atfourpercentamonth，[59]andobtainedforthatpurposetwoSenatusConsulta；intheformerofwhichitwasexpresslymentionedthatthisloanshouldnotbeconsideredasanevasionofthelaw，[60]andthatthegovernorofSicilyshoulddetermineaccordingtothestipulationsmentionedinthebondoftheSalaminians。
　　AslendinguponinterestwasforbiddenbytheGabinianlawbetweenprovincialsandRomancitizens，andthelatteratthattimehadallthemoneyoftheglobeintheirhands，therewasanecessityfortemptingthemwiththebaitofextravagantinterest，totheendthattheavariciousmightthuslosesightofthedangeroflosingtheirmoney。
　　AndastheyweremenofgreatpowerinRome，whoawedthemagistratesandoverruledthelaws，theywereemboldenedtolend，andtoextortgreatusury。HencetheprovincesweresuccessivelyravagedbyeveryonewhohadanycreditinRome：andaseachgovernor，atenteringuponhisprovince，publishedhisedict[61]whereinhefixedtherateofinterestinwhatmannerhepleased，thelegislatureplayedintothehandsofavarice，andthelatterservedthemeanpurposesofthelegislator。
　　Butthepublicbusinessmustbecarriedon；andwhereveratotalinactionobtains，thestateisundone。Onsomeoccasionsthetowns，thecorporatebodiesandsocieties，aswellasprivatepeople，wereunderthenecessityofborrowing——anecessitybuttoourgent，wereitonlytorepairtheravagesofarmies，therapacityofmagistrates，theextortionsofcollectors，andthecorruptpracticesdailyintroduced；
　　forneverwasthereatoneperiodsomuchpovertyandopulence。Thesenate，beingpossessedoftheexecutivepower，granted，throughnecessity，andoftentimesthroughfavour，apermissionofborrowingfromRomancitizens，soastoenactdecreesforthatparticularpurpose。Buteventhesedecreeswerediscreditedbythelaw；fortheymightgiveoccasiontothepeople’sinsistinguponnewratesofinterest，whichwouldaugmentthedangeroflosingthecapital，whiletheymadeafurtherextensionofusury。[62]Ishalleverrepeatit，thatmankindaregovernednotbyextremes，butbyprinciplesofmoderation。
　　Hepaysleast，saysUlpian，whopayslatest。[63]Thisdecidesthequestionwhetherinterestbelawful；thatis，whetherthecreditorcanselltime，andthedebtorbuyit。
　　______
　　1。ThesaltmadeuseofforthispurposeinAbyssiniahasthisdefect，thatitiscontinuallywastingaway。
　　2。Herodotus，Bk。i，tellsusthattheLydiansfoundouttheartofcoiningmoney；theGreekslearneditfromthem：theAtheniancoinhadtheimpressionoftheirancientox。IhaveseenoneofthosepiecesintheEarlofPembroke’scabinet。
　　3。ItisanancientcustominAlgiersforthefatherofafamilytohaveatreasureconcealedintheearth。——LaugierdeTassis，HistoryoftheKingdomofAlgiers。
　　4。C？sar，DeBelloCiv。，iii。
　　5。Tacitus，Annals，vi。17。
　　6。TheLawsoftheSaxons，18。
　　7。Seechapter12ofthisbook。
　　8。Supposingamarkofeightouncesofsilvertobeworthforty—ninelivres，andcoppertwentysolsperpound。
　　9。HistoryoftheCivilWarsoftheSpaniardsintheWestIndies。
　　10。InFrance，Law’sprojectwascalledbythisname。
　　11。Socrates，HistoryoftheChurch，ii。17。
　　12。Thereismuchspecieinaplacewhenthereismorespeciethanpaper；thereislittle，whenthereismorepaperthanspecie。
　　13。Withtheexpensesofcarriageandinsurancededucted。
　　14。In1744。
　　15。Seebookxx。23。
　　16。Pliny，NaturalHistory，xxxiii，art。13。
　　17。Ibid。
　　18。Theyreceivedtenouncesofcopperfortwenty。
　　19。Theyreceivedsixteenouncesofcopperfortwenty。
　　20。Pliny，xxxiii，art。5。
　　21。Freinshemius，dec。2，v。
　　22。Ibid。Theystruckalso，saysthesameauthor，halfdenarii，calledquinarii；andquarters，calledsesterces。
　　23。Aneighth，accordingtoBud？us；accordingtootherauthors，aseventh。
　　24。Pliny，NaturalHistory，xxxiii，art。13。
　　25。Ibid。
　　26。SeeFatherJoubert，ScienceofMedals，p。59，Paris，1739。
　　27。ExtractofVirtuesandVices。
　　28。SeeSavote，partII，12，andLeJournaldesSavantsofthe28thofJuly，1681，onadiscoveryoffiftythousandmedals。
　　29。SeeSavote，ibid。
　　30。Ibid。
　　31。Chapter21。
　　32。England。
　　33。Wedonotspeakhereofgoldandsilverconsideredasamerchandise。
　　34。Tacitus，Annals，vi。16。
　　35。UsuryandinterestamongtheRomanssignifiedthesamething。
　　36。SeeDionysiusHalicarnassus，whohasdescribeditsowell。
　　37。Usur？semisses，trientes，quadrantes。Seetheseveraltitlesofthedigestsandcodesonusury，andespeciallyLeg。17，withthenote，ff。
　　deusuris。
　　38。SeeAppius’sspeechonthissubject，inDionysiusHalicarnassus，v。
　　39。Annals，vi。16。
　　40。IntheyearofRome388。——Livy，vi。25。
　　41。Unciariausura。——Ibid。，vii。16。
　　42。Annals，vi。16。
　　43。UndertheconsulateofL。ManliusTorquatusandC。Plautius，accordingtoLivy，vii。27。ThisisthelawmentionedbyTacitus，Annals，vi。
　　44。Semiunciariausura。
　　45。AsTacitussays。Annals，vi。
　　46。ThislawwaspassedattheinstanceofM。Genucius，tribuneofthepeople。——Livy，vii，towardstheend。
　　47。Verterijammorefoenusreceptumerat。——Appian。OntheCivilWar，i。
　　48。Permisiteoslegibusagere。——Ibid。；andtheEpitomeofLivy，lxiv。
　　49。IntheyearofRome663。
　　50。Bookxi。19。
　　51。LetterstoAtticus，v。21。
　　52。Livy，xxxv。7。
　　53。Ibid。
　　54。Intheyear561ofRome。——SeeLivy，xxv。7。
　　55。Annals，vi。16。
　　56。Intheyear615ofRome。
　　57。SeeLetterstoAtticus，iv。15，16。
　　58。Ibid。，vi。i。
　　59。Pompeyhavinglent600talentstoKingAriobarzanes，madethatprincepayhimthirtyAttictalentseverythirtydays。——Ibid。，v。21，vi。1。
　　60。UtnequeSalaminiis，nequecuieisdedisset，fraudiesset。——Ibid。
　　61。Cicero’sedictfixedittoonepercentamonth，withinterestuponinterestattheexpirationoftheyear。Withregardtothefarmersoftherepublic，heengagedthemtograntarespitetotheirdebtors；ifthelatterdidnotpayatthetimefixed，heawardedtheinterestmentionedinthebond。——Ibid。，vi。1。
　　62。SeewhatLucretiussays，inthe21stlettertoAtticus，v。TherewasevenageneralSenatusConsultum，tofixtherateofinterestatonepercentpermonth。Seethesameletter。
　　63。Leg。12，ff。deverb。signif。
　　BookXXIII。OfLawsintheRelationTheyBeartotheNumberofInhabitants1。OfMenandAnimalswithrespecttotheMultiplicationoftheirSpecies。
　　Delightofhumankind，[1]andgodsabove；
　　ParentofRome，propitiousQueenofLove；
　　Forwhentherisingspringadornsthemead，Andanewsceneofnaturestandsdisplay’d；
　　Whenteemingbuds，andcheerfulgreensappear，Andwesterngalesunlockthelazyyear；
　　Thejoyousbirdsthywelcomefirstexpress，Whosenativesongsthygenialfireconfess：
　　Thensavagebeastsboundo’ertheirslightedfood，Struckwiththydarts，andtempttheragingflood：
　　Allnatureisthygift，earth，air，andsea；
　　Ofallthatbreathesthevariousprogeny，Stungwithdelight，isgoadedonbythee。
　　O’erbarrenmountains，o’ertheflow’ryplain，Theleafyforest，andtheliquidmain，Extendsthyuncontroll’dandboundlessreign。
　　Thro’allthelivingregionsthoudostmove，Andscatter’stwherethougo’stthekindlyseedsoflove。
　　Thefemalesofbruteshaveanalmostconstantfecundity。Butinthehumanspecies，themannerofthinking，thecharacter，thepassions，thehumour，thecaprice，theideaofpreservingbeauty，thepainofchild—bearing，andthefatigueofatoonumerousfamily，obstructpropagationinathousanddifferentways。
　　2。OfMarriage。Thenaturalobligationofthefathertoprovideforhischildrenhasestablishedmarriage，whichmakesknownthepersonwhooughttofulfilthisobligation。Thepeople[2]mentionedbyPomponiusMela[3]hadnootherwayofdiscoveringhimbutbyresemblance。
　　Amongcivilisednations，thefatheristhatpersononwhomthelaws，bytheceremonyofmarriage，havefixedthisduty，becausetheyfindinhimthemantheywant。[4]
　　Amongbrutesthisisanobligationwhichthemothercangenerallyperform；butitismuchmoreextensiveamongmen。Theirchildrenindeedhavereason；butthiscomesonlybyslowdegrees。Itisnotsufficienttonourishthem；wemustalsodirectthem：theycanalreadylive；buttheycannotgovernthemselves。
　　Illicitconjunctionscontributebutlittletothepropagationofthespecies。Thefather，whoisunderanaturalobligationtonourishandeducatehischildren，isnotthenfixed；andthemother，withwhomtheobligationremains，findsathousandobstaclesfromshame，remorse，theconstraintofhersex，andtherigouroflaws；andbesides，shegenerallywantsthemeans。
　　Womenwhohavesubmittedtopublicprostitutioncannothavetheconvenienceofeducatingtheirchildren：thetroubleofeducationisincompatiblewiththeirstation；andtheyaresocorruptthattheycanhavenoprotectionfromthelaw。
　　Itfollowsfromallthisthatpubliccontinenceisnaturallyconnectedwiththepropagationofthespecies。
　　3。OftheConditionofChildren。Itisadictateofreasonthatwhenthereisamarriage，childrenshouldfollowthestationorconditionofthefather；andthatwhenthereisnot，theycanbelongtothemotheronly。[5]
　　4。OfFamilies。Itisalmosteverywhereacustomforthewifetopassintothefamilyofthehusband。ThecontraryiswithoutanyinconvenienceestablishedatFormosa，[6]wherethehusbandentersintothefamilyofthewife。
　　Thislaw，whichfixesthefamilyinasuccessionofpersonsofthesamesex，greatlycontributes，independentlyofthefirstmotives，tothepropagationofthehumanspecies。Thefamilyisakindofproperty：amanwhohaschildrenofasexwhichdoesnotperpetuateitisneversatisfiedifhehasnotthosewhocanrenderitperpetual。
　　Names，wherebymenacquireanideaofathingwhichonewouldimagineoughtnottoperish，areextremelypropertoinspireeveryfamilywithadesireofextendingitsduration。Therearepeopleamongwhomnamesdistinguishfamilies：thereareotherswheretheyonlydistinguishpersons：thelatterhavenotthesameadvantageastheformer。
　　5。OftheseveralOrdersoflawfulWives。Lawsandreligionsometimesestablishmanykindsofcivilconjunctions；andthisisthecaseamongtheMahometans，wherethereareseveralordersofwives，thechildrenofwhomaredistinguishedbybeingborninthehouse，bycivilcontracts，orevenbytheslaveryofthemother，andthesubsequentacknowledgmentofthefather。
　　Itwouldbecontrarytoreasonthatthelawshouldstigmatisethechildrenforwhatitapprovedinthefather。Allthesechildrenought，therefore，tosucceed，atleastifsomeparticularreasondoesnotopposeit，asinJapan，wherenoneinheritbutthechildrenofthewifegivenbytheemperor。Theirpolicydemandsthatthegiftsoftheemperorshouldnotbetoomuchdivided，becausetheysubjectthemtoakindofservice，likethatofourancientfiefs。
　　Therearecountrieswhereawifeofthesecondrankenjoysnearlythesamehonoursinafamilyasinourpartoftheworldaregrantedtoanonlyconsort：therethechildrenofconcubinesaredeemedtobelongtothefirstorprincipalwife。ThusitisalsoestablishedinChina。
　　Filialrespect，[7]andtheceremonyofdeepmourning，arenotduetothenaturalmother，buttoherappointedbythelaw。
　　Bymeansofthisfictiontheyhavenobastardchildren；andwheresuchafictiondoesnottakeplace，itisobviousthatalawtolegitimatizethechildrenofconcubinesmustbeconsideredasanactofviolence，asthebulkofthenationwouldbestigmatisedbysuchadecree。Neitheristhereanyregulationinthosecountrieswithregardtochildrenborninadultery。Therecluselivesofwomen，thelocks，theinclosures，andtheeunuchsrenderallinfidelitytotheirhusbandssodifficult，thatthelawjudgesitimpossible。Besides，thesameswordwouldexterminatethemotherandthechild。
　　6。OfBastardsindifferentGovernments。Theyhavethereforenosuchthingasbastardswherepolygamyispermitted；thisdisgraceisknownonlyincountriesinwhichamanisallowedtomarrybutonewife。Heretheywereobligedtostampamarkofinfamyuponconcubinage，andconsequentlytheywereunderanecessityofstigmatisingtheissueofsuchunlawfulconjunctions。
　　Inrepublics，whereitisnecessarythatthereshouldbethepurestmorals，bastardsoughttobemoredegradedthaninmonarchies。
　　ThelawsmadeagainstthematRomewereperhapstoosevere；butastheancientinstitutionslaidallthecitizensunderanecessityofmarrying，andasmarriageswerealsosoftenedbythepermissiontorepudiateormakeadivorce，nothingbutanextremecorruptionofmannerscouldleadthemtoconcubinage。
　　Itisobservablethatasthequalityofacitizenwasaveryconsiderablethinginademocraticgovernment，whereitcarriedwithitthesovereignpower，theyfrequentlymadelawsinrespecttothestateofbastards，whichhadlessrelationtothethingitselfandtothehonestyofmarriagethantotheparticularconstitutionoftherepublic。
　　Thusthepeoplehavesometimesadmittedbastardsintothenumberofcitizens，inordertoincreasetheirpowerinoppositiontothegreat。[8]ThustheAtheniansexcludedbastardsfromtheprivilegeofbeingcitizens，thattheymightpossessagreatershareofthecornsentthembytheKingofEgypt。Infine，Aristotleinformsusthatinmanycitieswheretherewasnotasufficientnumberofcitizens，theirbastardssucceededtotheirpossessions；andthatwhentherewasapropernumber，theydidnotinherit。[9]
　　7。OftheFather’sConsenttoMarriage。Theconsentoffathersisfoundedontheirauthority，thatis，ontherightofproperty。Itisalsofoundedontheirlove，ontheirreason，andontheuncertaintyofthatoftheirchildren，whomyouthconfinesinastateofignoranceandpassioninastateofebriety。
　　Inthesmallrepublics，orsingularinstitutionsalreadymentioned，theymighthavelawswhichgavetomagistratesthatrightofinspectionoverthemarriagesofthechildrenofcitizenswhichnaturehadalreadygiventofathers。Theloveofthepublicmightthereequalorsurpassallotherlove。ThusPlatowouldhavemarriagesregulatedbythemagistrates：thistheLaced？monianmagistratesperformed。
　　Butincommoninstitutions，fathershavethedisposaloftheirchildreninmarriage：theirprudenceinthisrespectisalwayssupposedtobesuperiortothatofastranger。Naturegivestofathersadesireofprocuringsuccessorstotheirchildren，whentheyhavealmostlostthedesireofenjoymentthemselves。Intheseveraldegreesofprogeniture，theyseethemselvesinsensiblyadvancingtoakindofimmortality。Butwhatmustbedone，ifoppressionandavaricearisetosuchaheightastousurpalltheauthorityoffathers？LetushearwhatThomasGagesaysinregardtotheconductoftheSpaniardsintheWestIndies。[10]
　　"Accordingtothenumberofthesonsanddaughtersthataremarriageable，thefather’stributeisraisedandincreased，untiltheyprovidehusbandsandwivesfortheirsonsanddaughters，who，assoonastheyaremarried，arechargedwithtribute；which，thatitmayincrease，theywillsuffernoneabovefifteenyearsofagetoliveunmarried。Nay，thesettimeofmarriageappointedfortheIndiansisatfourteenyearsfortheman，andthirteenforthewoman；allegingthattheyaresoonerripeforthefruitofwedlock，andsoonerripeinknowledgeandmalice，andstrengthforworkandservice，thananyotherpeople。Nay，sometimestheyforcethosetomarrywhoarescarcelytwelveandthirteenyearsofage，iftheyfindthemwell—limbedandstronginbody，explainingapointofoneofthecanons，whichallowethfourteenandfifteenyears。
　　Nisimalitiasuppleat？tatem。"
　　Hesawalistofthesetaken。Itwas，sayshe，amostshamefulaffair。
　　Thusinanactionwhichoughttobethemostfree，theIndiansarethegreatestslaves。
　　8。ThesameSubjectcontinued。InEnglandthelawisfrequentlyabusedbythedaughtersmarryingaccordingtotheirownfancywithoutconsultingtheirparents。Thiscustomis，Iamapttoimagine，moretoleratedtherethananywhereelsefromaconsiderationthatasthelawshavenotestablishedamonasticcelibacy，thedaughtershavenootherstatetochoosebutthatofmarriage，andthistheycannotrefuse。InFrance，onthecontrary，youngwomenhavealwaystheresourceofcelibacy；andthereforethelawwhichordainsthattheyshallwaitfortheconsentoftheirfathersmaybemoreagreeable。InthislightthecustomofItalyandSpainmustbelessrational；conventsarethereestablished，andyettheymaymarrywithouttheconsentoftheirfathers。
　　9。OfyoungWomen。Youngwomenwhoareconductedbymarriagealonetolibertyandpleasure，whohaveamindwhichdaresnotthink，aheartwhichdaresnotfeel，eyeswhichdarenotsee，earswhichdarenothear，whoappearonlytoshowthemselvessilly，condemnedwithoutintermissiontotriflesandprecepts，havesufficientinducementstoleadthemontomarriage：itistheyoungmenthatwanttobeencouraged。
　　10。WhatitisthatdeterminesMarriage。Whereveraplaceisfoundinwhichtwopersonscanlivecommodiously，theretheyenterintomarriage。
　　Naturehasasufficientpropensitytoit，whenunrestrainedbythedifficultyofsubsistence。
　　Arisingpeopleincreaseandmultiplyextremely。Thisis，becausewiththemitwouldbeagreatinconveniencetoliveincelibacy；andnonetohavemanychildren。Thecontraryofwhichisthecasewhenanationisformed。
　　11。OftheSeverityofGovernment。Menwhohaveabsolutelynothing，suchasbeggars，havemanychildren。Thisproceedsfromtheirbeinginthecaseofarisingpeople：itcoststhefathernothingtogivehishearttohisoffspring，whoevenintheirinfancyaretheinstrumentsofthisart。Thesepeoplemultiplyinarichorsuperstitiouscountry，becausetheydonotsupporttheburdenofsociety，butarethemselvestheburden。Butmenwhoarepoor，onlybecausetheyliveunderaseveregovernment；whoregardtheirfieldslessasthesourceoftheirsubsistencethanasacauseofvexation；thesemen，Isay，havefewchildren：theyhavenotevensubsistenceforthemselves。Howthencantheythinkofdividingit？Theyareunabletotakecareoftheirownpersonswhentheyaresick。Howthencantheyattendtothewantsofcreatureswhoseinfancyisacontinualsickness？
　　Itispretendedbysomewhoareapttotalkofthingswhichtheyhaveneverexaminedthatthegreaterthepovertyofthesubjects，themorenumeroustheirfamilies：thatthemoretheyareloadedwithtaxes，themoreindustriouslytheyendeavourtoputthemselvesinastationinwhichtheywillbeabletopaythem：twosophisms，whichhavealwaysdestroyedandwillforeverbethedestructionofmonarchies。
　　Theseverityofgovernmentmaybecarriedtosuchanextremeastomakethenaturalsentimentsdestructiveofthenaturalsentimentsthemselves。
　　WouldthewomenofAmericahaverefusedtobearchildrenhadtheirmastersbeenlesscruel？[11]
　　12。OftheNumberofMalesandFemalesindifferentCountries。IhavealreadyobservedthatthereareborninEuroperathermoreboysthangirls。[12]IthasbeenremarkedthatinJapantherearebornrathermoregirlsthanboys：[13]allthingscompared，theremustbemorefruitfulwomeninJapanthaninEurope，andconsequentlyitmustbemorepopulous。
　　WeareinformedthatatBantamtherearetengirlstooneboy。[14]A
　　disproportionlikethismustcausethenumberoffamiliestheretobetothenumberofthoseofotherclimatesas1to51/2whichisaprodigiousdifference。Theirfamiliesmaybemuchlargerindeed；buttheremustbefewmenincircumstancessufficienttoprovideforsolargeafamily。
　　13。OfSeaportTowns。Inseaporttowns，wheremenexposethemselvestoathousanddangers，andgoabroadtoliveordieindistantclimates，therearefewermenthanwomen：andyetweseemorechildrentherethaninotherplaces。Thisproceedsfromthegreatereasewithwhichtheyprocurethemeansofsubsistence。Perhapseventheoilypartsoffisharemorepropertofurnishthatmatterwhichcontributestogeneration。
　　ThismaybeoneofthecausesoftheinfinitenumberofpeopleinJapan[15]andChina，[16]wheretheylivealmostwhollyonfish。[17]Ifthisbethecase，certainmonasticrules，whichobligethemonkstoliveonfish，mustbecontrarytothespiritofthelegislatorhimself。
　　14。OftheProductionsoftheEarthwhichrequireagreaterorlessNumberofMen。Pasture—landsarebutlittlepeopled，becausetheyfindemploymentonlyforafew。Corn—landsemployagreatmanymen，andvineyardsinfinitelymore。
　　IthasbeenafrequentcomplaintinEngland[18]thattheincreaseofpasture—landdiminishedtheinhabitants；andithasbeenobservedinFrancethattheprodigiousnumberofvineyardsisoneofthegreatcausesofthemultitudeofpeople。
　　Thosecountrieswherecoal—pitsfurnishapropersubstanceforfuelhavethisadvantageoverothers，thatnothavingthesameoccasionforforests，thelandsmaybecultivated。
　　Incountriesproductiveofrice，theyareatvastpainsinwateringtheland：agreatnumberofmenmustthereforebeemployed。Besides，thereislesslandrequiredtofurnishsubsistenceforafamilythaninthosewhichproduceotherkindsofgrain。Infine，thelandwhichiselsewhereemployedinraisingcattleservesimmediatelyforthesubsistenceofman；andthelabourwhichinotherplacesisperformedbycattleisthereperformedbymen；sothatthecultureofthesoilbecomestomananimmensemanufacture。
　　15。OftheNumberofInhabitantswithrelationtotheArts。Whenthereisanagrarianlaw，andthelandsareequallydivided，thecountrymaybeextremelywellpeopled，thoughtherearebutfewarts；becauseeverycitizenreceivesfromthecultivationofhislandwhateverisnecessaryforhissubsistence，andallthecitizenstogetherconsumeallthefruitsoftheearth。Thusitwasinsomerepublics。
　　Inourpresentsituation，inwhichlandsareunequallydistributed，theyproducemuchmorethanthosewhocultivatethemareabletoconsume；ifthearts，therefore，shouldbeneglected，andnothingmindedbutagriculture，thecountrycouldnotbepeopled。Thosewhocultivate，oremployotherstocultivate，havingcorntospare，nothingwouldengagethemtoworkthefollowingyear；thefruitsoftheearthwouldnotbeconsumedbytheindolent；forthesewouldhavenothingwithwhichtheycouldpurchasethem。Itisnecessary，then，thattheartsshouldbeestablished，inorderthattheproduceofthelandmaybeconsumedbythelabourerandtheartificer。Inaword，itisnowproperthatmanyshouldcultivatemuchmorethanisnecessaryfortheirownuse。Forthispurposetheymusthaveadesireofenjoyingsuperfluities；andthesetheycanreceiveonlyfromtheartificer。
　　Themachinesdesignedtoabridgeartarenotalwaysuseful。Ifapieceofworkmanshipisofamoderateprice，suchasisequallyagreeabletothemakerandthebuyer，thosemachineswhichwouldrenderthemanufacturemoresimple，or，inotherwords，diminishthenumberofworkmen，wouldbepernicious。Andifwater—millswerenoteverywhereestablished，Ishouldnothavebelievedthemsousefulasispretended，becausetheyhavedeprivedaninfinitemultitudeoftheiremployment，avastnumberofpersonsoftheuseofwater，andgreatpartofthelandofitsfertility。