　Itfollowshence，thatwhenthepoliticallawhasestablishedanorderofsuccessioningovernment，andthisorderisatanend，itisabsurdtoreclaimthesuccessioninvirtueofthecivillawofanynationwhatsoever。Oneparticularsocietydoesnotmakelawsforanothersociety。ThecivillawsoftheRomansarenomoreapplicablethananyothercivillaws。Theythemselvesdidnotmakeuseofthemwhentheyproceededagainstkings；andthemaximsbywhichtheyjudgedkingsaresoabominablethattheyoughtnevertoberevived。
　　Itfollowsalsohence，thatwhenthepoliticallawhasobligedafamilytorenouncethesuccession，itisabsurdtoinsistupontherestitutionsdrawnfromthecivillaw。Restitutionsareinthelaw，andmaybegoodagainstthosewholiveinthelaw：buttheyarenotproperforsuchashavebeenraisedupforthelaw，andwholiveforthelaw。
　　Itisridiculoustopretendtodecidetherightsofkingdoms，ofnations，andofthewholeglobebythesamemaximsonwhich（tomakeuseofanexpressionofCicero）[44]weshoulddeterminetherightofagutterbetweenindividuals。
　　17。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Ostracismoughttobeexaminedbytherulesofpolitics，andnotbythoseofthecivillaw；andsofaristhiscustomfromrenderingapopulargovernmentodious，thatitis，onthecontrary，extremelywelladaptedtoproveitslenity。Weshouldbesensibleofthisourselves，if，whilebanishmentisalwaysconsideredamongusasapenalty，weareabletoseparatetheideaofostracismfromthatofpunishment。
　　Aristotle[45]tellsus，itisuniversallyallowed，thatthispracticehassomethinginitbothhumaneandpopular。Ifinthosetimesandplaceswherethissentencewasexecutedtheyfoundnothinginitthatappearedodious；isitforuswhoseethingsatsuchadistancetothinkotherwisethantheaccuser，thejudgesandtheaccusedthemselves？
　　Andifweconsiderthatthisjudgmentofthepeopleloadedthepersonwithgloryonwhomitwaspassed；thatwhenatAthensitfelluponamanwithoutmerit，[46]fromthatverymomenttheyceasedtouseit；[47]weshallfindthatnumbersofpeoplehaveobtainedafalseideaofit；foritwasanadmirablelawthatcouldpreventtheillconsequenceswhichthegloryofacitizenmightproducebyloadinghimwithnewglory。
　　18。ThatitisnecessarytoinquirewhethertheLawswhichseemcontradictoryareofthesameClass。AtRomethehusbandwaspermittedtolendhiswifetoanother。Plutarchtellsusthisinexpressterms。[48]WeknowthatCatolenthiswifetoHortensius，[49]andCatowasnotamantoviolatethelawsofhiscountry。
　　Ontheotherhand，ahusbandwhosufferedhiswifetobedebauched，whodidnotbringhertojustice，orwhotookheragainafterhercondemnationwaspunished。[50]Theselawsseemtocontradicteachother，andyetarenotcontradictory。ThelawwhichpermittedaRomantolendhiswifewasvisiblyaLaced？monianinstitution，establishedwithaviewofgivingtherepublicchildrenofagoodspecies，ifImaybeallowedtheterm；theotherhadinviewthepreservationofmorals。Thefirstwasalawofpolitics，thesecondacivillaw。
　　19。ThatweshouldnotdecidethoseThingsbythecivilLawwhichoughttobedecidedbydomesticLaws。ThelawoftheVisigothsenjoinsthattheslavesofthehouseshallbeobligedtobindthemanandwomantheysurpriseinadultery，andtopresentthemtothehusbandandtothejudge：[51]aterriblelaw，whichputsintothehandsofsuchmeanpersons，thecareofpublic，domestic，andprivatevengeance！
　　ThislawcanbenowhereproperbutintheseragliosoftheEast，wheretheslavewhohasthechargeoftheenclosureisdeemedanaccompliceuponthediscoveryoftheleastinfidelity。Heseizesthecriminals，notsomuchwithaviewtobringthemtojustice，astodojusticetohimself，andtoobtainascrutinyintothecircumstancesoftheaction，inordertoremovethesuspicionofhisnegligence。
　　But，incountrieswherewomenarenotguarded，itisridiculoustosubjectthosewhogovernthefamilytotheinquisitionoftheirslaves。
　　Thisinquisitionmay，incertaincases，beatthemostaparticulardomesticregulation，butneveracivillaw。
　　20。ThatweoughtnottodecidebythePrinciplesofthecivilLawsthoseThingswhichbelongtotheLawofNations。Libertyconsistsprincipallyinnotbeingforcedtodoathing，wherethelawsdonotoblige：peopleareinthisstateonlyastheyaregovernedbycivillaws；andbecausetheyliveunderthosecivillaws，theyarefree。
　　Itfollowshence，thatprinceswholivenotamongthemselvesundercivillawsarenotfree；theyaregovernedbyforce；theymaycontinuallyforce，orbeforced。Henceitfollowsthattreatiesmadebyforceareasobligatoryasthosemadebyfreeconsent。Whenwe，wholiveundercivillaws，are，contrarytolaw，constrainedtoenterintoacontract，wemay，bytheassistanceofthelaw，recoverfromtheeffectsofviolence：
　　butaprince，whoisalwaysinthatstateinwhichheforces，orisforced，cannotcomplainofatreatywhichhehasbeencompelledtosign。
　　Thiswouldbetocomplainofhisnaturalstate；itwouldseemasifhewouldbeaprincewithrespecttootherprinces，andasifotherprincesshouldbesubjectswithrespecttohim；thatis，itwouldbecontrarytothenatureofthings。
　　21。ThatweshouldnotdecidebypoliticalLawsThingswhichbelongtotheLawofNations。Politicallawsdemandthateverymanbesubjecttothenaturalandcivilcourtsofthecountrywhereheresides，andtothecensureofthesovereign。
　　Thelawofnationsrequiresthatprincesshallsendambassadors；andareasondrawnfromthenatureofthingsdoesnotpermittheseambassadorstodependeitheronthesovereigntowhomtheyaresent，oronhistribunals。Theyarethevoiceoftheprincewhosendsthem，andthisvoiceoughttobefree；noobstacleshouldhindertheexecutionoftheiroffice：theymayfrequentlyoffend，becausetheyspeakforamanentirelyindependent；theymightbewrongfullyaccused，iftheywereliabletobepunishedforcrimes：iftheycouldbearrestedfordebts，thesemightbeforged。Thusaprince，whohasnaturallyaboldandenterprisingspirit，wouldspeakbythemouthofamanwhohadeverythingtofear。Wemustthenbeguided，withrespecttoambassadors，byreasonsdrawnfromthelawofnations，andnotbythosederivedfrompoliticallaw。Butiftheymakeanilluseoftheirrepresentativecharacter，astopmaybeputtoitbysendingthemback。Theymayevenbeaccusedbeforetheirmaster，whobecomeseithertheirjudgeortheiraccomplice。
　　22。TheunhappyStateoftheIncaAthualpa。TheprincipleswehavejustbeenestablishingwerecruellyviolatedbytheSpaniards。TheIncaAthualpa[52]couldnotbetriedbythelawofnations：theytriedhimbypoliticalandcivillaws；theyaccusedhimforputtingtodeathsomeofhisownsubjects，forhavingmanywives&c。，andtofillupthemeasureoftheirstupidity，theycondemnedhim，notbythepoliticalandcivillawsofhisowncountry，butbythepoliticalandcivillawsoftheirs。
　　23。Thatwhen，bysomeCircumstance，thepoliticalLawbecomesdestructivetotheState，weoughttodecidebysuchapoliticalLawaswillpreserveit，whichsometimesbecomesaLawofNations。Whenthatpoliticallawwhichhasestablishedinthekingdomacertainorderofsuccessionbecomesdestructivetothebodypoliticforwhosesakeitwasestablished，thereisnottheleastroomtodoubtbutanotherpoliticallawmaybemadetochangethisorder；andsofarwouldthislawbefromopposingthefirstthatitwouldinthemainbeentirelyconformabletoit，sincebothwoulddependonthisprinciple，thatTHESAFETYOFTHE
　　PEOPLEISTHESUPREMELAW。
　　Ihavesaid[53]thatagreatstatebecomingaccessorytoanotherisitselfweakened，andevenweakenstheprincipal。Weknowthatitisfortheinterestofthestatetohavethesuprememagistratewithinitself，thatthepublicrevenuesbewelladministered，andthatitsspeciebenotsentabroadtoenrichanothercountry。Itisofimportancethathewhoistogovernhasnotimbibedforeignmaxims；thesearelessagreeablethanthosealreadyestablished。Besides，menhaveanextravagantfondnessfortheirownlawsandcustoms：theseconstitutethehappinessofeverycommunity；and，aswelearnfromthehistoriesofallnations，arerarelychangedwithoutviolentcommotionsandagreateffusionofblood。
　　Itfollowshence，thatifagreatstatehasforitsheirthepossessorofagreatstate，theformermayreasonablyexcludehim，becauseachangeintheorderofsuccessionmustbeofservicetobothcountries。
　　ThusalawofRussia，madeinthebeginningofthereignofElizabeth，mostwiselyexcludedfromthepossessionofthecrowneveryheirwhopossessedanothermonarchy；thusthelawofPortugaldisqualifieseverystrangerwholaysclaimtothecrownbyrightofblood。
　　Butifanationmayexclude，itmaywithgreaterreasonbeallowedarighttoobligeaprincetorenounce。Ifthepeoplefearthatacertainmarriagewillbeattendedwithsuchconsequencesasshallrobthenationofitsindependence，ordismembersomeofitsprovinces，itmayveryjustlyobligethecontractorsandtheirdescendantstorenounceallrightoverthem；whilehewhorenounces，andthosetowhoseprejudiceherenounces，havethelessreasontocomplain，asthestatemightoriginallyhavemadealawtoexcludethem。
　　24。ThattheRegulationsofthePoliceareofadifferentClassfromothercivilLaws。Therearecriminalswhomthemagistratepunishes，thereareotherswhomhereproves。Theformeraresubjecttothepowerofthelaw，thelattertohisauthority：thosearecutofffromsociety；
　　thesetheyobligetoliveaccordingtotherulesofsociety。
　　IntheexerciseofthePolice，itisratherthemagistratewhopunishes，thanthelaw；inthesentencepassedoncrimes，itisratherthelawwhichpunishes，thanthemagistrate。ThebusinessofthePoliceconsistsinaffairswhichariseeveryinstant，andarecommonlyofatriflingnature：thereisthenbutlittleneedofformalities。TheactionsofthePolicearequick；theyareexercisedoverthingswhichreturneveryday：
　　itwouldbethereforeimproperforittoinflictseverepunishments。Itiscontinuallyemployedaboutminuteparticulars；greatexamplesarethereforenotdesignedforitspurpose。Itisgovernedratherbyregulationsthanlaws；thosewhoaresubjecttoitsjurisdictionareincessantlyundertheeyeofthemagistrate：itisthereforehisfaultiftheyfallintoexcess。Thusweoughtnottoconfoundaflagrantviolationofthelaws，withasimplebreachofthePolice；thesethingsareofadifferentorder。
　　Henceitfollows，thatthelawsofanItalianrepublic，[54]wherebearingfire—armsispunishedasacapitalcrimeandwhereitisnotmorefataltomakeanilluseofthemthantocarrythem，isnotagreeabletothenatureofthings。
　　Itfollows，moreover，thattheapplaudedactionofthatemperorwhocausedabakertobeimpaledwhomhefoundguiltyofafraud，wastheactionofasultanwhoknewnothowtobejustwithoutcommittinganoutrageonjustice。
　　25。ThatweshouldnotfollowthegeneralDispositionofthecivilLaw，inthingswhichoughttobesubjecttoparticularRulesdrawnfromtheirownNature。Isitagoodlawthatallcivilobligationspassedbetweensailorsinashipinthecourseofavoyageshouldbenull？FrancisPirardtellsus[55]that，inhistime，itwasnotobservedbythePortuguese，thoughitwasbytheFrench。Menwhoaretogetheronlyforashorttime，whohavenowants，sincetheyareprovidedforbytheprince；whohaveonlyoneobjectinview，thatoftheirvoyage；whoarenolongerinsociety，butareonlytheinhabitantsofaship，oughtnottocontractobligationsthatwereneverintroducedbuttosupporttheburdenofcivilsociety。
　　InthesamespiritwasthelawoftheRhodians，madeatatimewhentheyalwaysfollowedthecoasts；itordainedthatthosewhoduringatempeststayedinavesselshouldhaveshipandcargo，andthosewhoquitteditshouldhavenothing。
　　______
　　1。Laws，ix。
　　2。M。Bayle，inhisCriticismontheHistoryofCalvinism，speaksofthislaw，p。263。
　　3。SeeLeg。5。Cod。derepudiisetjudiciodemoribussublato。
　　4。LawoftheBurgundians，tit。47。
　　5。IntheCodeoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。4，§13。
　　6。Underpainofinfamy，anotherunderpainofimprisonment。
　　7。Plutarch。Solon。
　　8。Ibid。，andGallien，inExhort。adArt。，8。
　　9。CityofGod，iii。21。
　　10。Bookii。12。
　　11。Nov。21。
　　12。Bookii，tit。14，§6，7，and8。
　　13。FatherDuHaldeontheSecondDynasty。
　　14。Livy，xxix。29。
　　15。Shaw，Travels，i，p。402。
　　16。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iv，partI，p。114。AndMr。Smith，VoyagetoGuinea，partII，p。150，concerningthekingdomofJuida。
　　17。SeeEdifyingLetters，coll。xiv，andtheVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iii，partII，p。644。
　　18。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iv，partI，pp。35，103。
　　19。AstheydidwhenPompeybesiegedtheTemple。Dio，xxxvii，16。
　　20。Leg。，5，ff。ad。leg。Juliampeculatus。
　　21。Cap。quisquis17，qu？stione4。Cujas，Observat。，xiii。19，tom。iii。
　　22。Beaumanoir，AncientCustomsofBeauvoisis，18，§6。
　　23。Leg。1。Cod。ad。leg。Jul。deadulteriis。
　　24。AtpresenttheydonottakecognizanceofthesethingsinFrance。
　　25。Leg。ii，§ult。，ff。ad。leg。Jul。deadultenis。
　　26。Nov。134。Col。9，cap。x，tit。170。
　　27。Leg。7，Cod。derepudiis，etjuriciodemorib。sublato。
　　28。Auth。Hodiequantiscumque。Cod。derepudiis。
　　29。Auth。Quodhodie。Cod。derepudiis。
　　30。Seewhathasbeensaidonthissubject，inbookxxiii。21，intherelationtheybeartothenumberofinhabitants。
　　31。SeeLeg。16，ff。deritunuptiarum，andLeg。3，§1；alsoDig。dedonationibusintervirumetuxorem。
　　32。Thislawisveryancientamongthem。Attila，saysPriscus，inhisembassystoppedinacertainplacetomarryEscahisdaughter。"Athingpermitted，"headds，"bythelawsoftheScythians，"p。22。
　　33。HistoryoftheTartars，partIII，p。256。
　　34。ItwasthusamongtheancientRomans。
　　35。AmongtheRomanstheyhadthesamename；thecousins—germanwerecalledbrothers。
　　36。ItwasthusatRomeinthefirstages，tillthepeoplemadealawtopermitthem；theywerewillingtofavouramanextremelypopular，whohadmarriedhiscousin—german。Plutarch’streatiseentitledQuestionsConcerningtheAffairsoftheRomans。
　　37。CollectionofVoyagestotheIndies，v，part1。AnaccountofthestateoftheisleofFormosa。
　　38。Koran，chapter"OnWomen。"
　　39。SeeFrancisPirard。