Whenwithadoctrinethatgivesustheideaofaspiritualsupremebeingwecanstilljointhoseofasensiblenatureandadmitthemintoourworship，wecontractagreaterattachmenttoreligion；becausethosemotiveswhichwehavejustmentionedareaddedtoournaturalinclinationsfortheobjectsofsense。ThustheCatholics，whohavemoreofthiskindofworshipthantheProtestants，aremoreattachedtotheirreligionthantheProtestantsaretotheirs，andmorezealousforitspropagation。
　　WhenthepeopleofEphesuswereinformedthatthefathersofthecouncilhaddeclaredtheymightcalltheVirginMarytheMotherofGod，theyweretransportedwithjoy，theykissedthehandsofthebishops，theyembracedtheirknees，andthewholecityresoundedwithacclamations。[1]
　　Whenanintellectualreligionsuperaddsachoicemadebythedeity，andapreferenceforthosewhoprofessitoverthosewhodonot，thisgreatlyattachesustoreligion。TheMahometanswouldnotbesuchgoodMussulmansif，ontheonehand，therewerenotidolatrousnationswhomakethemimaginethemselvesthechampionsoftheunityofGod；andontheotherChristians，tomakethembelievethattheyaretheobjectsofhispreference。
　　Areligionburdenedwithmanyceremonies[2]attachesustoitmorestronglythanthatwhichhasafewernumber。Wehaveanextremepropensitytothingsinwhichwearecontinuallyemployed：witnesstheobstinateprejudicesoftheMahometansandtheJews，[3]andthereadinesswithwhichbarbarousandsavagenationschangetheirreligion，who，astheyareemployedentirelyinhuntingorwar，havebutfewreligiousceremonies。
　　Menareextremelyinclinedtothepassionsofhopeandfear；areligion，therefore，thathadneitheraheavennorahellcouldhardlypleasethem。ThisisprovedbytheeasewithwhichforeignreligionshavebeenestablishedinJapan，andthezealandfondnesswithwhichtheywerereceived。[4]
　　Inordertoraiseanattachmenttoreligionitisnecessarythatitshouldinculcatepuremorals。Menwhoareknavesbyretailareextremelyhonestinthegross；theylovemorality。AndwereInottreatingofsograveasubjectIshouldsaythatthisappearsremarkablyevidentinourtheatres：wearesureofpleasingthepeoplebysentimentsavowedbymorality；wearesureofshockingthembythoseitdisapproves。
　　Whenexternalworshipisattendedwithgreatmagnificence，itflattersourmindsandstronglyattachesustoreligion。Therichesoftemplesandthoseoftheclergygreatlyaffectus。Thuseventhemiseryofthepeopleisamotivethatrendersthemfondofareligionwhichhasservedasapretexttothosewhowerethecauseoftheirmisery。
　　3。OfTemples。Almostallcivilisednationsdwellinhouses；hencenaturallyarosetheideaofbuildingahouseforGodinwhichtheymightadoreandseekhim，amidstalltheirhopesandfears。
　　And，indeed，nothingismorecomfortabletomankindthanaplaceinwhichtheymayfindthedeitypeculiarlypresent，andwheretheymayassembletogethertoconfesstheirweaknessandtelltheirgriefs。
　　Butthisnaturalideaneveroccurredtoanybutsuchascultivatedtheland；thosewhohavenohousesforthemselveswereneverknowntobuildtemples。
　　ThiswasthecausethatmadeJenghizKhandiscoversuchaprodigiouscontemptformosques。[5]ThisprinceexaminedtheMahometans；[6]heapprovedofalltheirdoctrines，exceptthatofthenecessityofgoingtoMecca；hecouldnotcomprehendwhyGodmightnotbeeverywhereadored。AstheTartarsdidnotdwellinhouses，theycouldhavenoideaoftemples。
　　Thosepeoplewhohavenotempleshavebutasmallattachmenttotheirownreligion。ThisisthereasonwhytheTartarshaveinalltimesgivensogreatatoleration；[7]whythebarbarousnations，whoconqueredtheRomanempiredidnothesitateamomenttoembraceChristianity；whythesavagesofAmericahavesolittlefondnessfortheirownreligion；why，sinceourmissionarieshavebuiltchurchesinParaguay，thenativesofthatcountryhavebecomesozealousforours。
　　Asthedeityistherefugeoftheunhappy，andnonearemoreunhappythancriminals，menhavebeennaturallyledtothinktemplesanasylumforthosewretches。ThisideaappearedstillmorenaturaltotheGreeks，wheremurderers，chasedfromtheircityandthepresenceofmen，seemedtohavenohousesbutthetemples，norotherprotectorsthanthegods。
　　Atfirstthesewereonlydesignedforinvoluntaryhomicides；butwhenthepeoplemadethemasanctuaryforthosewhohadcommittedgreatcrimestheyfellintoagrosscontradiction。Iftheyhadoffendedmen，theyhadmuchgreaterreasontobelievetheyhadoffendedthegods。
　　TheseasylumsmultipliedinGreece。Thetemples，saysTacitus，[8]werefilledwithinsolventdebtorsandwickedslaves；themagistratefounditdifficulttoexercisehisoffice；thepeopleprotectedthecrimesofmenastheceremoniesofthegods；atlengththesenatewasobligedtoretrenchagreatnumberofthem。
　　ThelawsofMoseswereperfectlywise。Themanwhoinvoluntarilykilledanotherwasinnocent；buthewasobligedtobetakenawayfrombeforetheeyesoftherelativesofthedeceased。Mosesthereforeappointedanasylumforsuchunfortunatepeople。[9]Theperpetratorsofgreatcrimesdeservednotaplaceofsafety，andtheyhadnone：[10]theJewshadonlyaportabletabernacle，whichcontinuallychangeditsplace；thisexcludedtheideaofasanctuary。Itistruethattheyhadafterwardsatemple；butthecriminalswhowouldresortthitherfromallpartsmightdisturbthedivineservice。Ifpersonswhohadcommittedmanslaughterhadbeendrivenoutofthecountry，aswascustomaryamongtheGreeks，theyhadreasontofearthattheywouldworshipstrangegods。Alltheseconsiderationsmadethemestablishcitiesofsafety，wheretheymightstaytillthedeathofthehigh—priest。
　　4。OftheMinistersofReligion。Thefirstmen，saysPorphyry，[11]
　　sacrificedonlyvegetables。Inaworshipsosimple，everyonemightbepriestinhisownfamily。
　　Thenaturaldesireofpleasingthedeitymultipliedceremonies。Henceitfollowed，thatmenemployedinagriculturebecameincapableofobservingthemallandoffillingupthenumber。
　　Particularplaceswereconsecratedtothegods；itthenbecamenecessarythattheyshouldhaveministerstotakecareofthem；inthesamemanneraseverycitizentookcareofhishouseanddomesticaffairs。Hencethepeoplewhohavenopriestsarecommonlybarbarians；suchwereformerlythePedalians，[12]andsucharestilltheWolgusky。[13]
　　Menconsecratedtothedeityoughttobehonoured，especiallyamongpeoplewhohaveformedanideaofapersonalpuritynecessarytoapproachtheplacesmostagreeabletothegods，andfortheperformanceofparticularceremonies。
　　Theworshipofthegodsrequiringacontinualapplication，mostnationswereledtoconsidertheclergyasaseparatebody。Thus，amongtheEgyptians，theJews，andthePersians，[14]theyconsecratedtothedeitycertainfamilieswhoperformedandperpetuatedtheservice。Therehavebeenevenreligionswhichhavenotonlyestrangedecclesiasticsfrombusiness，buthavealsotakenawaytheembarrassmentsofafamily；andthisisthepracticeoftheprincipalbranchofChristianity。
　　Ishallnotheretreatoftheconsequencesofthelawofcelibacy：itisevidentthatitmaybecomehurtfulinproportionasthebodyoftheclergymaybetoonumerous；and，inconsequenceofthis，thatofthelaitytoosmall。
　　Bythenatureofthehumanunderstandingweloveinreligioneverythingwhichcarriestheideaofdifficulty；asinpointofmoralitywehaveaspeculativefondnessforeverythingwhichbearsthecharacterofseverity。Celibacyhasbeenmostagreeabletothosenationstowhomitseemedleastadapted，andwithwhomitmightbeattendedwiththemostfatalconsequences。InthesoutherncountriesofEurope，where，bythenatureoftheclimate，thelawofcelibacyismoredifficulttoobserve，ithasbeenretained；inthoseofthenorth，wherethepassionsarelesslively，ithasbeenbanished。Further，incountrieswheretherearebutfewinhabitantsithasbeenadmitted；inthosethatarevastlypopulousithasbeenrejected。Itisobviousthatthesereflectionsrelateonlytothetoogreatextensionofcelibacy，andnottocelibacyitself。
　　5。OftheBoundswhichtheLawsoughttoprescribetotheRichesoftheClergy。Asparticularfamiliesmaybeextinct，theirwealthcannotbeaperpetualinheritance。Theclergyisafamilywhichcannotbeextinct；
　　wealthisthereforefixedtoitforever，andcannotgooutofit。
　　Particularfamiliesmayincrease；itisnecessarythenthattheirwealthshouldalsoincrease。Theclergyisafamilywhichoughtnottoincrease；theirwealthoughtthentobelimited。
　　WehaveretainedtheregulationsoftheLeviticallawsastothepossessionsoftheclergy，exceptthoserelatingtotheboundsofthesepossessions；indeed，amonguswemusteverbeignorantofthelimitbeyondwhichanyreligiouscommunitycannolongerbepermittedtoacquire。
　　Theseendlessacquisitionsappeartothepeoplesounreasonablethathewhoshouldspeakintheirdefencewouldberegardedasanidiot。
　　Thecivillawsfindsometimesmanydifficultiesinalteringestablishedabuses，becausetheyareconnectedwiththingsworthyofrespect；inthiscaseanindirectproceedingwouldbeagreaterproofofthewisdomofthelegislatorthananotherwhichstruckdirectlyatthethingitself。Insteadofprohibitingtheacquisitionsoftheclergy，weshouldseektogivethemadistasteforthem；toleavethemtherightandtotakeawaythedeed。
　　InsomecountriesofEurope，arespectfortheprivilegesofthenobilityhasestablishedintheirfavourarightofindemnityoverimmovablegoodsacquiredinmortmain。Theinterestoftheprincehasinthesamecasemadehimexactarightofamortisation。InCastile，wherenosuchrightprevails，theclergyhaveseizeduponeverything。InAragon，wherethereissomerightofamortisation，theyhaveobtainedless；inFrance，wherethisrightandthatofindemnityareestablished，theyhaveacquiredlessstill；anditmaybesaidthattheprosperityofthiskingdomisinagreatmeasureowingtotheexerciseofthesetworights。Ifpossible，then，increasetheserights，andputastoptothemortmain。
　　Rendertheancientandnecessarypatrimonyoftheclergysacredandinviolable，letitbefixedandeternallikethatbodyitself，butletnewinheritancesbeoutoftheirpower。
　　Permitthemtobreaktherulewhentherulehasbecomeanabuse；suffertheabusewhenitentersintotherule。
　　TheystillrememberinRomeacertainmemorialsentthitheronsomedisputeswiththeclergy，inwhichwasthismaxim："Theclergyoughttocontributetotheexpensesofthestate，lettheOldTestamentsaywhatitwill。"Theyconcludedfromthispassagethattheauthorofthismemorialwasbetterversedinthelanguageofthetax—gatherersthaninthatofreligion。
　　6。OfMonasteries。Theleastdegreeofcommonsensewillletusseethatbodiesdesignedforaperpetualcontinuanceshouldnotbeallowedtoselltheirfundsforlife，nortoborrowforlife；unlesswewantthemtobeheirstoallthosewhohavenorelativesandtothosewhodonotchoosetohaveany。Thesemenplayagainstthepeople，buttheyholdthebankthemselves。
　　7。OftheLuxuryofSuperstition。"Thoseareguiltyofimpietytowardsthegods，"saysPlato，[15]"whodenytheirexistence；orwho，whiletheybelieveit，maintainthattheydonotinterferewithwhatisdonebelow；
　　or，infine，whothinkthattheycaneasilyappeasethembysacrifices：
　　threeopinionsequallypernicious。"Platohasheresaidallthattheclearestlightofnaturehaseverbeenabletosayinpointofreligion。
　　Themagnificenceofexternalworshiphasaprincipalconnectionwiththeinstitutionofthestate。Ingoodrepublics，theyhavecurbednotonlytheluxuryofvanity，buteventhatofsuperstition。Theyhaveintroducedfrugallawsintoreligion。OfthisnumberaremanyofthelawsofSolon；manyofthoseofPlatoonfunerals，adoptedbyCicero；
　　and，infine，someofthelawsofNumaonsacrifices。[16]
　　Birds，saysCicero，[17]andpaintingsbegunandfinishedinadayaregiftsthemostdivine。Weoffercommonthings，saysaSpartan，thatwemayalwayshaveitinourpowertohonourthegods。
　　Thedesireofmantopayhisworshiptothedeityisverydifferentfromthemagnificenceofthisworship。Letusnotofferourtreasurestohimifwearenotproudofshowingthatweesteemwhathewouldhaveusdespise。
　　"Whatmustthegodsthinkofthegiftsoftheimpious，"saidtheadmirablePlato，"whenagoodmanwouldblushtoreceivepresentsfromavillain？"
　　Religionoughtnot，underthepretenceofgifts，todrawfromthepeoplewhatthenecessityofthestatehasleftthem；butasPlatosays，[18]
　　"Thechasteandthepiousoughttooffergiftswhichresemblethemselves。"
　　Norisitproperforreligiontoencourageexpensivefunerals。Whatistheremorenaturalthantotakeawaythedifferenceoffortuneinacircumstanceandintheverymomentwhichequalsallfortunes？
　　8。OfthePontificate。Whenreligionhasmanyministersitisnaturalforthemtohaveachiefandforasovereignpontifftobeestablished。
　　Inmonarchies，wheretheseveralordersofthestatecannotbekepttoodistinct，andwhereallpowersoughtnottobelodgedinthesameperson，itisproperthatthepontificatebedistinctfromtheempire。
　　Thesamenecessityisnottobemetwithinadespoticgovernment，thenatureofwhichistouniteallthedifferentpowersinthesameperson。
　　Butinthiscaseitmayhappenthattheprincemayregardreligionashedoesthelawsthemselves，asdependentonhisownwill。Topreventthisinconvenience，thereoughttobemonumentsofreligion，forinstance，sacredbookswhichfixandestablishit。TheKingofPersiaisthechiefofthereligion；butthisreligionisregulatedbytheKoran。TheEmperorofChinaisthesovereignpontiff；buttherearebooksinthehandsofeverybodytowhichhehimselfmustconform。Invainacertainemperorattemptedtoabolishthem；theytriumphedovertyranny。
　　9。OfTolerationinpointofReligion。Weareherepoliticians，andnotdivines；butthedivinesthemselvesmustallow，thatthereisagreatdifferencebetweentoleratingandapprovingareligion。
　　Whenthelegislatorhasbelieveditadutytopermittheexerciseofmanyreligions，itisnecessarythatheshouldenforcealsoatolerationamongthesereligionsthemselves。Itisaprinciplethateveryreligionwhichispersecutedbecomesitselfpersecuting；forassoonasbysomeaccidentalturnitarisesfrompersecution，itattacksthereligionwhichpersecutedit；notasreligion，butastyranny。
　　Itisnecessary，then，thatthelawsrequirefromtheseveralreligions，notonlythattheyshallnotembroilthestate，butthattheyshallnotraisedisturbancesamongthemselves。Acitizendoesnotfulfilthelawsbynotdisturbingthegovernment；itisrequisitethatheshouldnottroubleanycitizenwhomsoever。
　　10。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Astherearescarcelyanybutpersecutingreligionsthathaveanextraordinaryzealforbeingestablishedinotherplaces（becauseareligionthatcantolerateothersseldomthinksofitsownpropagation），itmustthereforebeaverygoodcivillaw，whenthestateisalreadysatisfiedwiththeestablishedreligion，nottosuffertheestablishmentofanother。[19]
　　Thisisthenafundamentalprincipleofthepoliticallawsinregardtoreligion；thatwhenthestateisatlibertytoreceiveortorejectanewreligionitoughttoberejected；whenitisreceiveditoughttobetolerated。
　　11。OfchangingaReligion。Aprincewhoundertakestodestroyortochangetheestablishedreligionofhiskingdommustgreatlyexposehimself。Ifhisgovernmentbedespotic，herunsamuchgreaterriskofseeingarevolutionarisefromsuchaproceeding，thanfromanytyrannywhatsoever，andarevolutionisnotanuncommonthinginsuchstates。
　　Thereasonofthisisthatastatecannotchangeitsreligion，mannersandcustomsinaninstant，andwiththesamerapidityastheprincepublishestheordinancewhichestablishesanewreligion。
　　Besides，theancientreligionisconnectedwiththeconstitutionofthekingdomandthenewoneisnot；theformeragreeswiththeclimateandveryoftenthenewoneisopposedtoit。Moreover，thecitizensbecomedisgustedwiththeirlaws，andlookuponthegovernmentalreadyestablishedwithcontempt；theyconceiveajealousyagainstthetworeligions，insteadofafirmbeliefinone；inaword，theseinnovationsgivetothestate，atleastforsometime，bothbadcitizensandbadbelievers。
　　12。OfpenalLaws。Penallawsoughttobeavoidedinrespecttoreligion：theyimprintfear，itistrue；butasreligionhasalsopenallawswhichinspirethesamepassion，theoneiseffacedbytheother，andbetweenthesetwodifferentkindsoffearthemindbecomeshardened。
　　Thethreateningsofreligionaresoterrible，anditspromisessogreat，thatwhentheyactuatethemind，whatevereffortsthemagistratemayusetoobligeustorenounceit，heseemstoleaveusnothingwhenhedeprivesusoftheexerciseofourreligion，andtobereaveusofnothingwhenweareallowedtoprofessit。
　　Itisnot，therefore，byfillingthesoulwiththeideaofthisgreatobject，byhasteningherapproachtothatcriticalmomentinwhichitoughttobeofthehighestimportance，thatreligioncanbemostsuccessfullyattacked：amorecertainwayistotemptherbyfavours，bytheconveniencesoflife，byhopesoffortune；notbythatwhichrevives，butbythatwhichextinguishesthesenseofherduty；notbythatwhichshocksher，butbythatwhichthrowsherintoindifferenceatthetimewhenotherpassionsactuatethemind，andthosewhichreligioninspiresarehushedintosilence。Asageneralruleinchangingareligiontheinvitationsshouldbemuchstrongerthanthepenalties。
　　Thetemperofthehumanmindhasappearedeveninthenatureofpunishments。IfwetakeasurveyofthepersecutionsinJapan，[20]weshallfindthattheyweremoreshockedatcrueltormentsthanatlongsufferings，whichratherwearythanaffright，whicharethemoredifficulttosurmount，fromtheirappearinglessdifficult。
　　Inaword，historysufficientlyinformsusthatpenallawshaveneverhadanyothereffectthantodestroy。
　　13。AmosthumbleRemonstrancetotheInquisitorsofSpainandPortugal。
　　AJewessoftenyearsofage，whowasburnedatLisbonatthelastauto—da—fé，gaveoccasiontothefollowinglittlepiece，themostidle，Ibelieve，thateverwaswritten。Whenweattempttoprovethingssoevidentwearesurenevertoconvince。
　　Theauthordeclares，thatthoughaJewhehasarespectfortheChristianreligion；andthatheshouldbegladtotakeawayfromtheprinceswhoarenotChristians，aplausiblepretenceforpersecutingthisreligion。
　　"Youcomplain，"sayshetotheInquisitors，"thattheEmperorofJapancausedalltheChristiansinhisdominionstobeburnedbyaslowfire。
　　Buthewillanswer，wetreatyouwhodonotbelievelikeus，asyouyourselvestreatthosewhodonotbelievelikeyou；youcanonlycomplainofyourweakness，whichhashinderedyoufromexterminatingus，andwhichhasenabledustoexterminateyou。
　　"Butitmustbeconfessedthatyouaremuchmorecruelthanthisemperor。Youputustodeathwhobelieveonlywhatyoubelieve，becausewedonotbelieveallthatyoubelieve。WefollowareligionwhichyouyourselvesknowtohavebeenformerlydeartoGod。WethinkthatGodlovesitstill，andyouthinkthathelovesitnomore：andbecauseyoujudgethus，youmakethosesufferbyswordandfirewhoholdanerrorsopardonableastobelievethatGodstillloveswhatheonceloved。[21]
　　"Ifyouarecrueltous，youaremuchmoresotoourchildren；youcausethemtobeburnedbecausetheyfollowtheinspirationsgiventhembythosewhomthelawofnatureandthelawsofallnationsteachthemtoregardasgods。
　　"YoudepriveyourselvesoftheadvantageyouhaveovertheMahometans，withrespecttothemannerinwhichtheirreligionwasestablished。Whentheyboastofthenumberoftheirbelievers，youtellthemthattheyhaveobtainedthembyviolence，andthattheyhaveextendedtheirreligionbythesword；whythendoyouestablishyoursbyfire？
　　"Whenyouwouldbringusovertoyou，weobjecttoasourcefromwhichyouglorytohavedescended。Youreplytous，thatthoughyourreligionisnew，itisdivine；andyouproveitfromitsgrowingamidstthepersecutionsofPagans，andwhenwateredbythebloodofyourmartyrs；
　　butatpresentyouplaythepartoftheDiocletians，andmakeustakeyours。
　　"Weconjureyou，notbythemightyGodwhombothyouandweserve，butbythatChrist，who，youtellus，tookuponhimahumanform，toproposehimselfasanexampleforyoutofollow；weconjureyoutobehavetousashehimselfwouldbehavewereheuponearth。YouwouldhaveusbecomeChristians，andyouwillnotbesoyourselves。
　　"ButifyouwillnotbeChristians，beatleastmen；treatusasyouwould，ifhavingonlytheweaklightofjusticewhichnaturebestows，youhadnotareligiontoconduct，andarevelationtoenlightenyou。
　　"Ifheavenhashadsogreataloveforyouastomakeyouseethetruth，youhavereceivedasingularfavour；butisitforchildrenwhohavereceivedtheinheritanceoftheirfather，tohatethosewhohavenot？
　　"Ifyouhavethistruth，hideitnotfromusbythemannerinwhichyouproposeit。Thecharacteristicoftruthisitstriumphoverheartsandminds，andnotthatimpotencywhichyouconfesswhenyouwouldforceustoreceiveitbytortures。
　　"Ifyouwerewise，youwouldnotputustodeathfornootherreasonthanbecauseweareunwillingtodeceiveyou。IfyourChrististhesonofGod，wehopehewillrewardusforbeingsounwillingtoprofanehismysteries；andwebelievethattheGodwhombothyouandweservewillnotpunishusforhavingsuffereddeathforareligionwhichheformerlygaveus，onlybecausewebelievethathestillcontinuestogiveit。
　　"Youliveinanageinwhichthelightofnatureshinesmorebrightlythanithaseverdone；inwhichphilosophyhasenlightenedhumanunderstanding；inwhichthemoralityofyourgospelhasbeenbetterknown；inwhichtherespectiverightsofmankindwithregardtoeachotherandtheempirewhichoneconsciencehasoveranotherarebestunderstood。Ifyoudonotthereforeshakeoffyourancientprejudices，which，whilstunregarded，minglewithyourpassions，itmustbeconfessedthatyouareincorrigible，incapableofanydegreeoflightorinstruction；andanationmustbeveryunhappythatgivesauthoritytosuchmen。
　　"Wouldyouhaveusfranklytellyouourthoughts？Youconsiderusratherasyourenemiesthanastheenemiesofyourreligion；forifyoulovedyourreligionyouwouldnotsufferittobecorruptedbysuchgrossignorance。
　　"Itisnecessarythatweshouldwarnyouofonething；thatis，ifanyoneintimestocomeshalldaretoassertthatintheageinwhichwelive，thepeopleofEuropewerecivilised，youwillbecitedtoprovethattheywerebarbarians；andtheideatheywillhaveofyouwillbesuchaswilldishonouryourageandspreadhatredoverallyourcontemporaries。"
　　14。WhytheChristianReligionissoodiousinJapan。WehavealreadymentionedtheperversetemperofthepeopleofJapan。[22]ThemagistratesconsideredthefirmnesswhichChristianityinspires，whentheyattemptedtomakethepeoplerenouncetheirfaith，asinitselfmostdangerous；theyfanciedthatitincreasedtheirobstinacy。ThelawofJapanpunishesseverelytheleastdisobedience。ThepeoplewereorderedtorenouncetheChristianreligion；theydidnotrenounceit；
　　thiswasdisobedience；themagistratespunishedthiscrime；andthecontinuanceindisobedienceseemedtodeserveanotherpunishment。
　　PunishmentsamongtheJapaneseareconsideredastherevengeofaninsultdonetotheprince；thesongsoftriumphsungbyourmartyrsappearedasanoutrageagainsthim：thetitleofmartyrprovokedthemagistrates；intheiropinionitsignifiedrebel；theydidallintheirpowertopreventtheirobtainingit。Thenitwasthattheirmindswereexasperated，andahorridstrugglewasseenbetweenthetribunalsthatcondemnedandtheaccusedwhosuffered；betweenthecivillawsandthoseofreligion。
　　15。OfthePropagationofReligion。AllthepeopleoftheEast，excepttheMahometans，believeallreligionsinthemselvesindifferent。Theyfeartheestablishmentofanotherreligionnootherwisethanasachangeingovernment。AmongtheJapanese，wheretherearemanysects，andwherethestatehashadforsolongatimeanecclesiasticalsuperior，theyneverdisputeonreligion。[23]ItisthesamewiththepeopleofSiam。[24]TheCalmucks[25]domore；theymakeitapointofconsciencetotolerateeveryspeciesofreligion；atCalicutitisamaximofthestatethateveryreligionisgood。[26]
　　Butitdoesnotfollowhence，thatareligionbroughtfromafardistantcountry，andquitedifferentinclimate，laws，manners，andcustoms，willhaveallthesuccesstowhichitsholinessmightentitleit。Thisismoreparticularlytrueingreatdespoticempires：herestrangersaretoleratedatfirst，becausethereisnoattentiongiventowhatdoesnotseemtostrikeattheauthorityoftheprince。Astheyareextremelyignorant，aEuropeanmayrenderhimselfagreeablebytheknowledgehecommunicates：thisisverywellinthebeginning。Butassoonashehasanysuccess，whendisputesariseandwhenmenwhohavesomeinterestbecomeinformedofit，astheirempire，byitsverynature，aboveallthingsrequirestranquillity，andastheleastdisturbancemayoverturnit，theyproscribethenewreligionandthosewhopreach，it：disputesbetweenthepreachersbreakingout，theybegintoentertainadistasteforareligiononwhicheventhosewhoproposeitarenotagreed。