28。BywhatmeanswemayremedyaDepopulation。Whenastateisdepopulatedbyparticularaccidents，bywars，pestilence，orfamine，therearestillresourcesleft。Themenwhoremainmaypreservethespiritofindustry；theymayseektorepairtheirmisfortunes，andcalamityitselfmaymakethembecomemoreindustrious。Thisevilisalmostincurablewhenthedepopulationispreparedbeforehandbyinteriorviceandabadgovernment。Whenthisisthecase，menperishwithaninsensibleandhabitualdisease；borninmiseryandweakness，inviolenceorundertheinfluenceofawickedadministration，theyseethemselvesdestroyed，andfrequentlywithoutperceivingthecauseoftheirdestruction。Ofthiswehaveamelancholyproofinthecountriesdesolatedbydespoticpower，orbytheexcessiveadvantagesoftheclergyoverthelaity。
　　Invainshallwewaitforthesuccourofchildrenyetunborntore—establishastatethusdepopulated。Thereisnottimeforthis；menintheirsolitudearewithoutcourageorindustry。Withlandsufficienttonourishanation，theyhavescarcelyenoughtonourishafamily。Thecommonpeoplehavenotevenapropertyinthemiseriesofthecountry，thatis，inthefallowswithwhichitabounds。Theclergy，theprince，thecities，thegreatmen，andsomeoftheprincipalcitizensinsensiblybecomeproprietorsofallthelandwhichliesuncultivated；thefamilieswhoareruinedhavelefttheirfields，andthelabouringmanisdestitute。
　　InthissituationtheyshouldtakethesamemeasuresthroughoutthewholeextentoftheempirewhichtheRomanstookinapartoftheirs；
　　theyshouldpractiseintheirdistresswhattheseobservedinthemidstofplenty；thatis，theyshoulddistributelandtoallthefamilieswhoareinwant，andprocurethemmaterialsforclearingandcultivatingit。
　　Thisdistributionoughttobecontinuedsolongasthereisamantoreceiveit，andinsuchamannerasnottoloseamomentthatcanbeindustriouslyemployed。
　　29。OfHospitals。Amanisnotpoorbecausehehasnothing，butbecausehedoesnotwork。Themanwhowithoutanydegreeofwealthhasanemploymentisasmuchathiseaseashewhowithoutlabourhasanincomeofahundredcrownsayear。Hewhohasnosubstance，andyethasatrade，isnotpoorerthanhewho，possessingtenacresofland，isobligedtocultivateitforhissubsistence。Themechanicwhogiveshisartasaninheritancetohischildrenhasleftthemafortune，whichismultipliedinproportiontotheirnumber。Itisnotsowithhimwho，havingtenacresofland，dividesitamonghischildren。
　　Intradingcountries，wheremanymenhavenoothersubsistencebutfromthearts，thestateisfrequentlyobligedtosupplythenecessitiesoftheaged，thesick，andtheorphan。Awell—regulatedgovernmentdrawsthissupportfromtheartsthemselves。Itgivestosomesuchemploymentastheyarecapableofperforming；othersaretaughttowork，andthisteachingofitselfbecomesanemployment。
　　Thealmsgiventoanakedmaninthestreetdonotfulfiltheobligationsofthestate，whichowestoeverycitizenacertainsubsistence，apropernourishment，convenientclothing，andakindoflifenotincompatiblewithhealth。
　　Aurungzebe，beingaskedwhyhedidnotbuildhospitals，said，"Iwillmakemyempiresorichthatthereshallbenoneedofhospitals。"[118]
　　Heoughttohavesaid，"Iwillbeginbyrenderingmyempirerich，andthenIwillbuildhospitals。"
　　Therichesofthestatesupposegreatindustry。Amidstthenumerousbranchesoftradeitisimpossiblebutthatsomemustsuffer，andconsequentlythemechanicsmustbeinamomentarynecessity。
　　Wheneverthishappens，thestateisobligedtolendthemareadyassistance，whetheritbetopreventthesufferingsofthepeople，ortoavoidarebellion。Inthiscasehospitals，orsomeequivalentregulations，arenecessarytopreventthismisery。
　　Butwhenthenationispoor，privatepovertyspringsfromthegeneralcalamity，andis，ifImaysoexpressmyself，thegeneralcalamityitself。Allthehospitalsintheworldcannotcurethisprivatepoverty；
　　onthecontrary，thespiritofindolence，whichitconstantlyinspires，increasesthegeneral，andconsequentlytheprivate，misery。
　　HenryVIII，[119]resolvingtoreformtheChurchofEngland，ruinedthemonks，ofthemselvesalazysetofpeople，thatencouragedlazinessinothers，because，astheypractisedhospitality，aninfinitenumberofidlepersons，gentlemenandcitizens，spenttheirlivesinrunningfromconventtoconvent。Hedemolishedeventhehospitals，inwhichthelowerpeoplefoundsubsistence，asthegentlemendidtheirsinthemonasteries。Sincethesechanges，thespiritoftradeandindustryhasbeenestablishedinEngland。
　　AtRome，thehospitalsplaceeveryoneathiseaseexceptthosewholabour，exceptthosewhoareindustrious，exceptthosewhohaveland，exceptthosewhoareengagedintrade。Ihaveobservedthatwealthynationshaveneedofhospitals，becausefortunesubjectsthemtoathousandaccidents；butitisplainthattransientassistancesaremuchbetterthanperpetualfoundations。Theevilismomentary；itisnecessary，therefore，thatthesuccourshouldbeofthesamenature，andthatitbeappliedtoparticularaccidents。
　　______
　　1。Dryden，Lucr。
　　2。TheGaramantes。
　　3。Booki。8。
　　4。Paterestquemnupti？demonstrant。
　　5。Forthisreason，amongnationsthathaveslaves，thechildalmostalwaysfollowsthestationorconditionofthemother。
　　6。FatherDuHalde，i，p。165。
　　7。Ibid，ii，p。121。
　　8。Aristotle，Politics，vi。4。
　　9。Ibid。，iii。5。
　　10。ThomasGage，ANewSurveyoftheWestIndies，p。345，3rded。
　　11。Ibid。，p。97，3rded。
　　12。Bookxvi。4。
　　13。SeeKempfer，whogivesacomputationofthepeopleofMeaco。
　　14。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，i，p。347。
　　15。Japaniscomposedofanumberofisles，wheretherearemanybanks，andtheseaisthereextremelyfulloffish。
　　16。Chinaaboundsinrivers。
　　17。SeeFatherDuHalde，ii，pp。139，142。ff。
　　18。Thegreatestnumberoftheproprietorsofland，saysBishopBurnet，findingmoreprofitinsellingtheirwoolthantheircorn，inclosedtheirestates；thecommons，readytoperishwithhunger，roseupinarms；theyinsistedonadivisionofthelands；theyoungkingevenwroteonthissubject。Andproclamationsweremadeagainstthosewhoinclosedtheirlands。——AbridgmentoftheHistoryoftheReformation，pp。44。83。
　　19。Dampier，Voyages，ii，p。41。
　　20。Ibid。，p。167。
　　21。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，partI，pp。182，188。
　　22。Invalour，discipline，andmilitaryexercises。
　　23。TheGauls，whowereinthesamecircumstances，actedinthesamemanner。
　　24。Laws，v。
　　25。Republic，v。
　　26。Politics，vii。16。
　　27。Ibid。
　　28。Ibid。，iii。5。
　　29。Sixtypoundssterling。
　　30。Bookvi。12。
　　31。Bookvii，p。496。
　　32。IhavetreatedofthisintheConsiderationsontheCausesoftheRiseandDeclensionoftheRomanGrandeur，13。
　　33。Booklvi。
　　34。Bookii。
　　35。IntheyearofRome277。
　　36。SeewhatwasdoneinthisrespectinLivy，xlv；theEpitomeofLivy，lix；AulusGellius，i。6；ValeriusMaximus，ii。9。
　　37。ItisinAulusGellius，i。6。
　　38。SeewhatIhavesaidinBookv。19。
　　39。C？sar，aftertheCivilWar，havingmadeasurveyoftheRomancitizens，foundtherewerenomorethanonehundredandfiftythousandheadsoffamilies。——Florus，EpitomeofLivy，dec。12。
　　40。SeeDio，xliii。，andXiphilinusinAugust。
　　41。Dio，lib。xliii。；Suetonius，LifeofC？sar，22；Appian，OntheCivilWar，ii。
　　42。Eusebius，Chronicle。
　　43。Dio，liv。16。
　　44。IntheyearofRome736。
　　45。Juliasrogationes。——Annals，iii。25。
　　46。IntheyearofRome762。——Dio，lvi。i。
　　47。Ihaveabridgedthisspeech，whichisoftediouslength；itistobefoundinDio，lvi。
　　48。MarcusPapiusMutilusandQ。Popp？usSabinus。——Dio，lvi。
　　49。Ibid。
　　50。Ulpian，Fragment，tit。14，distinguishesveryrightlybetweentheJulianandthePapianlaw。
　　51。JamesGodfreyhasmadeacollectionofthese。
　　52。The35thiscitedinLeg。19，ff。deritunuptiarum。
　　53。Bookii。15。
　　54。DionysiusHalicarnassus。
　　55。ThedeputiesofRome，whoweresenttosearchintothelawsofGreece，wenttoAthens，andtothecitiesofItaly。
　　56。AulusGellius，ii。15。
　　57。Suetonius，LifeofAugustus，44。
　　58。Tacitus，ii。51：Utnumerusliberorumincandidatispr？polleret，quodlexjubebat。
　　59。AulusGellius，ii。15。
　　60。Tacitus，Annals，xv。19。
　　61。SeeLeg。6，§5，DeDecurion。
　　62。SeeLeg。2，ff。deminorib。
　　63。Leg。i，§3，Leg。2，ff。devacationeetexcusat。munerum。
　　64。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。29，§3。
　　65。Plutarch，Numa。
　　66。SeetheUlpian，Fragment。，tit。14，15，16，17，18，whichcomposeoneofthemostvaluablepiecesoftheancientcivillawoftheRomans。
　　67。Sozomenus，i。9。Theycouldreceivefromtheirrelatives。——Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§i。
　　68。Sozomenus，i。9；andLeg。unic。，Cod。Theod。deinfirm，poenisc？lib。etorbit。
　　69。OftheLoveofFatherstowardstheirChildren。
　　70。SeeamoreparticularaccountofthisinUlpian。Fragment。，tit。15，16。
　　71。Ibid。，tit。16，§1。
　　72。Ibid。，tit。14。ItseemsthefirstJulianlawsallowedthreeyears。
　　——SpeechofAugustus，inDio，lvi；Suetonius，LifeofAugustus，34。
　　OtherJulianlawsgrantedbutoneyear：thePapianlawgavetwo。——
　　Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。14。Theselawswerenotagreeabletothepeople；
　　Augustus，therefore，softenedorstrengthenedthemastheyweremoreorlessdisposedtocomplywiththem。
　　73。Thiswasthe35thheadofthePapianlaw。——Leg。19，ff。deritunuptiarum。
　　74。SeeDio，liv，year736；Suetonius，inOctavio，34。
　　75。Dio，liv；andinthesameDio，thespeechofAugustus，lvi。
　　76。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，andLeg。27，Cod。denuptiis。
　　77。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§3。
　　78。SeeSuetonius，LifeofClaudius，23。
　　79。Ibid。，23，andUlpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§3。
　　80。Dio，liv；Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。13。
　　81。Augustus’sspeech，inDio，lvi。
　　82。Ulpian，Fragment。，13，andtheLeg。44。ff。deritunuptiarum。
　　83。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。13and16。
　　84。SeeLeg。1，Cod。denat。lib。
　　85。Nov。117。
　　86。Leg。37。§7，ff。deoperib。libertorum，§7；Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§2。
　　87。Ulpian，Fragment。，tit。16，§2。
　　88。Seebookxxvi。13。
　　89。Exceptincertaincases。SeetheUlpian，Fragment。，tit。18，andtheonlylawinCod。deCaduc。tollend。
　　90。RelatumdemoderandaPapiaPopp？a。——Tacitus，Annals，iii。25。
　　91。Hereducedthemtothefourthpart。——Suetonius，LifeofNero，10。
　　92。SeePliny，Panegyric。
　　93。Severusextendedeventotwenty—fiveyearsforthemales，andtotwentyforthefemales，thetimefixedbythePapianlaw，asweseebycomparingUlpian，Fragment。，tit。16，withwhatTertulliansays，Apol。，4。
　　94。P。Scipio，thecensor，complains，inhisspeechtothepeople，oftheabuseswhichwerealreadyintroduced，thattheyreceivedthesameprivilegesforadoptedasfornaturalchildren。——AulusGellius，v。19。
　　95。SeetheLeg。31，ff。deritunuptiarum。
　　96。AugustusinthePapianlawgavethemtheprivilegeofmothers。SeeDio，lvi。Numahadgrantedthemtheancientprivilegeofwomenwhohadthreechildren，thatis，ofhavingnoguardian。——Plutarch，Numa。
　　97。ThiswasgrantedthembyClaudius。——Dio，lx。
　　98。Leg。apudeum，ff。demanumissionib。§1。
　　99。Dio，lvi。
　　100。See，inCicero，Offices，i，hissentimentsonthespiritofspeculation。
　　101。Nazarius，inpanegyricoConstantini，321。
　　102。SeeLeg。1，2，3，Cod。Theod。debonismaternis，materniquegeneris，&c。，andLeg。unic。，Cod。Theod。debonisqu？filiisfamil。
　　acquiruntur。
　　103。Sozomenus，i。9。
　　104。Leg。2，3，Cod。Theod。dejur。liber。
　　105。Leg。Sancimus，Cod。denuptiis。
　　106。Nov。127，cap。iii；Nov。118，cap。v。
　　107。Leg。54ff。decondit。etdemonst。
　　108。Leg。5，§4，dejurepatronatus。
　　109。Paulus，Sentences，iii。tit。4，§15。
　　110。AntiquitiesofRome，ii。
　　111。Ibid。
　　112。Bookix。
　　113。DeLeg。，iii。19。
　　114。DeMoribusGermanorum，19。
　　115。ThereisnotitleonthissubjectintheDigest；thetitleoftheCodesaysnothingofit，anymorethantheNovels。
　　116。Mahometancountriessurrounditalmostoneveryside。
　　117。Theedictof1666infavourofmarriages。
　　118。SeeSirJohnChardin，TravelsthroughPersia，viii。
　　119。SeeBurnet，HistoryoftheReformation。
　　BookXXIV。OfLawsinrelationtoReligionConsideredinItself，andinitsDoctrines1。OfReligioninGeneral。Asamidstseveraldegreesofdarknesswemayformajudgmentofthosewhicharetheleastthick，andamongprecipiceswhicharetheleastdeep，sowemaysearchamongfalsereligionsforthosethataremostconformabletothewelfareofsociety；forthosewhich，thoughtheyhavenottheeffectofleadingmentothefelicityofanotherlife，maycontributemosttotheirhappinessinthis。
　　Ishallexamine，therefore，theseveralreligionsoftheworld，inrelationonlytothegoodtheyproduceincivilsociety，whetherIspeakofthatwhichhasitsrootinheaven，orofthosewhichspringfromtheearth。
　　AsinthisworkIamnotadivinebutapoliticalwriter，Imayhereadvancethingswhicharenototherwisetruethanastheycorrespondwithaworldlymannerofthinking，notasconsideredintheirrelationtotruthsofamoresublimenature。
　　Withregardtothetruereligion，apersonoftheleastdegreeofimpartialitymustseethatIhaveneverpretendedtomakeitsinterestssubmittothoseofapoliticalnature，butrathertounitethem；now，inordertounite，itisnecessarythatweshouldknowthem。
　　TheChristianreligion，whichordainsthatmenshouldloveeachother，would，withoutdoubt，haveeverynationblestwiththebestcivil，thebestpoliticallaws；becausethese，nexttothisreligion，arethegreatestgoodthatmencangiveandreceive。
　　2。AParadoxofM。Bayle’s。M。Baylehaspretendedtoprove[1]thatitisbettertobeanAtheistthananIdolater；thatis，inotherwords，thatitislessdangeroustohavenoreligionatallthanabadone。"I
　　hadrather，"saidhe，"itshouldbesaidofmethatIhadnoexistencethanthatIamavillain。"Thisisonlyasophismfoundedonthis，thatitisofnoimportancetothehumanracetobelievethatacertainmanexists，whereasitisextremelyusefulforthemtobelievetheexistenceofaGod。Fromtheideaofhisnon—existenceimmediatelyfollowsthatofourindependence；or，ifwecannotconceivethisidea，thatofdisobedience。Tosaythatreligionisnotarestrainingmotive，becauseitdoesnotalwaysrestrain，isequallyabsurdastosaythatthecivillawsarenotarestrainingmotive。Itisafalsewayofreasoningagainstreligiontocollect，inalargework，alongdetailoftheevilsithasproducedifwedonotgiveatthesametimeanenumerationoftheadvantageswhichhaveflowedfromit。WereItorelatealltheevilsthathavearisenintheworldfromcivillaws，frommonarchy，andfromrepublicangovernment，Imighttelloffrightfulthings。Wereitofnoadvantageforsubjectstohavereligion，itwouldstillbeofsome，ifprinceshadit，andiftheywhitenedwithfoamtheonlyreinwhichcanrestrainthosewhofearnothumanlaws。
　　Aprincewholovesandfearsreligionisalion，whostoopstothehandthatstrokes，ortothevoicethatappeaseshim。Hewhofearsandhatesreligionislikethesavagebeastthatgrowlsandbitesthechainwhichpreventshisflyingonthepassenger。Hewhohasnoreligionatallisthatterribleanimalwhoperceiveshislibertyonlywhenhetearsinpiecesandwhenhedevours。
　　Thequestionisnottoknowwhetheritwouldbebetterthatacertainmanoracertainpeoplehadnoreligionthantoabusewhattheyhave，buttoknowwhatistheleastevil，thatreligionbesometimesabused，orthattherebenosuchrestraintasreligiononmankind。
　　TodiminishthehorrorofAtheism，theylaytoomuchtothechargeofidolatry。Itisfarfrombeingtruethatwhentheancientsraisedaltarstoaparticularvice，theyintendedtoshowthattheylovedthevice；
　　thissignified，onthecontrary，thattheyhatedit。WhentheLaced？monianserectedatempletoFear，itwasnottoshowthatthiswarlikenationdesiredthathewouldinthemidstofbattlepossesstheheartsoftheLaced？monians。Theyhaddeitiestowhomtheyprayednottoinspirethemwithguilt；andotherswhomtheybesoughttoshieldthemfromit。
　　3。ThatamoderateGovernmentismostagreeabletotheChristianReligion，andadespoticGovernmenttotheMahometan。TheChristianreligionisastrangertomeredespoticpower。ThemildnesssofrequentlyrecommendedintheGospelisincompatiblewiththedespoticragewithwhichaprincepunisheshissubjects，andexerciseshimselfincruelty。
　　Asthisreligionforbidsthepluralityofwives，itsprincesarelessconfined，lessconcealedfromtheirsubjects，andconsequentlyhavemorehumanity：theyaremoredisposedtobedirectedbylaws，andmorecapableofperceivingthattheycannotdowhatevertheyplease。
　　WhiletheMahometanprincesincessantlygiveorreceivedeath，thereligionoftheChristiansrenderstheirprinceslesstimid，andconsequentlylesscruel。Theprinceconfidesinhissubjects，andthesubjectsintheprince。Howadmirablethereligionwhich，whileitonlyseemstohaveinviewthefelicityoftheotherlife，continuesthehappinessofthis！
　　ItistheChristianreligionthat，inspiteoftheextentoftheempireandtheinfluenceoftheclimate，hashindereddespoticpowerfrombeingestablishedinEthiopia，andhascarriedintotheheartofAfricathemannersandlawsofEurope。
　　TheheirtotheempireofEthiopia[2]enjoysaprincipalityandgivestoothersubjectsanexampleofloveandobedience。NotfarthencemayweseetheMahometanshuttingupthechildrenoftheKingofSennar，atwhosedeaththecouncilsendstomurderthem，infavouroftheprincewhomountsthethrone。
　　Letussetbeforeoureyes，ontheonehand，thecontinualmassacresofthekingsandgeneralsoftheGreeksandRomans，and，ontheother，thedestructionofpeopleandcitiesbythosefamousconquerorsTimurBegandJenghizKhan，whoravagedAsia，andweshallseethatweowetoChristianity，ingovernment，acertainpoliticallaw；andinwar，acertainlawofnations——benefitswhichhumannaturecanneversufficientlyacknowledge。
　　Itisowingtothislawofnationsthatamongusvictoryleavesthesegreatadvantagestotheconquered，life，liberty，laws，wealth，andalwaysreligion，whentheconquerorisnotblindtohisowninterest。
　　WemaytrulysaythatthepeopleofEuropearenotatpresentmoredisunitedthanthepeopleandthearmies，oreventhearmiesamongthemselveswere，undertheRomanempirewhenithadbecomeadespoticandmilitarygovernment。Ontheonehand，thearmiesengagedinwaragainsteachother，and，ontheother，theypillagedthecities，anddividedorconfiscatedthelands。
　　4。ConsequencesfromtheCharacteroftheChristianReligion，andthatoftheMahometan。FromthecharactersoftheChristianandMahometanreligions，weought，withoutanyfurtherexamination，toembracetheoneandrejecttheother：foritismucheasiertoprovethatreligionoughttohumanisethemannersofmenthanthatanyparticularreligionistrue。
　　Itisamisfortunetohumannaturewhenreligionisgivenbyaconqueror。TheMahometanreligion，whichspeaksonlybythesword，actsstilluponmenwiththatdestructivespiritwithwhichitwasfounded。
　　ThehistoryofSabbaco，[3]oneofthepastoralkingsofEgypt，isveryextraordinary。ThetutelargodofThebes，appearingtohiminadream，orderedhimtoputtodeathallthepriestsofEgypt。Hejudgedthatthegodsweredispleasedathisbeingonthethrone，sincetheycommandedhimtocommitanactioncontrarytotheirordinarypleasure；andthereforeheretiredintoEthiopia。
　　5。ThattheCatholicReligionismostagreeabletoaMonarchy，andtheProtestanttoaRepublic。Whenareligionisintroducedandfixedinastate，itiscommonlysuchasismostsuitabletotheplanofgovernmentthereestablished；forthosewhoreceiveit，andthosewhoarethecauseofitsbeingreceived，havescarcelyanyotherideaofpolicythanthatofthestateinwhichtheywereborn。
　　WhentheChristianreligion，twocenturiesago，becameunhappilydividedintoCatholicandProtestant，thepeopleofthenorthembracedtheProtestant，andthoseofthesouthadheredstilltotheCatholic。
　　Thereasonisplain：thepeopleofthenorthhave，andwillforeverhave，aspiritoflibertyandindependence，whichthepeopleofthesouthhavenot；andthereforeareligionwhichhasnovisibleheadismoreagreeabletotheindependenceoftheclimatethanthatwhichhasone。
　　InthecountriesthemselveswheretheProtestantreligionbecameestablished，therevolutionsweremadepursuanttotheseveralplansofpoliticalgovernment。Lutherhavinggreatprincesonhissidewouldneverhavebeenabletomakethemrelishanecclesiasticalauthoritythathadnoexteriorpre—eminence；whileCalvin，havingtodowithpeoplewholivedunderrepublicangovernments，orwithobscurecitizensinmonarchies，mightverywellavoidestablishingdignitiesandpreferments。
　　Eachofthesetworeligionswasbelievedtobeperfect；theCalvinistjudginghismostconformabletowhatChristhadsaid，andtheLutherantowhattheApostleshadpractised。
　　6。AnotherofM。Bayle’sParadoxes。M。Bayle，afterhavingabusedallreligions，endeavourstosullyChristianity：heboldlyassertsthattrueChristianscannotformagovernmentofanyduration。Whynot？Citizensofthisprofessionbeinginfinitelyenlightenedwithrespecttothevariousdutiesoflife，andhavingthewarmestzealtofulfilthem，mustbeperfectlysensibleoftherightsofnaturaldefence。Themoretheybelievethemselvesindebtedtoreligion，themoretheywouldthinkduetotheircountry。TheprinciplesofChristianity，deeplyengravedontheheart，wouldbeinfinitelymorepowerfulthanthefalsehonourofmonarchies，thanthehumanevirtuesofrepublics，ortheservilefearofdespoticstates。
　　ItisastonishingthatthisgreatmanshouldnotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheordersfortheestablishmentofChristianityandChristianityitself；andthatheshouldbeliabletobechargedwithnotknowingthespiritofhisownreligion。Whenthelegislator，insteadoflaws，hasgivencounsels，thisisbecauseheknewthatifthesecounselswereordainedaslawstheywouldbecontrarytothespiritofthelawsthemselves。
　　7。OftheLawsofPerfectioninReligion。Humanlaws，madetodirectthewill，oughttogiveprecepts，andnotcounsels；religion，madetoinfluencetheheart，shouldgivemanycounsels，andfewprecepts。
　　When，forinstance，itgivesrules，notforwhatisgood，butforwhatisbetter；nottodirecttowhatisright，buttowhatisperfect，itisexpedientthattheseshouldbecounsels，andnotlaws：forperfectioncanhavenorelationtotheuniversalityofmenorthings。Besides，ifthesewerelaws，therewouldbeanecessityforaninfinitenumberofothers，tomakepeopleobservethefirst。CelibacywasadvisedbyChristianity；whentheymadeitalawinrespecttoacertainorderofmen，itbecamenecessarytomakenewoneseveryday，inordertoobligethosementoobserveit。[4]Thelegislatorweariedhimself，andheweariedsociety，tomakemenexecutebypreceptwhatthosewholoveperfectionwouldhaveexecutedascounsel。
　　8。OftheConnectionbetweenthemoralLawsandthoseofReligion。InacountrysounfortunateastohaveareligionthatGodhasnotrevealed，itisnecessaryforittobeagreeabletomorality；becauseevenafalsereligionisthebestsecuritywecanhaveoftheprobityofmen。
　　TheprincipalpointsofreligionoftheinhabitantsofPegu[5]are，nottocommitmurder，nottosteal，toavoiduncleanliness，nottogivetheleastuneasinesstotheirneighbour，buttodohim，onthecontrary，allthegoodintheirpower。Withtheserulestheythinktheyshouldbesavedinanyreligionwhatsoever。Henceitproceedsthatthosepeople，thoughpoorandproud，behavewithgentlenessandcompassiontotheunhappy。
　　9。OftheEssenes。TheEssenes[6]madeavowtoobservejusticetomankind，todonoilltoanyperson，uponwhatsoeveraccount，tokeepfaithwithalltheworld，tohateinjustice，tocommandwithmodesty，alwaystosidewithtruth，andtoflyfromallunlawfulgain。
　　10。OftheSectofStoics。Theseveralsectsofphilosophyamongtheancientswereaspeciesofreligion。Neverwereanyprinciplesmoreworthyofhumannature，andmorepropertoformthegoodman，thanthoseoftheStoics；andifIcouldforamomentceasetothinkthatIamaChristian，IshouldnotbeabletohindermyselffromrankingthedestructionofthesectofZenoamongthemisfortunesthathavebefallenthehumanrace。
　　Itcarriedtoexcessonlythosethingsinwhichthereistruegreatness——thecontemptofpleasureandofpain。
　　Itwasthissectalonethatmadecitizens；thisalonethatmadegreatmen；thisalonegreatemperors。
　　Layingasideforamomentrevealedtruths，letussearchthroughallnature，andweshallnotfindanoblerobjectthantheAntoninuses；evenJulianhimself——Julian（acommendationthuswrestedfrommewillnotrendermeanaccompliceofhisapostasy）——no，therehasnotbeenaprincesincehisreignmoreworthytogovernmankind。