ButtheEgyptiankings，beingmastersoftheIsleofCyprus，ofPhoenicia，andofagreatnumberoftownsonthecoastofAsiaMinor，werepossessedofallsortsofconveniencesforundertakingmaritimeexpeditions。Theyhadnooccasiontoforce；theyhadonlytofollowthegeniusandbentoftheirsubjects。
　　Iamsurprised，Iconfess，attheobstinacywithwhichtheancientsbelievedthattheCaspianSeawasapartoftheocean。TheexpeditionsofAlexander，ofthekingsofSyria，oftheParthiansandtheRomans，couldnotmakethemchangetheirsentiments；notwithstandingthesenationsdescribedtheCaspianSeawithwonderfulexactness：butmenaregenerallytenaciousoftheirerrors。Whenonlythesouthofthisseawasknown，itwasatfirsttakenfortheocean；inproportionastheyadvancedalongthebanksofthenortherncoast，insteadofimaginingitagreatlake，theystillbelievedittobetheocean，thatheremadeasortofbay：surveyingthecoast，theirdiscoveriesneverwenteastwardbeyondtheJaxartes，norwestwardfartherthantheextremityofAlbania。
　　Theseatowardsthenorthwasshallow，andofcourseveryunfitfornavigation。[55]Henceitwasthattheyalwayslookeduponthisastheocean。
　　ThelandarmyofAlexanderhadbeenintheeastonlyasfarastheHypanis，whichisthelastofthoseriversthatfallintotheIndus：
　　thusthefirsttradewhichtheGreekscarriedonwiththeIndieswasconfinedtoaverysmallpartofthecountry。SeleucusNicatorpenetratedasfarastheGanges，andtherebydiscoveredtheseaintowhichthisriverfalls，thatistosay，theBayofBengal。[56]Themodernsdiscovercountriesbyvoyagesatsea；theancientsdiscoveredseasbyconquestsatland。
　　Strabo，[57]notwithstandingthetestimonyofApollodorus，seemstodoubtwhethertheGreciankingsofBactriaproceededfartherthanSeleucusandAlexander。[58]WereiteventruethattheywentnofarthertotheeastthanSeleucus，yettheywentfarthertowardsthesouth；theydiscoveredSiger，andtheportsonthecoastofMalabar，whichgaverisetothenavigationIamgoingtomention。[59]
　　PlinyinformsusthatthenavigationoftheIndieswassuccessivelycarriedoninthreedifferentways。[60]AtfirsttheysailedfromtheCapeofSiagretotheislandofPatalena，whichisatthemouthoftheIndus。ThiswefindwasthecoursethatAlexander’sfleetsteeredtotheIndies。Theytookafterwardsashorterandmorecertaincourse，bysailingfromthesamecapeorpromontorytoSiger：[61]thiscanbenootherthanthekingdomofSigermentionedbyStrabo，[62]anddiscoveredbytheGreciankingsofBactria。Pliny，bysayingthatthiswaywasshorterthantheother，canmeanonlythatthevoyagewasmadeinlesstime：for，asSigerwasdiscoveredbythekingsofBactria，itmusthavebeenfartherthantheIndus：bythispassagetheymustthereforehaveavoidedthewindingofcertaincoasts，andtakenadvantageofparticularwinds。Themerchantsatlasttookathirdway；theysailedtoCanes，orOcelis，portssituatedattheentranceoftheRedSea；whencebyawestwindtheyarrivedatMuziris，thefirststapletownoftheIndies，andthencetotheotherports。HereweseethatinsteadofsailingtothemouthoftheRedSeaasfarasSiagre，bycoastingArabiaFelixtothenorth—east，theysteereddirectlyfromwesttoeast，fromonesidetotheother，bymeansofthemonsoons，whoseregularcoursetheydiscoveredbysailingintheselatitudes。Theancientsneverlostsightofthecoasts，exceptwhentheytookadvantageoftheseandthetrade—winds，whichweretothemakindofcompass。[63]
　　Pliny[64]saysthattheysetsailfortheIndiesinthemiddleofsummerandreturnedtowardstheendofDecember，orinthebeginningofJanuary。Thisisentirelyconformabletoournavaljournals。InthatpartoftheIndianOceanwhichisbetweenthePeninsulaofAfrica，andthatonthissidetheGanges，therearetwomonsoons；thefirst，duringwhichthewindsblowfromwesttoeast，beginsinthemonthofAugustorSeptember；andthesecond，duringwhichthewindisintheeast，beginsinJanuary。ThuswesetsailfromAfricaforMalabarattheseasonoftheyearthatPtolemy’sfleetusedtoputtoseathence；andwereturntooatthesametimeasthey。
　　Alexander’sfleetwassevenmonthsinsailingfromPatalatoSusa。ItsetoutinthemonthofJuly，thatis，ataseasonwhennoshipdarenowputtoseatoreturnfromtheIndies。Betweenthesetwomonsoonsthereisanintervalduringwhichthewindsvary；whenanorthwind，meetingwiththecommonwinds，raises，especiallynearthecoasts，themostterribletempests。ThesecontinueduringthemonthsofJune，July，andAugust。Alexander’sfleet，therefore，settingsailfromPatalainthemonthofJuly，musthavebeenexposedtomanystorms，andthevoyagemusthavebeenlong，becausetheysailedagainstthemonsoon。
　　PlinysaysthattheysetoutfortheIndiesattheendofsummer；thustheyspentthetimeproperfortakingadvantageofthemonsoonintheirpassagefromAlexandriatotheRedSea。
　　Observehere，Ipray，hownavigationhas，littlebylittle，arrivedatperfection。Darius’sfleetwastwoyearsandahalfinfallingdowntheIndusandgoingtotheRedSea。[65]AfterwardsthefleetofAlexander，[66]descendingtheIndus，arrivedatSusa，intenmonths，havingsailedthreemonthsontheIndus，andsevenontheIndianOcean；
　　atlastthepassagefromthecoastofMalabartotheRedSeawasmadeinfortydays。[67]
　　Strabo，[68]whoaccountsfortheirignoranceofthecountriesbetweentheHypanisandtheGanges，saystherewereveryfewofthosewhosailedfromEgypttotheIndiesthateverproceededsofarastheGanges。Theirfleets，infact，neverwentthither：theysailedwiththewesternmonsoonsfromthemouthoftheRedSeatothecoastofMalabar。Theycastanchorintheportsalongthatcoast，andneverattemptedtogetroundthepeninsulaonthissidetheGangesbyCapeComorinandthecoastofCoromandel。TheplanofnavigationlaiddownbythekingsofEgyptandtheRomanswastosetoutandreturnthesameyear。[69]
　　ThusitisdemonstrablethatthecommerceoftheGreeksandRomanstotheIndieswasmuchlessextensivethanours。Weknowimmensecountries，whichtothemwereentirelyunknown；wetrafficwithalltheIndiannations；weevenmanagetheirtradeandcarryontheircommerce。Butthiscommerceoftheancientswascarriedonwithfargreaterfacilitythanours。AndifthemodernsweretotradeonlywiththecoastofGuzeratandMalabar，and，withoutseekingforthesouthernisles，weresatisfiedwithwhattheseislandersbroughtthem，theywouldcertainlypreferthewayofEgypttothatoftheCapeofGoodHope。Straboinformsus[70]thattheytradedthuswiththepeopleofTaprobane。
　　10。OftheCircuitofAfrica。Wefindfromhistorythatbeforethediscoveryofthemariner’scompassfourattemptsweremadetosailroundthecoastofAfrica。ThePhoenicianssentbyNecho[71]andEudoxus，[72]
　　flyingfromthewrathofPtolemyLathyrus，setoutfromtheRedSea，andsucceeded。Sataspes[73]sentbyXerxes，andHannobytheCarthaginians，setoutfromthePillarsofHercules，andfailedintheattempt。
　　ThecapitalpointinsurroundingAfricawastodiscoveranddoubletheCapeofGoodHope。ThosewhosetoutfromtheRedSeafoundthiscapenearerbyhalfthanitwouldhavebeeninsettingoutfromtheMediterranean。TheshorefromtheRedSeaisnotsoshallowasthatfromthecapetoHercules’Pillars。[74]ThediscoveryofthecapebyHercules’Pillarswasowingtotheinventionofthecompass，whichpermittedthemtoleavethecoastofAfrica，andtolaunchoutintothevastocean，inordertosailtowardstheislandofSt。Helena，ortowardsthecoastofBrazil。[75]Itwas，therefore，possibleforthemtosailfromtheRedSeaintotheMediterranean，butnottosetoutfromtheMediterraneantoreturnbytheRedSea。
　　Thus，withoutmakingthisgrandcircuit，afterwhichtheycouldhardlyhopetoreturn，itwasmostnaturaltotradetotheeastofAfricabytheRedSea，andtothewesterncoastbyHercules’Pillars。
　　TheGreciankingsofEgyptdiscoveredatfirst，intheRedSea，thatpartofthecoastofAfricawhichextendsfromthebottomofthegulf，wherestandsthetownofHeroum，asfarasDira，thatis，tothestraitnowknownbythenameofBabelmandel。ThencetothepromontoryofAromatia，situateattheentranceoftheRedSea，[76]thecoasthadneverbeensurveyedbynavigators：andthisisevidentfromwhatArtemidorustellsus，[77]thattheywereacquaintedwiththeplacesonthatcoast，butknewnottheirdistances：thereasonofwhichis，theysuccessivelygainedaknowledgeofthoseportsbyland，withoutsailingfromonetotheother。
　　Beyondthispromontory，atwhichthecoastalongtheoceancommenced，theyknewnothing，aswelearnfromEratosthenesandArtemidorus。[78]
　　SuchwastheknowledgetheyhadofthecoastsofAfricainStrabo’stime，thatis，inthereignofAugustus。Butaftertheprince’sdecease，theRomansfoundoutthetwocapesRaptumandPrassum，ofwhichStrabomakesnomention，becausetheyhadnotasyetbeendiscovered。ItisplainthatboththosenamesareofRomanorigin。
　　Ptolemy，thegeographer，flourishedunderAdrianandAntoninusPius；andtheauthorofthePeriplusoftheRedSea，whoeverhewas，livedalittleafter。YettheformerlimitsknownAfricatoCapePrassum，[79]
　　whichisinaboutthe14thdegreeofsouthlatitude；whiletheauthorofthePeriplus[80]confinesittoCapeRaptum，whichisnearlyinthetenthdegreeofthesamelatitude。Inalllikelihoodthelattertookhislimitfromaplacethenfrequented，andPtolemyhisfromaplacewithwhichtherewasnolongeranycommunication。
　　WhatconfirmsmeinthisnotionisthatthepeopleaboutCapePrassumwereAnthropophagi。[81]Ptolemytakesnotice[82]ofagreatnumberofplacesbetweentheportoremporiumAromatumandCapeRaptum，butleavesanentireblankbetweenCapesRaptumandPrassum。ThegreatprofitsoftheEastIndiatrademusthaveoccasionedaneglectofthatofAfrica。
　　Infine，theRomansneverhadanysettlednavigation；theyhaddiscoveredtheseseveralportsbylandexpeditions，andbymeansofshipsdrivenonthatcoast；andasatpresentwearewellacquaintedwiththemaritimepartsofAfrica，butknowverylittleoftheinlandcountry，theancients，onthecontrary，hadaverygoodknowledgeoftheinlandparts，butwerealmoststrangerstothecoasts。[83]
　　IsaidthatthePhoenicianssentbyNechoandEudoxusunderPtolemyLathyrushadmadethecircuitofAfrica；butatthetimeofPtolemy，thegeographer，thosetwovoyagesmusthavebeenlookeduponasfabulous，sinceheplacesafter[84]theSinusMagnus，whichIapprehendtobetheGulfofSiam，anunknowncountry，extendingfromAsiatoAfrica，andterminatingatCapePrassum，sothattheIndianOceanwouldhavebeennomorethanalake。TheancientswhodiscoveredtheIndiestowardsthenorth，advancingeastward，placedthisunknowncountrytothesouth。
　　11。OfCarthageandMarseilles。ThelawofnationswhichprevailedatCarthagewasveryextraordinary：allstrangerswhotradedtoSardiniaandtowardsHercules’Pillarsthishaughtyrepublicsentencedtobedrowned。Hercivilpolitywasequallysurprising；sheforbadetheSardinianstocultivatetheirlands，uponpainofdeath。Sheincreasedherpowerbyherriches，andafterwardsherrichesbyherpower。BeingmistressofthecoastsofAfrica，whicharewashedbytheMediterranean，sheextendedherselfalongtheocean。Hanno，byorderofthesenateofCarthage，distributedthirtythousandCarthaginiansfromHercules’
　　PillarsasfarasCerne。Thisplace，hesays，isasdistantfromHercules’PillarsasthelatterfromCarthage。Thissituationisextremelyremarkable。ItletsusseethatHannolimitedhissettlementstothe25thdegreeofnorthlatitude；thatis，totwoorthreedegreessouthoftheCanaries。
　　HannobeingatCerneundertookanothervoyage，withaviewofmakingfurtherdiscoveriestowardsthesouth。Hetookbutlittlenoticeofthecontinent。Hefollowedthecoastfortwenty—sixdays，whenhewasobligedtoreturnforwantofprovisions。TheCarthaginians，itseems，madenouseofthissecondenterprise。Scylaxsays[85]thattheseaisnotnavigablebeyondCerne，becauseitisshallow，fullofmudandsea—weeds：[86]and，infact，therearemanyoftheseinthoselatitudes。[87]TheCarthaginianmerchantsmentionedbyScylaxmightfindobstacleswhichHanno，whohadsixtyvesselsoffiftyoarseach，hadsurmounted。Difficultiesareatmostbutrelative；besides，weoughtnottoconfoundanenterpriseinwhichbraveryandresolutionmustbeexertedwiththingsthatrequirenoextraordinaryconduct。
　　TherelationofHanno’svoyageisafinefragmentofantiquity。Itwaswrittenbytheverymanthatperformedit。
　　Hisrecitalisnotmingledwithostentation。Greatcommanderswritetheiractionswithsimplicity；becausetheyreceivemoregloryfromfactsthanfromwords。
　　Thestyleisagreeabletothesubject；hedealsnotinthemarvellous。
　　Allhesaysoftheclimate，ofthesoil，thebehaviour，themannersoftheinhabitants，correspondwithwhatiseverydayseenonthiscoastofAfrica；onewouldimagineitthejournalofamodernsailor。
　　Heobservedfromhisfleetthatintheday—timetherewasaprodigioussilenceonthecontinent，thatinthenightheheardthesoundofvariousmusicalinstruments，andthatfiresmightthenbeeverywhereseen，somelargerthanothers。[88]Ourrelationsareconformabletothis；ithasbeendiscoveredthatinthedaythesavagesretireintotheforeststoavoidtheheatofthesun，thattheylightupgreatfiresinthenighttodispersethebeastsofprey，andthattheyarepassionatelyfondofmusicanddancing。
　　ThesamewriterdescribesavolcanowithallthephenomenaofVesuvius；
　　andrelatesthathecapturedtwohairywomen，whochosetodieratherthanfollowtheCarthaginians，andwhoseskinshecarriedtoCarthage。
　　Thishasbeenfoundnotvoidofprobability。
　　ThisnarrationissomuchthemorevaluableasitisamonumentofPunicantiquity；andhencealoneithasbeenregardedasfabulous。FortheRomansretainedtheirhatredoftheCarthaginians，evenaftertheyhaddestroyedthem。ButitwasvictoryalonethatdecidedwhetherweoughttosaythePunicortheRomanfaith。
　　Somemoderns[89]haveimbibedtheseprejudices。Whathasbecome，saythey，ofthecitiesdescribedbyHanno，ofwhicheveninPliny’stimethereremainednovestiges？Butitwouldhavebeenawonderindeedifanysuchvestigeshadremained。WasitaCorinthorAthensthatHannobuiltonthosecoasts？HeleftCarthaginianfamiliesinsuchplacesasweremostcommodiousfortrade，andsecuredthemaswellashishurrywouldpermitagainstsavagesandwildbeasts。ThecalamitiesoftheCarthaginiansputaperiodtothenavigationofAfrica；thesefamiliesmustnecessarilytheneitherperishorbecomesavages。Besides，weretheruinsofthesecitiesevenstillinbeing，whoisitthatwouldventureintothewoodsandmarshestomakethediscovery？Wefind，however，inScylaxandPolybiusthattheCarthaginianshadconsiderablesettlementsonthosecoasts。ThesearethevestigesofthecitiesofHanno；therearenoothers，forthesamereasonthattherearenoothersofCarthageitself。
　　TheCarthaginianswereinthehighroadtowealth；andhadtheygonesofarasfourdegreesofnorthlatitude，andfifteenoflongitude，theywouldhavediscoveredtheGoldCoast。Theywouldthenhavehadatradeofmuchgreaterimportancethanthatwhichiscarriedonatpresentonthatcoast，atatimewhenAmericaseemstohavedegradedtherichesofallothercountries。TheywouldtherehavefoundtreasuresofwhichtheycouldneverhavebeendeprivedbytheRomans。
　　VerysurprisingthingshavebeensaidoftherichesofSpain。IfwemaybelieveAristotle，[90]thePhoenicianswhoarrivedatTartessusfoundsomuchsilvertherethattheirshipscouldnotholditall；andtheymadeofthismetaltheirmeanestutensils。TheCarthaginians，accordingtoDiodorus，[91]foundsomuchgoldandsilverinthePyreneanmountains，thattheyadornedtheanchorsoftheirshipswithit。Butnofoundationcanbebuiltonsuchpopularreports。Letusthereforeexaminethefactsthemselves。
　　WefindinafragmentofPolybius，citedbyStrabo，[92]thatthesilverminesatthesourceoftheriverB？tis，inwhichfortythousandmenwereemployed，producedtotheRomanstwenty—fivethousanddrachmasaday，thatis，aboutfivemillionlivresayear，atfiftylivrestothemark。
　　ThemountainsthatcontainedthesemineswerecalledtheSilverMountains：[93]whichshowstheywerethePotosiofthosetimes。Atpresent，theminesofHanoverdonotemployafourthpartoftheworkmen，andyettheyyieldmore。ButastheRomanshadnotmanycoppermines，andbutfewofsilver；andastheGreeksknewnonebuttheAtticmines，whichwereoflittlevalue，theymightwellbeastonishedattheirabundance。
　　InthewarthatbrokeoutforthesuccessionofSpain，amancalledtheMarquisofRhodes，ofwhomitwassaidthathewasruinedingoldminesandenrichedinhospitals，[94]proposedtothecourtofFrancetoopenthePyreneanmines。HeallegedtheexampleoftheTyrians，theCarthaginians，andtheRomans。Hewaspermittedtosearch，butsoughtinvain；hestillalleged，andfoundnothing。
　　TheCarthaginians，beingmastersofthegoldandsilvertrade，werewillingtobesooftheleadandpewter。ThesemetalswerecarriedbylandfromtheportsofGaulupontheoceantothoseoftheMediterranean。TheCarthaginiansweredesirousofreceivingthematthefirsthand；theysentHimilcotomakeasettlementintheislescalledCassiterides，[95]whichareimaginedtobethoseofScilly。
　　ThesevoyagesfromB？ticaintoEnglandhavemadesomepersonsimaginethattheCarthaginiansknewthecompass：butitisverycertainthattheyfollowedthecoasts。ThereneedsnootherproofthanHimilco’sbeingfourmonthsinsailingfromthemouthoftheB？tistoEngland；
　　besides，thefamouspieceofhistoryoftheCarthaginian[96]pilotwho，beingfollowedbyaRomanvessel，ranaground，thathemightnotshowherthewaytoEngland，[97]plainlyintimatesthatthosevesselswereveryneartheshorewhentheyfellinwitheachother。
　　Theancientsmighthaveperformedvoyagesthatwouldmakeoneimaginetheyhadthecompass，thoughtheyhadnot。Ifapilotwasfarfromland，andduringhisvoyagehadsuchsereneweatherthatinthenighthecouldalwaysseeapolarstarandinthedaytherisingandsettingofthesun，itiscertainhemightregulatehiscourseaswellaswedonowbythecompass：butthismustbeafortuitouscase，andnotaregularmethodofnavigation。
　　WeseeinthetreatywhichputanendtothefirstPunicwarthatCarthagewasprincipallyattentivetopreservetheempireofthesea，andRomethatoftheland。Hanno，[98]inhisnegotiationwiththeRomans，declaredthattheyshouldnotbesufferedeventowashtheirhandsintheseaofSicily；theywerenotpermittedtosailbeyondthepromontoriumpulchrum；theywereforbiddentotradeinSicily，Sardinia，andAfrica，exceptatCarthage：[99]anexceptionthatprovestherewasnodesigntofavourthemintheirtradewiththatcity。
　　InearlytimestherehadbeenverygreatwarsbetweenCarthageandMarseilles[100]onthesubjectoffishing。Afterthepeacetheyenteredjointlyintoeconomicalcommerce。Marseillesatlengthgrewjealous，especiallyas，beingequaltoherrivalinindustry，shehadbecomeinferiortoherinpower。ThisisthemotiveofhergreatfidelitytotheRomans。ThewarbetweenthelatterandtheCarthaginiansinSpainwasasourceofrichestoMarseilles，whichhadnowbecometheirmagazine。TheruinofCarthageandCorinthstillincreasedthegloryofMarseilles，andhaditnotbeenforthecivilwars，inwhichthisrepublicoughtonnoaccounttohaveengaged，shewouldhavebeenhappyundertheprotectionoftheRomans，whowerenottheleastjealousofhercommerce。
　　12。TheIsleofDelos。Mithridates。UponthedestructionofCorinthbytheRomans，themerchantsretiredtoDelos，anislandwhichfromreligiousconsiderationswaslookeduponasaplaceofsafety：[101]
　　besides，itwasextremelywellsituatedforthecommerceofItalyandAsia，which，sincethereductionofAfricaandtheweakeningofGreece，hadgrownmoreimportant。
　　FromtheearliesttimestheGreeks，aswehavealreadyobserved，sentcoloniestoPropontisandtotheEuxineSea——colonieswhichretainedtheirlawsandlibertiesunderthePersians。Alexander，havingundertakenhisexpeditionagainstthebarbariansonly，didnotmolestthesepeople。[102]NeitherdoesitappearthatthekingsofPontus，whoweremastersofmanyofthosecolonies，everdeprivedthemoftheirowncivilgovernment。[103]
　　Thepowerofthosekingsincreasedassoonastheysubduedthosecities。[104]Mithridatesfoundhimselfabletohiretroopsoneveryside；torepairhisfrequentlosses；tohaveamultitudeofworkmen，ships，andmilitarymachines；toprocurehimselfallies；tobribethoseoftheRomans，andeventheRomansthemselves；tokeepthebarbariansofAsiaandEuropeinhispay；[105]tocontinuethewarformanyyears，andofcoursetodisciplinehistroops，hefoundhimselfabletotrainthemtoarms，toinstructtheminthemilitaryartoftheRomans，[106]andtoformconsiderablebodiesoutoftheirdeserters；inaword，hefoundhimselfabletosustaingreatlosses，andtobefrequentlydefeated，withoutbeingruined；[107]neitherwouldhehavebeenruinedifthevoluptuousandbarbarouskinghadnotdestroyed，inhisprosperousdays，whathadbeendonebythegreatprinceintimesofadversity。
　　ThusitwasthatwhentheRomanshadarrivedattheirhighestpitchofgrandeur，andseemedtohavenothingtoapprehendbutfromtheambitionoftheirownsubjects，Mithridatesoncemoreventuredtocontestthemightypoint，whichtheoverthrowofPhilip，ofAntiochus，andofPerseushadalreadydecided。Neverwasthereamoredestructivewar：thetwocontendingparties，beingpossessedofgreatpower，andreceivingalternateadvantages，theinhabitantsofGreeceandofAsiafellasacrificeinthequarrel，eitherasfoes，orasfriendsofMithridates。
　　Deloswasinvolvedinthegeneralfatality，andcommercefailedoneveryside：whichwasanecessaryconsequence，thepeoplethemselvesbeingdestroyed。
　　TheRomans，inpursuanceofasystemofwhichIhavespokenelsewhere，[108]actingasdestroyers，thattheymightnotappearasconquerors，demolishedCarthageandCorinth；apracticebywhichtheywouldhaveruinedthemselveshadtheynotsubduedtheworld。WhenthekingsofPontusbecamemastersoftheGreekcoloniesontheEuxineSea，theytookcarenottodestroywhatwastobethefoundationoftheirowngrandeur。
　　13。OftheGeniusoftheRomansastoMaritimeAffairs。TheRomanslaidnostressonanythingbuttheirlandforces，whoweredisciplinedtostandfirm，tofightononespot，andtherebravelytodie。Theycouldnotlikethepracticeofseamen，whofirstoffertofight，thenfly，thenreturn，constantlyavoiddanger，oftenmakeuseofstratagem，andseldomofforce。ThiswasnotsuitabletothegeniusoftheGreeks[109]
　　muchlesstothatoftheRomans。
　　Theydestinedthereforetotheseaonlythosecitizenswhowerenotconsiderableenoughtohaveaplaceintheirlegions。[110]Theirmarineswerecommonlyfreedmen。
　　Atthistimewehaveneitherthesameesteemforlandforcesnorthesamecontemptforthoseofthesea。Intheformer，arthasdecreased；[111]inthelatter，ithasaugmented：[112]nowthingsaregenerallyesteemedinproportiontothedegreeofabilityrequisitetodischargethem。
　　14。OftheGeniusoftheRomanswithrespecttoCommerce。TheRomanswereneverdistinguishedbyajealousyfortrade。TheyattackedCarthageasarival，notasacommercialnation。Theyfavouredtradingcitiesthatwerenotsubjecttothem。ThustheyincreasedthepowerofMarseillesbythecessionofalargeterritory。Theywerevastlyafraidofbarbarians，buthadnottheleastapprehensionfromatradingpeople。
　　Theirgenius，theirglory，theirmilitaryeducation，andtheveryformoftheirgovernmentestrangedthemfromcommerce。
　　Inthecity，theywereemployedonlyaboutwar，elections，factions，andlaw—suits；inthecountry，aboutagriculture；andasfortheprovinces，asevereandtyrannicalgovernmentwasincompatiblewithcommerce。
　　Buttheirpoliticalconstitutionwasnotmoreopposedtotradethantheirlawofnations。"Thepeople，"saysPomponius，thecivilian，[113]
　　"withwhomwehaveneitherfriendship，norhospitalitynoralliance，arenotourenemies；however，ifanythingbelongingtousfallsintotheirhands，theyaretheproprietorsofit；freemenbecometheirslaves；andtheyareuponthesametermswithrespecttous。"
　　Theircivillawwasnotlessoppressive。ThelawofConstantine，[114]
　　afterhavingstigmatisedasbastardsthechildrenofameanrankwhohadbeenmarriedtothoseofasuperiorstation，confoundswomenwhoretailmerchandisewithslaves，withthemistressesoftaverns，withactresses，withthedaughtersofthosewhokeeppublicstews，orwhohadbeencondemnedtofightintheamphitheatre；thishaditsoriginintheancientinstitutionsoftheRomans。
　　Iamnotignorantthatmenprepossessedwiththesetwoideas（thatcommerceisofthegreatestservicetoastate，andthattheRomanshadthebest—regulatedgovernmentintheworld）havebelievedthatthesepeoplegreatlyhonouredandencouragedcommerce；butthetruthis，theyseldomtroubledtheirheadsaboutit。