Thecensors，andbeforethemtheconsuls，modelled[45]andcreated，asitwere，everyfiveyearsthebodyofthepeople；theyexercisedthelegislationontheverypartthatwaspossessedofthelegislativepower。"TiberiusGracchus，"saysCicero，"causedthefreedmentobeadmittedintothetribes，notbytheforceofhiseloquence，butbyaword，byagesture；whichhadhenoteffected，therepublic，whosedroopingheadweareatpresentscarcelyabletouphold，wouldnotevenexist。"
　　Ontheotherhand，thesenatehadthepowerofrescuing，asitwere，therepublicoutofthehandsofthepeople，bycreatingadictator，beforewhomthesovereignbowedhishead，andthemostpopularlawsweresilent。[46]
　　17。OftheexecutivePowerinthesameRepublic。Jealousasthepeoplewereoftheirlegislativepower，theyhadnogreatuneasinessabouttheexecutive。Thistheyleftalmostentirelytothesenateandtotheconsuls，reservingscarcelyanythingmoretothemselvesthantherightofchoosingthemagistrates，andofconfirmingtheactsofthesenateandofthegenerals。
　　Rome，whosepassionwastocommand，whoseambitionwastoconquer，whosecommencementandprogresswereonecontinuedusurpation，hadconstantlyaffairsofthegreatestweightuponherhands；herenemieswereeverconspiringagainsther，orsheagainstherenemies。
　　Asshewasobligedtobehaveontheonehandwithheroiccourage，andontheotherwithconsummateprudence，itwasrequisite，ofcourse，thatthemanagementofaffairsshouldbecommittedtothesenate。Thusthepeopledisputedeverybranchofthelegislativepowerwiththesenate，becausetheywerejealousoftheirliberty；buttheyhadnodisputesabouttheexecutive，becausetheywereanimatedwiththeloveofglory。
　　Sogreatwasthesharethesenatetookintheexecutivepower，that，asPolybius[47]informsus，foreignnationsimaginedthatRomewasanaristocracy。Thesenatedisposedofthepublicmoney，andfarmedouttherevenue；theywerearbitersoftheaffairsoftheirallies；theydeterminedwarorpeace，anddirectedinthisrespecttheconsuls；theyfixedthenumberoftheRomanandofthealliedtroops，disposedoftheprovincesandarmiestotheconsulsorpr？tors，andupontheexpirationoftheyearofcommandhadthepowerofappointingsuccessors；theydecreedtriumphs，receivedandsentembassies：theynominated，rewarded，punished，andwerejudgesofkings，declaredthemalliesoftheRomanpeople，orstrippedthemofthattitle。
　　Theconsulsleviedthetroopswhichtheyweretocarryintothefield；
　　hadthecommandoftheforcesbyseaandbyland；disposedoftheforcesoftheallies；wereinvestedwiththewholepoweroftherepublicintheprovinces；gavepeacetothevanquishednations，imposedconditionsonthem，orreferredthemtothesenate。
　　Intheearliesttimes，whenthepeoplehadsomeshareintheaffairsrelatingtowarorpeace，theyexercisedrathertheirlegislativethantheirexecutivepower。Theyscarcelydidanythingelsebutconfirmtheactsofthekings，andaftertheirexpulsionthoseoftheconsulsorsenate。Sofarweretheyfrombeingthearbitersofwarthatwehaveinstancesofitshavingbeenoftendeclared，notwithstandingtheoppositionofthetribunes。Butgrowingwantonintheirprosperity，theyincreasedtheirexecutivepower。Thus[48]theycreatedthemilitarytribunes，thenominationofwhomtillthenhadbelongedtothegenerals；
　　andsometimebeforethefirstPunicwar，theydecreedthatonlytheirownbodyshouldhavetherightofdeclaringwar。[49]
　　18。OfthejudiciaryPowerintheRomanGovernment。Thejudiciarypowerwasgiventothepeople，tothesenate，tothemagistrates，andtoparticularjudges。Wemustseeinwhatmanneritwasdistributed；
　　beginningwiththeircivilaffairs。
　　Theconsulshadthejudiciarypower[50]aftertheexpulsionofthekings，asthepr？torswerejudgesaftertheconsuls。ServiusTulliushaddivestedhimselfofthepowerofdeterminingcivilcauses，whichwasnotresumedbytheconsuls，exceptinsome[51]veryrarecases，forthatreasoncalledextraordinary。[52]Theyweresatisfiedwithnamingthejudges，andestablishingtheseveraltribunals。ByadiscourseofAppiusClaudius，inDionysiusHalicarnassus，[53]itappearsthatasearlyasthe259thyearofRomethiswaslookeduponasasettledcustomamongtheRomans；anditisnottracingitveryhightoreferittoServiusTullius。
　　Everyyearthepr？tormadealist[54]ofsuchashechosefortheofficeofjudgesduringhismagistracy。Asufficientnumberwaspitcheduponforeachcause；acustomverynearlythesameasthatnowpractisedinEngland。Andwhatwasextremelyfavourabletoliberty[55]wasthepr？tor’sfixingthejudgeswiththeconsent[56]oftheparties。ThegreatnumberofexceptionsthatcanbemadeinEnglandamountsprettynearlytothisverycustom。
　　Thejudgesdecidedonlythequestionsrelatingtomatteroffact；[57]
　　forexample，whetherasumofmoneyhadbeenpaidornot，whetheranacthadbeencommittedornot。Butastoquestionsoflaw，[58]astheserequiredacertaincapacity，theywerealwayscarriedbeforethetribunalofthecentumvirs。[59]
　　Thekingsreservedtothemselvesthejudgmentofcriminalaffairs，andinthisweresucceededbytheconsuls。ItwasinconsequenceofthisauthoritythatBrutusputhischildrenandallthosewhowereconcernedintheTarquinianconspiracytodeath。Thiswasanexorbitantpower。Theconsulsalreadyinvestedwiththemilitarycommandextendedtheexerciseofiteventocivilaffairs；andtheirprocedures，beingstrippedofallformsofjustice，wereratherexertionsofviolencethanlegaljudgments。
　　ThisgaverisetotheValerianlaw，bywhichitwasmadelawfultoappealtothepeoplefromeverydecisionoftheconsulsthatendangeredthelifeofacitizen。TheconsulshadnolongerthepowerofpronouncingsentenceincapitalcasesagainstaRomancitizen，withouttheconsentofthepeople。[60]
　　WeseeinthefirstconspiracyfortherestorationoftheTarquinsthatthecriminalsweretriedbyBrutustheconsul；inthesecondthesenateandcomitiawereassembledtotrythem。[61]
　　Thelawsdistinguishedbythenameofsacredallowedtheplebeianstheprivilegeofchoosingtribunes；whencewasformedabodywhosepretensionsatfirstwereimmense。Itishardtodeterminewhichwasgreater，theinsolenceoftheplebeiansindemanding，orthecondescensionofthesenateingranting。TheValerianlawallowedappealstothepeople，thatis，tothepeoplecomposedofsenators，patricians，andplebeians。Theplebeiansmadealawthatappealsshouldbebroughtbeforetheirownbody。Aquestionwassoonafterstarted，whethertheplebeianshadarighttotryapatrician；thiswasthesubjectofadisputetowhichtheimpeachmentofCoriolanusgaverise，andwhichendedwiththataffair。WhenCoriolanuswasaccusedbythetribunesbeforethepeople，heinsisted，contrarytothespiritoftheValerianlaw，thatashewasapatrician，nonebuttheconsulshadthepowertotryhim；ontheotherhand，theplebeians，alsocontrarytothespiritofthatsamelaw，pretendedthatnonebuttheirbodywereempoweredtobehisjudges，andaccordinglytheypronouncedsentenceuponhim。
　　ThiswasmoderatedbythelawoftheTwelveTables；wherebyitwasordainedthatnonebutthegreatassembliesofthepeople[62]shouldtryacitizenincapitalcases。Hencethebodyoftheplebeians，or，whichamountstotheverysame，thecomitiabytribes，hadnolongeranypowerofhearingcriminalcauses，exceptsuchaswerepunishedwithfines。Toinflictacapitalpunishmentalawwasrequisite；buttocondemntoapecuniarymulct，therewasoccasiononlyforaplebiscitum。
　　ThisregulationofthelawoftheTwelveTableswasextremelyprudent。
　　Itproducedanadmirablebalancebetweenthebodyoftheplebeiansandthesenate。Forasthefulljudiciarypowerofbothdependedonthegreatnessofthepunishmentandthenatureofthecrime，itwasnecessarytheyshouldbothagree。
　　TheValerianlawabolishedalltheremainsoftheRomangovernmentinanywayrelatingtothatofthekingsoftheheroictimesofGreece。Theconsulsweredivestedofthepowertopunishcrimes。Thoughallcrimesarepublic，yetwemustdistinguishbetweenthosewhichmorenearlyconcernthemutualintercourseofthecitizensandthosewhichmoreimmediatelyinterestthestateintherelationitbearstoitssubjects。
　　Thefirstarecalledprivate，thesecondpublic。Thelatterweretriedbythepeople；andinregardtotheformer，theynamedbyparticularcommissionaqu？storfortheprosecutionofeachcrime。Thepersonchosenbythepeoplewasfrequentlyoneofthemagistrates，sometimesaprivateman。Hewascalledthequ？storofparricide，andismentionedinthelawoftheTwelveTables。[63]
　　Thequ？stornominatedthejudgeofthequestion，whodrewlotsforthejudges，andregulatedthetribunalinwhichhepresided。[64]
　　Hereitispropertoobservewhatsharethesenatehadinthenominationofthequ？stor，thatwemayseehowfarthetwopowerswerebalanced。
　　Sometimesthesenatecausedadictatortobechosen，inordertoexercisetheofficeofqu？stor；[65]atothertimestheyordainedthatthepeopleshouldbeconvenedbyatribune，withtheviewofproceedingtothenominationofaqu？stor；[66]and，infine，thepeoplefrequentlyappointedamagistratetomakehisreporttothesenateconcerningaparticularcrime，andtodesirethemtonameaqu？stor，asmaybeseeninthejudgmentuponLuciusScipio[67]inLivy。[68]
　　IntheyearofRome604，someofthesecommissionswererenderedpermanent。[69]Allcriminalcausesweregraduallydividedintodifferentparts；towhichtheygavethenameofperpetualquestions。Differentpr？torswerecreated，toeachofwhomsomeofthosequestionswereassigned。Theyhadapowerconferreduponthemforthetermofayear，oftryingsuchcriminalcausesasboreanyrelationtothosequestions，andthentheyweresenttogoverntheirprovince。
　　AtCarthagethesenateofthehundredwascomposedofjudgeswhoenjoyedthatdignityforlife。[70]ButatRomethepr？torswereannual；andthejudgeswerenotevenforsolongaterm，butwerenominatedforeachcause。Wehavealreadyshowninthesixthchapterofthisbookhowfavourablethisregulationwastolibertyinparticulargovernments。
　　Thejudgeswerechosenfromtheorderofsenators，tillthetimeoftheGracchi。TiberiusGracchuscausedalawtopassthattheyshouldbetakenfromtheequestrianorder；achangesoveryconsiderablethatthetribuneboastedofhavingcut，byonerogationonly，thesinewsofthesenatorialdignity。
　　Itisnecessarytoobservethatthethreepowersmaybeverywelldistributedinregardtothelibertyoftheconstitution，thoughnotsowellinrespecttothelibertyofthesubject。AtRomethepeoplehadthegreatestshareofthelegislative，apartoftheexecutive，andpartofthejudiciarypower；bywhichmeanstheyhadsogreataweightinthegovernmentasrequiredsomeotherpowertobalanceit。Thesenateindeedhadpartoftheexecutivepower，andsomeshareofthelegislative；[71]
　　butthiswasnotsufficienttocounterbalancetheweightofthepeople。
　　Itwasnecessarythattheyshouldpartakeofthejudiciarypower：andaccordinglytheyhadasharewhenthejudgeswerechosenfromamongthesenators。ButwhentheGracchideprivedthesenatorsofthejudicialpower，[72]thesenatewerenolongerabletowithstandthepeople。Tofavour，therefore，thelibertyofthesubject，theystruckatthatoftheconstitution；buttheformerperishedwiththelatter。
　　Infinitewerethemischiefsthatthencearose。Theconstitutionwaschangedatatimewhenthefireofcivildiscordhadscarcelyleftanysuchthingasaconstitution。Theknightsceasedtobethatmiddleorderwhichunitedthepeopletothesenate；andthechainoftheconstitutionwasbroken。
　　Therewereevenparticularreasonsagainsttransferringthejudiciarypowertotheequestrianorder。TheconstitutionofRomewasfoundedonthisprinciple，thatnoneshouldbeenlistedassoldiersbutsuchasweremenofsufficientpropertytoanswerfortheirconducttotherepublic。Theknights，aspersonsofthegreatestproperty，formedthecavalryofthelegions。Butwhentheirdignityincreased，theyrefusedtoserveanylongerinthatcapacity，andanotherkindofcavalrywasobligedtoberaised：thusMariusenlistedallsortsofpeopleintohisarmy，andsoonaftertherepublicwaslost。[73]
　　Besides，theknightswerethefarmersoftherevenue；menwhosegreatrapaciousnessincreasedthepubliccalamities。Insteadofgivingtosuchasthosethejudicialpower，theyoughttohavebeenconstantlyundertheeyeofthejudges。ThiswemustsayincommendationoftheancientFrenchlaws，thattheyhaveactedtowardstheofficersoftherevenuewithasgreatadiffidenceaswouldbeobservedbetweenenemies。WhenthejudiciarypoweratRomewastransferredtothepublicans，therewasthenanendofallvirtue，polity，laws，andgovernment。
　　OfthiswefindaveryingeniousdescriptioninsomefragmentsofDiodorusSiculusandDio。"MutiusSc？vola，"saysDiodorus，[74]"wantedtorevivetheancientmanners，andthelaudablecustomofsoberandfrugalliving。Forhispredecessorshavingenteredintoacontractwiththefarmersoftherevenue，whoatthattimewerepossessedofthejudiciarypoweratRome，hadinfectedtheprovincewithallmannerofcorruption。ButSc？volamadeanexampleofthepublicans，andimprisonedthosebywhomothershadbeenconfined。"
　　Dioinformsus[75]thatPubliusRutilius，hislieutenant，wasequallyobnoxioustotheequestrianorder，andthatuponhisreturntheyaccusedhimofhavingreceivedsomepresents，andcondemnedhimtoafine；uponwhichheinstantlymadeacessionofhisgoods。Hisinnocenceappearedinthis，thathewasfoundtobeworthagreatdeallessthanwhathewaschargedwithhavingextorted，andheshowedajusttitletowhathepossessed：buthewouldnotliveanylongerinthesamecitywithsuchprofligatewretches。
　　TheItalians，saysDiodorusagain，[76]boughtupwholedrovesofslavesinSicily，totilltheirlandsandtotakecareoftheircattle；butrefusedthemanecessarysubsistence。Thesewretcheswerethenforcedtogoandrobonthehighways，armedwithlancesandclubs，coveredwithbeasts’skins，andfollowedbylargemastiffs。Thusthewholeprovincewaslaidwaste，andtheinhabitantscouldnotcallanythingtheirownbutwhatwassecuredbyfortresses。Therewasneitherproconsulnorpr？torthatcouldorwouldopposethisdisorder，orthatpresumedtopunishtheseslaves，becausetheybelongedtotheknights，whoatRomewerepossessedofthejudiciarypower。[77]Andyetthiswasoneofthecausesofthewaroftheslaves。ButIshalladdonlyonewordmore。A
　　professiondeafandinexorable，thatcanhavenootherviewthanlucre，thatwasalwaysaskingandnevergranting，thatimpoverishedtherichandincreasedeventhemiseryofthepoor——suchaprofession，Isay，shouldneverhavebeenentrustedwiththejudiciarypoweratRome。
　　19。OftheGovernmentoftheRomanProvinces。SuchwasthedistributionofthethreepowersinRome。Buttheywerefarfrombeingthusdistributedintheprovinces。Libertyprevailedinthecentreandtyrannyintheextremeparts。
　　WhileRomeextendedherdominionsnofartherthanItaly，thepeopleweregovernedasconfederates，andthelawsofeachrepublicwerepreserved。
　　Butwhensheenlargedherconquests，andthesenatehadnolongeranimmediateinspectionovertheprovinces，northemagistratesresidingatRomewereanylongercapableofgoverningtheempire，theywereobligedtosendpr？torsandproconsuls。Thenitwasthattheharmonyofthethreepowerswaslost。ThepersonsappointedtothatofficewereentrustedwithapowerwhichcomprehendedthatofalltheRomanmagistracies；nay，eventhatofthepeople。[78]Theyweredespoticmagistrates，extremelywelladaptedtothedistanceoftheplacestowhichtheyweredestined。Theyexercisedthethreepowers；andwere，ifImaypresumetousetheexpression，thebashawsoftherepublic。
　　Wehaveelsewhereobserved[79]thatinacommonwealththesamemagistrateoughttobepossessedoftheexecutivepower，aswellcivilasmilitary。Henceaconqueringrepubliccanhardlycommunicatehergovernment，andruletheconqueredstateaccordingtoherownconstitution。Andindeedasthemagistrateshesendstogovernisinvestedwiththeexecutivepower，bothcivilandmilitary，hemustalsohavethelegislative：forwhoisitthatcouldmakelawswithouthim？Itisnecessary，therefore，thatthegovernorshesendsbeentrustedwiththethreepowers，aswaspractisedintheRomanprovinces。
　　Itismoreeasyforamonarchytocommunicateitsgovernment，becausetheofficersitsendshave，somethecivilexecutive，andothersthemilitaryexecutivepower，whichdoesnotnecessarilyimplyadespoticauthority。
　　ItwasaprivilegeoftheutmostconsequencetoaRomancitizentohavenonebutthepeopleforhisjudge。Wereitnotforthis，hewouldhavebeensubjectintheprovincestothearbitrarypowerofaproconsulorofapropr？tor。Thecityneverfeltthetyrannywhichwasexercisedonlyonconquerednations。
　　Thus，intheRomanworld，asatSparta，thefreemenenjoyedthehighestdegreeofliberty，whilethosewhowereslaveslabouredundertheextremityofservitude。
　　Whilethecitizenspaidtaxes，theywereraisedwithgreatjusticeandequality。TheregulationofServiusTulliuswasobserved，whohaddistributedthepeopleintosixclasses，accordingtotheirdifferenceofproperty，andfixedtheseveralsharesofthepublicimpostsinproportiontothatwhicheachpersonhadinthegovernment。Hencetheyborewiththegreatnessofthetaxbecauseoftheirproportionablegreatnessofcredit，andconsoledthemselvesforthesmallnessoftheircreditbecauseofthesmallnessofthetax。
　　Therewasalsoanotherthingworthyofadmiration，whichis，thatasServiusTullius’sdivisionintoclasseswasinsomemeasurethefundamentalprincipleoftheconstitution，itthencefollowedthatanequallevyingofthetaxeswassoconnectedwiththisfundamentalprinciplethattheonecouldnotbeabolishedwithouttheother。
　　Butwhilethecitypaidthetaxesasshepleased，orpaidnoneatall，[80]theprovinceswereplunderedbytheknights，whowerethefarmersofthepublicrevenue。Wehavealreadymadementionoftheiroppressiveextortions，withwhichallhistoryabounds。
　　"AllAsia，"saysMithridates，[81]"expectsmeasherdeliverer；sogreatisthehatredwhichtherapaciousnessoftheproconsuls，[82]theconfiscationsmadebytheofficersoftherevenue，andthequirksandcavilsofjudicialproceedings，[83]haveexcitedagainsttheRomans。"
　　Henceitwasthatthestrengthoftheprovincesdidnotincrease，butratherweakened，thestrengthoftherepublic。HenceitwasthattheprovinceslookeduponthelossofthelibertyofRomeastheepochoftheirownfreedom。
　　20。TheEndofthisBook。Ishouldbegladtoinquireintothedistributionofthethreepowers，inallthemoderategovernmentsweareacquaintedwith，inordertocalculatethedegreesoflibertywhicheachmayenjoy。Butwemustnotalwaysexhaustasubject，soastoleavenoworkatallforthereader。Mybusinessisnottomakepeopleread，buttomakethemthink。
　　______
　　1。"Ihavecopied，"saysCicero，"Sc？vola’sedict，whichpermitstheGreekstoterminatetheirdifferenceamongthemselvesaccordingtotheirownlaws；thismakesthemconsiderthemselvesafreepeople。"
　　2。TheRussianscouldnotbearthatCzarPetershouldmakethemcutitoff。
　　3。TheCappadociansrefusedtheconditionofarepublicanstate，whichwasofferedthembytheRomans。
　　4。Thenaturalendofastatethathasnoforeignenemies，orthatthinksitselfsecuredagainstthembybarriers。
　　5。InconvenienceoftheLiberumveto。
　　6。AtVenice。
　　7。AsatAthens。
　　8。SeeAristotle，Politics，iv。4。
　　9。SeeAristotle，Politics，ii，10。
　　10。Ibid。，9。
　　11。Theseweremagistrateschosenannuallybythepeople。SeeStephenofByzantium。
　　12。ItwaslawfultoaccusetheRomanmagistratesaftertheexpirationoftheirseveraloffices。SeeinDionysiusHalicarnassus，ix，theaffairofGenutiusthetribune。
　　13。Deminoribusrebusprincipesconsultant，demajoribusomnes；itatamenliteaquoquequorumpenesplebemarbitriumest，apudprincipespertractentur。——ix。
　　14。Politics，iii。14。
　　15。SeeJustin，xvii。3。
　　16。Aristotle，Politics，v。11。
　　17。Ibid。，iii。14。
　　18。Ibid。
　　19。SeewhatPlutarchsaysintheTheseus。SeelikewiseThucydides，i。
　　20。Aristotle，Politics，iv。8。
　　21。DionysiusHalicarnassus，ii，p。120，andiv，pp。242，243。
　　22。SeeTanaquil’sDiscourseonLivy，idec。l，andtheregulationsofServiusTulliusinDionysiusHalicarnassus，iv。p。229。
　　23。SeeDionysiusHalicarnassus，ii，p。118，andiii，p。171。
　　24。Itwasbyvirtueofasenatus—consultumthatTulliusHostiliusorderedAlbatobedestroyed。——Ibid。，iii，pp。167and172。
　　25。Ibid。，iv，p。276。
　　26。Ibid。，ii。Andyettheycouldnothavethenominationofalloffices，sinceValeriusPublicolamadethatfamouslawbywhicheverycitizenwasforbiddentoexerciseanyemployment，unlesshehadobtaineditbythesuffrageofthepeople。
　　27。Ibid。，iii，p。159。
　　28。Ibid。，iv。
　　29。Hedivestedhimselfofhalftheregalpower，saysDionysiusHalicarnassus，iv，p。229。
　　30。ItwasthoughtthatifhehadnotbeenpreventedbyTarquinhewouldhaveestablishedapopulargovernment。——Ibid。，iv，p。243。
　　31。Ibid。，iv。
　　32。Livy，dec。1，vi。
　　33。Qu？storesparricidii。——Pomponius，Leg。2，§23，ff。deorig。jur。
　　34。Plutarch，Poplicola。
　　35。Comitiiscenturiatis。
　　36。SeeLivy，i，43；DionysiusHalicarnassus，iv，vii。
　　37。DionysiusHalicarnassus，ix，p。598。
　　38。Ibid。，vii。
　　39。Contrarytotheancientcustom，asmaybeseen：ibid。，v，p。320。
　　40。Ibid。，pp。410，411。
　　41。Ibid。，ix，p。605。
　　42。Ibid。，xi，p。725。
　　43。Bythesacredlaws，theplebeianshadthepowerofmakingtheplebiscitabythemselves，withoutadmittingthepatriciansintotheirassembly——Ibid。，vi，p。410；vii，p。430。
　　44。Bythelawenactedaftertheexpulsionofthedecemvirs，thepatriciansweremadesubjecttotheplebiscita，thoughtheyhadnotarightofvotingthere。Livy，iii。55，andDionysiusHalicarnassus，xi，p。725。ThislawwasconfirmedbythatofPubliusPhilothedictator，intheyearofRome416。Livy，viii。12。
　　45。Intheyear312ofRometheconsulsperformedstillthebusinessofsurveyingthepeopleandtheirestates，asappearsbyDionysiusHalicarnassus，ix。
　　46。Suchasthosebywhichitwasallowedtoappealfromthedecisionsofallthemagistratestothepeople。
　　47。Bookvi。
　　48。IntheyearofRome444，Livy，dec。1，ix。30。AsthewaragainstPerseusappearedsomewhatdangerous，itwasordainedbyasenatus—consultumthatthislawshouldbesuspended，andthepeopleagreedtoit。Livy，dec。5，ii。
　　49。Theyextorteditfromthesenate，saysFreinshemius，dec。2，vi。
　　50。Thereisnomannerofdoubtbuttheconsulshadthepoweroftryingcivilcausesbeforethecreationofthepr？tors。SeeLivy，dec。l，ii。
　　1；DionysiusHalicarnassus，x，pp。627，645。
　　51。Thetribunesfrequentlytriedcausesbythemselvesonly，butnothingrenderedthemmoreodious。——DionysiusHalicarnassus，xi，p。709。
　　52。Judiciaextraordinaria。SeetheInstitutes，iv。
　　53。Bookvi，p。360。
　　54。AlbumJudicium。