Again，itiscorruptedwhenmeanandabjectsoulsgrowvainofthepompattendingtheirservitude，andimaginethatthemotivewhichinducesthemtobeentirelydevotedtotheirprinceexemptsthemfromalldutytotheircountry。
　　Butifitbetrue（andindeedtheexperienceofallageshasshownit）
　　thatinproportionasthepowerofthemonarchbecomesboundlessandimmense，hissecuritydiminishes，isthecorruptingofthispower，andthealteringofitsverynature，alesscrimethanthatofhightreasonagainsttheprince？
　　8。DangeroftheCorruptionofthePrincipleofmonarchicalGovernment。
　　Thedangerisnotwhenthestatepassesfromonemoderatetoanothermoderategovernment，asfromarepublictoamonarchy，orfromamonarchytoarepublic；butwhenitisprecipitatedfromamoderatetoadespoticgovernment。
　　MostoftheEuropeannationsarestillgovernedbytheprinciplesofmorality。Butiffromalongabuseofpowerorthefuryofconquest，despoticswayshouldprevailtoacertaindegree，neithermoralsnorclimatewouldbeabletowithstanditsbalefulinfluence：andthenhumannaturewouldbeexposed，forsometimeatleast，eveninthisbeautifulpartoftheworld，totheinsultswithwhichshehasbeenabusedintheotherthree。
　　9。HowreadytheNobilityaretodefendtheThrone。TheEnglishnobilityburiedthemselveswithCharlestheFirstundertheruinsofthethrone；
　　andbeforethattime，whenPhiliptheSecondendeavouredtotempttheFrenchwiththeallurementofliberty，thecrownwasconstantlysupportedbyanobilitywhothinkitanhonourtoobeyaking，butconsideritasthelowestdisgracetosharethepowerwiththepeople。
　　ThehouseofAustriahaseverusedherendeavourstooppresstheHungariannobility；littlethinkinghowserviceablethatverynobilitywouldbeonedaytoher。Shewouldfainhavedrainedtheircountryofmoney，ofwhichtheyhadnoplenty；buttooknonoticeofthemen，withwhomitabounded。Whenprincescombinedtodismemberherdominions，theseveralpartsofthatmonarchyfellmotionless，asitwereoneuponanother。Nolifewasthentobeseenbutinthoseverynobles，who，resentingtheaffrontsofferedtothesovereign，andforgettingtheinjuriesdonetothemselves，tookuparmstoavengehercause，andconsidereditthehighestglorybravelytodieandtoforgive。
　　10。OftheCorruptionofthePrincipleofdespoticGovernment。Theprincipleofdespoticgovernmentissubjecttoacontinualcorruption，becauseitiseveninitsnaturecorrupt。Othergovernmentsaredestroyedbyparticularaccidents，whichdoviolencetotheprinciplesofeachconstitution；thisisruinedbyitsownintrinsicimperfections，whensomeaccidentalcausesdonotpreventthecorruptingofitsprinciples。Itmaintainsitselfthereforeonlywhencircumstances，drawnfromtheclimate，religion，situation，orgeniusofthepeople，obligeittoconformtoorder，andtoadmitofsomerule。Bythesethingsitsnatureisforcedwithoutbeingchanged；itsferocityremains；anditismadetameandtractableonlyforatime。
　　11。NaturalEffectsoftheGoodnessandCorruptionofthePrinciplesofGovernment。Whenoncetheprinciplesofgovernmentarecorrupted，theverybestlawsbecomebad，andturnagainstthestate：butwhentheprinciplesaresound，evenbadlawshavethesameeffectasgood；theforceoftheprincipledrawseverythingtoit。
　　TheinhabitantsofCreteusedaverysingularmethodtokeeptheprincipalmagistratesdependentonthelaws，whichwasthatofInsurrection。Partofthecitizensroseupinarms，[13]putthemagistratestoflight，andobligedthemtoreturntoaprivatelife。
　　Thiswassupposedtobedoneinconsequenceofthelaw。Onewouldhaveimaginedthataninstitutionofthisnature，whichestablishedseditiontohindertheabuseofpower，wouldhavesubvertedanyrepublicwhatsoever；andyetitdidnotsubvertthatofCrete。Thereasonisthis。[14]
　　Whentheancientswouldciteapeoplethathadthestrongestaffectionfortheircountry，theyweresuretomentiontheinhabitantsofCrete：
　　"OurCountry，"saidPlato，[15]"anamesodeartotheCretans。"Theycalleditbyanamewhichsignifiestheloveofamotherforherchildren。[16]Nowtheloveofourcountrysetseverythingright。
　　ThelawsofPolandhavelikewisetheirInsurrection：buttheinconveniencesthencearisingplainlyshowthatthepeopleofCretealonewerecapableofusingsucharemedywithsuccess。
　　ThegymnicexercisesestablishedamongtheGreekshadthesamedependenceonthegoodnessoftheprincipleofgovernment。"ItwastheLaced？moniansandCretans，"saidPlato，[17]"thatopenedthosecelebratedacademieswhichgavethemsoeminentarankintheworld。
　　Modestyatfirstwasalarmed；butityieldedtothepublicutility。"InPlato’stimetheseinstitutionswereadmirable：[18]astheyborearelationtoaveryimportantobject，whichwasthemilitaryart。ButwhenvirtuefledfromGreece，themilitaryartwasdestroyedbytheseinstitutions；peopleappearedthenonthearena，notforimprovement，butfordebauch。[19]Plutarchinformsus[20]thattheRomansinhistimewereofopinionthatthosegameshadbeentheprincipalcauseoftheslaveryintowhichtheGreekshadfallen。Onthecontrary，itwastheslaveryoftheGreeksthatcorruptedthoseexercises。InPlutarch’stime，[21]theirfightingnakedintheparks，andtheirwrestling，infectedtheyoungpeoplewithaspiritofcowardice，inclinedthemtoinfamouspassions，andmadethemmeredancers。ButunderEpaminondastheexerciseofwrestlingmadetheThebanswinthefamousbattleofLeuctra。[22]
　　Thereareveryfewlawswhicharenotgood，whilethestateretainsitsprinciples：hereImayapplywhatEpicurussaidofriches。"Itisnottheliquor，butthevesselthatiscorrupted。"
　　12。ThesameSubjectcontinued。InRomethejudgeswerechosenatfirstfromtheorderofsenators。ThisprivilegetheGracchitransferredtotheknights；Drususgaveittothesenatorsandknights；Sullatothesenatorsonly：Cottatothesenators，knights，andpublictreasurers；
　　C？sarexcludedthelatter；Antonymadedecuriesofsenators，knights，andcenturions。
　　Whenoncearepubliciscorrupted，thereisnopossibilityofremedyinganyofthegrowingevils，butbyremovingthecorruptionandrestoringitslostprinciples；everyothercorrectioniseitheruselessoranewevil。WhileRomepreservedherprinciplesentire，thejudicialpowermightwithoutanyabusebelodgedinthehandsofsenators；butassoonasthiscitybecamecorrupt，towhatsoeverbodythatpowerwastransferred，whethertothesenate，totheknights，tothetreasurers，totwoofthosebodies，toallthreetogether，ortoanyother，mattersstillwentwrong。Theknightshadnomorevirtuethanthesenate，thetreasurersnomorethantheknights，andtheseaslittleasthecenturions。
　　AfterthepeopleofRomehadobtainedtheprivilegeofsharingthemagistracywiththepatricians，itwasnaturaltothinkthattheirflattererswouldimmediatelybecomearbitersofthegovernment。Butnosuchthingeverhappened。——Itwasobservablethattheverypeoplewhohadrenderedtheplebeianscapableofpublicofficeseverfixedtheirchoiceuponthepatricians。Becausetheywerevirtuous，theyweremagnanimous；andbecausetheywerefree，theyhadacontemptofpower。
　　Butwhentheirmoralswerecorrupted，themorepowertheywerepossessedof，thelessprudentwastheirconduct，tillatlength，uponbecomingtheirowntyrantsandslaves，theylostthestrengthoflibertytofallintotheweaknessandimpotencyoflicentiousness。
　　13。TheEffectofanOathamongvirtuousPeople。Thereisnonation，saysLivy，[23]thathasbeenlongeruncorruptedthantheRomans；nonationwheremoderationandpovertyhavebeenlongerrespected。
　　Suchwastheinfluenceofanoathamongthosepeoplethatnothingboundthemmorestronglytothelaws。Theyoftendidmorefortheobservanceofanoaththantheywouldeverhaveperformedforthethirstofgloryorfortheloveoftheircountry。
　　WhenQuintusCincinnatus，theconsul，wantedtoraiseanarmyinthecityagainstthe？quiandtheVolsci，thetribunesopposedhim。"Well，"
　　saidhe，"letallthosewhohavetakenanoathtotheconsuloftheprecedingyearmarchundermybanner。"[24]Invaindidthetribunescryoutthatthisoathwasnolongerbinding，andthatwhentheytookitQuintuswasbutaprivateperson：thepeopleweremorereligiousthanthosewhopretendedtodirectthem；theywouldnotlistentothedistinctionsorequivocationsofthetribunes。
　　WhenthesamepeoplethoughtofretiringtotheSacredMount，theyfeltsomeremorsefromtheoaththeyhadtakentotheconsuls，thattheywouldfollowthemintothefield。[25]Theyenteredthenintoadesignofkillingtheconsuls；butdroppeditwhentheyweregiventounderstandthattheiroathwouldstillbebinding。Nowitiseasytojudgeofthenotiontheyentertainedoftheviolationofanoathfromthecrimetheyintendedtocommit。
　　AfterthebattleofCann？，thepeoplewereseizedwithsuchapanicthattheywouldfainhaveretiredtoSicily。ButScipiohavingprevaileduponthemtosweartheywouldnotstirfromRome，thefearofviolatingthisoathsurpassedallotherapprehensions。Romewasashipheldbytwoanchors，religionandmorality，inthemidstofafurioustempest。
　　14。HowthesmallestChangeoftheConstitutionisattendedwiththeRuinofitsPrinciples。AristotlementionsthecityofCarthageasawell—regulatedrepublic。Polybiustellsus[26]thattherewasthisinconvenienceatCarthageinthesecondPunicwar，thatthesenatehadlostalmostallitsauthority。WeareinformedbyLivythatwhenHannibalreturnedtoCarthagehefoundthatthemagistratesandtheprincipalcitizenshadabusedtheirpower，andconvertedthepublicrevenuestotheirprivateemolument。Thevirtue，therefore，ofthemagistrates，andtheauthorityofthesenate，bothfellatthesametime；andallwasowingtothesamecause。
　　EveryoneknowsthewonderfuleffectsofthecensorshipamongtheRomans。Therewasatimewhenitgrewburdensome；butstillitwassupportedbecausetherewasmoreluxurythancorruption。Claudius[27]
　　weakeneditsauthority，bywhichmeansthecorruptionbecamegreaterthantheluxury，andthecensorshipdwindledawayofitself。[28]Aftervariousinterruptionsandresumptions，itwasentirelylaidaside，tillitbecamealtogetheruseless，thatis，tillthereignsofAugustusandClaudius。
　　15。SureMethodsofpreservingthethreePrinciples。Ishallnotbeabletomakemyselfrightlyunderstoodtillthereaderhasperusedthefourfollowingchapters。
　　16。DistinctivePropertiesofaRepublic。Itisnaturalforarepublictohaveonlyasmallterritory；otherwiseitcannotlongsubsist。Inanextensiverepublictherearemenoflargefortunes，andconsequentlyoflessmoderation；therearetruststooconsiderabletobeplacedinanysinglesubject；hehasinterestsofhisown；hesoonbeginstothinkthathemaybehappyandglorious，byoppressinghisfellow—citizens；
　　andthathemayraisehimselftograndeurontheruinsofhiscountry。
　　Inanextensiverepublicthepublicgoodissacrificedtoathousandprivateviews；itissubordinatetoexceptions，anddependsonaccidents。Inasmallone，theinterestofthepublicismoreobvious，betterunderstood，andmorewithinthereachofeverycitizen；abuseshavelessextent，andofcoursearelessprotected。
　　ThelongdurationoftherepublicofSpartawasowingtoherhavingcontinuedinthesameextentofterritoryafterallherwars。ThesoleaimofSpartawasliberty；andthesoleadvantageofherliberty，glory。
　　ItwasthespiritoftheGreekrepublicstobeascontentedwiththeirterritoriesaswiththeirlaws。AthenswasfirstfiredwithambitionandgaveittoLaced？mon；butitwasanambitionratherofcommandingafreepeoplethanofgoverningslaves；ratherofdirectingthanofbreakingtheunion。Allwaslostuponthestartingupofmonarchy——agovernmentwhosespiritismoreturnedtoincreaseofdominion。
　　Exceptingparticularcircumstances，[29]itisdifficultforanyotherthanarepublicangovernmenttosubsistlongerinasingletown。A
　　princeofsopettyastatewouldnaturallyendeavourtooppresshissubjects，becausehispowerwouldbegreat，whilethemeansofenjoyingitorofcausingittoberespectedwouldbeinconsiderable。Theconsequenceis，hewouldtrampleuponhispeople。Ontheotherhand，suchaprincemightbeeasilycrushedbyaforeignorevenadomesticforce；thepeoplemightanyinstantuniteandriseupagainsthim。Nowassoonasthesovereignofasingletownisexpelled，thequarrelisover；butifhehasmanytowns，itonlybegins。
　　17。DistinctivePropertiesofaMonarchy。Amonarchicalstateoughttobeofmoderateextent。Wereitsmall，itwouldformitselfintoarepublic；wereitverylarge，thenobility，possessedofgreatestates，farfromtheeyeoftheprince，withaprivatecourtoftheirown，andsecure，moreover，fromsuddenexecutionsbythelawsandmannersofthecountry——suchanobility，Isay，mightthrowofftheirallegiance，havingnothingtofearfromtooslowandtoodistantapunishment。
　　ThusCharlemagnehadscarcelyfoundedhisempirewhenhewasobligedtodivideit；whetherthegovernorsoftheprovincesrefusedtoobey；orwhether，inordertokeepthemmoreundersubjection，therewasanecessityofparcellingtheempireintoseveralkingdoms。
　　AfterthedeceaseofAlexanderhisempirewasdivided。HowwasitpossibleforthoseGreekandMacedonianchiefs，whowereeachofthemfreeandindependent，orcommandersatleastofthevictoriousbandsdispersedthroughoutthatvastextentofconqueredland——howwasitpossible，Isay，forthemtoobey？
　　Attila’sempirewasdissolvedsoonafterhisdeath；suchanumberofkings，whowerenolongerunderrestraint，couldnotresumetheirfetters。
　　Thesuddenestablishmentofunlimitedpowerisaremedy，whichinthosecasesmaypreventadissolution：buthowdreadfultheremedy，whichaftertheenlargementofdominionopensanewsceneofmisery！
　　Therivershastentomingletheirwaterswiththesea；andmonarchieslosethemselvesindespoticpower。
　　18。ParticularCaseoftheSpanishMonarchy。LetnottheexampleofSpainbeproducedagainstme，itratherproveswhatIaffirm。TopreserveAmericashedidwhatevendespoticpoweritselfdoesnotattempt：shedestroyedtheinhabitants。Topreservehercolony，shewasobligedtokeepitdependentevenforitssubsistence。
　　IntheNetherlands，sheessayedtorenderherselfarbitrary；andassoonassheabandonedtheattempt，herperplexityincreased。OntheonehandtheWalloonswouldnotbegovernedbySpaniards；andontheother，theSpanishsoldiersrefusedtosubmittoWalloonofficers。[30]
　　InItalyshemaintainedherground，merelybyexhaustingherselfandbyenrichingthatcountry。ForthosewhowouldhavebeenpleasedtohavegotridofthekingofSpainwerenotinahumourtorefusehisgold。
　　19。DistinctivePropertiesofadespoticGovernment。Alargeempiresupposesadespoticauthorityinthepersonwhogoverns。Itisnecessarythatthequicknessoftheprince’sresolutionsshouldsupplythedistanceoftheplacestheyaresentto；thatfearshouldpreventtheremissnessofthedistantgovernorormagistrate；thatthelawshouldbederivedfromasingleperson，andshouldshiftcontinually，accordingtotheaccidentswhichnecessarilymultiplyinastateinproportiontoitsextent。
　　20。ConsequenceoftheprecedingChapters。Ifitbe，therefore，thenaturalpropertyofsmallstatestobegovernedasarepublic，ofmiddlingonestobesubjecttoamonarch，andoflargeempirestobeswayedbyadespoticprince；theconsequenceis，thatinordertopreservetheprinciplesoftheestablishedgovernment，thestatemustbesupportedintheextentithasacquired，andthatthespiritofthisstatewillalterinproportionasitcontractsorextendsitslimits。
　　21。OftheEmpireofChina。BeforeIconcludethisbook，Ishallansweranobjectionthatmaybemadetotheforegoingdoctrine。
　　OurmissionariesinformusthatthegovernmentofthevastempireofChinaisadmirable，andthatithasapropermixtureoffear，honour，andvirtue。ConsequentlyImusthavegivenanidledistinctioninestablishingtheprinciplesofthethreegovernments。
　　ButIcannotconceivewhatthishonourcanbeamongapeoplewhoactonlythroughfearofbeingbastinadoed。[31]
　　Again，ourmerchantsarefarfromgivingusanysuchaccountsofthevirtuesomuchtalkedofbythemissionaries；weneedonlyconsulttheminrelationtotherobberiesandextortionsofthemandarins。[32]I
　　likewiseappealtoanotherunexceptionalwitness，thegreatLordAnson。
　　Besides，FatherPerennin’slettersconcerningtheemperor’sproceedingsagainstsomeoftheprincesoftheblood[33]whohadincurredhisdispleasurebytheirconversion，plainlyshowusasettledplanoftyranny，andbarbaritiescommittedbyrule，thatis，incoldblood。
　　WehavelikewiseMonsieurdeMairan’s，andthesameFatherPerennin’s，lettersonthegovernmentofChina。Ifindthereforethatafterafewproperquestionsandanswersthewholemysteryisunfolded。
　　Mightnotourmissionarieshavebeendeceivedbyanappearanceoforder？
　　Mightnottheyhavebeenstruckwiththatconstantexerciseofasingleperson’swill——anexercisebywhichtheythemselvesaregoverned，andwhichtheyaresopleasedtofindinthecourtsoftheIndianprinces；
　　becauseastheygothitheronlyinordertointroducegreatchanges，itismucheasiertopersuadethoseprincesthattherearenoboundstotheirpower，thantoconvincethepeoplethattherearenonetotheirsubmission。[34]
　　Infine，thereisfrequentlysomekindoftrutheveninerrorsthemselves。Itmaybeowingtoparticularand，perhaps，veryextraordinarycircumstancesthattheChinesegovernmentisnotsocorruptasonemightnaturallyexpect。Theclimateandsomeotherphysicalcausesmay，inthatcountry，havehadsostronganinfluenceontheirmoralsasinsomemeasuretoproducewonders。
　　TheclimateofChinaissurprisinglyfavourabletothepropagationofthehumanspecies。[35]Thewomenarethemostprolificinthewholeworld。Themostbarbaroustyrannycanputnostoptotheprogressofpropagation。TheprincecannotsaytherelikePharaoh，"Letusdealwiselywiththem，lesttheymultiply。"HewouldberatherreducedtoNero’swish，thatmankindhadallbutonehead。Inspiteoftyranny，Chinabytheforceofitsclimatewillbeeverpopulous，andtriumphoverthetyrannicaloppressor。
　　China，likeallothercountriesthatlivechieflyuponrice，issubjecttofrequentfamines。Whenthepeoplearereadytostarve，theydisperseinordertoseekfornourishment；inconsequenceofwhich，gangsofrobbersareformedoneveryside。Mostofthemareextirpatedintheirveryinfancy；othersswell，andarelikewisesuppressed。Andyetinsogreatanumberofsuchdistantprovinces，somebandorothermayhappentomeetwithsuccess。Inthatcasetheymaintaintheirground，strengthentheirparty，formthemselvesintoamilitarybody，marchuptothecapital，andplacetheirleaderonthethrone。
　　Fromtheverynatureofthings，abadadministrationishereimmediatelypunished。Thewantofsubsistenceinsopopulousacountryproducessuddendisorders。Thereasonwhytheredressofabusesinothercountriesisattendedwithsuchdifficultyisbecausetheireffectsarenotimmediatelyfelt；theprinceisnotinformedinsosuddenandsensibleamannerasinChina。
　　TheEmperorofChinaisnottaughtlikeourprincesthatifhegovernsillhewillbelesshappyintheotherlife，lesspowerfulandlessopulentinthis。Heknowsthatifhisgovernmentbenotjusthewillbestrippedbothofempireandlife。
　　AsChinagrowseverydaymorepopulous，notwithstandingtheexposingofchildren，[36]theinhabitantsareincessantlyemployedintillingthelandsfortheirsubsistence。Thisrequiresaveryextraordinaryattentioninthegovernment。Itistheirperpetualconcernthateverymanshouldhaveitinhispowertowork，withouttheapprehensionofbeingdeprivedofthefruitsofhislabour。Consequentlythisisnotsomuchacivilasadomesticgovernment。
　　Suchhasbeentheoriginofthoseregulationswhichhavebeensogreatlyextolled。Theywantedtomakethelawsreigninconjunctionwithdespoticpower；butwhateverisjoinedtothelatterlosesallitsforce。Invaindidthisarbitrarysway，labouringunderitsowninconveniences，desiretobefettered；itarmeditselfwithitschains，andhasbecomestillmoreterrible。
　　Chinaisthereforeadespoticstate，whoseprincipleisfear。Perhapsintheearliestdynasties，whentheempirehadnotsolargeanextent，thegovernmentmighthavedeviatedalittlefromthisspirit；butthecaseisotherwiseatpresent。
　　______
　　1。SeePlutarchinTimoleonandDion。
　　2。ItwasthatoftheSixHundred，ofwhommentionismadebyDiodorus，xix。5。
　　3。Upontheexpulsionsofthetyrants，theymadecitizensofstrangersandmercenarytroops，whichgaverisetocivilwars。——Aristotle，Politics，v。3。ThepeoplehavingbeenthecauseofthevictoryovertheAthenians，therepublicwaschanged。——Ibid。，4。Thepassionoftwoyoungmagistrates，oneofwhomcarriedofftheother’sboy，andinrevengetheotherdebauchedhiswife，wasattendedwithachangeintheformofthisrepublic。——Ibid。
　　4。Ibid。
　　5。Ibid。
　　6。Thearistocracyischangedintoanoligarchy。
　　7。Veniceisoneofthoserepublicsthathasenactedthebestlawsforcorrectingtheinconveniencesofanhereditaryaristocracy。
　　8。JustinattributestheextinctionofAthenianvirtuetothedeathofEpaminondas。Havingnofurtheremulation，theyspenttheirrevenuesinfeasts，frequentiuscoenam，quamcastravisentes。ThenitwasthattheMacedoniansemergedfromobscurity，9，1。6。
　　9。CompilationofworksmadeundertheMings，relatedbyFatherDuHalde，DescriptionofChina，ii，p。648。
　　10。DuringthereignofTiberiusstatueswereerectedto，andtriumphalornamentsconferredon，informers；whichdebasedthesehonourstosuchadegreethatthosewhohadreallymeritedthemdisdainedtoacceptthem。
　　Frag。ofDio，lviii。14，takenfromtheExtractofVirtuesandVices，byConstantinePorphyrogenitus。SeeinTacitusinwhatmannerNero，onthediscoveryandpunishmentofapretendedconspiracy，bestowedtriumphalornamentsonPetroniusTurpilianus，Nerva，andTigellinus。——Annals，xiv。72。Seelikewisehowthegeneralsrefusedtoserve，becausetheycondemnedthemilitaryhonours：pervulgatistriumphiinsignibus——
　　Ibid。，xiii。53。
　　11。Inthisstatetheprinceknewextremelywelltheprincipleofhisgovernment。
　　12。Herodian。
　　13。Aristotle，Politics，ii。10。
　　14。Theyalwaysunitedimmediatelyagainstforeignenemies，whichwascalledSyncretism。——PlutarchMoralia，p。88。
　　15。Republic，ix。
　　16。Plutarch，WhetheraManAdvancedinYearsOughttoMeddlewithPublicAffairs。
　　17。Republic，v。
　　18。TheGymnicartwasdividedintotwoparts，dancingandwrestling。InCretetheyhadthearmeddancesoftheCuretes；atSpartatheyhadthoseofCastorandPollux；atAthensthearmeddancesofPallas，whichwereextremelyproperforthosethatwerenotyetofageformilitaryservice。Wrestlingistheimageofwar，saidPlatoLaws，vii。Hecommendsantiquityforhavingestablishedonlytwodances，thepacificandthePyrrhic。Seehowthelatterdancewasappliedtothemilitaryart，Plato，ibid。
　　19。Autlibidinosce。Lad？asLacedamonispal？stras。——Mutual，iv，55。
　　20。Plutarch，inthetreatiseentitledQuestionsConcerningtheAffairsoftheRomans，question40。
　　21。Ibid。
　　22。Plutarch，TablePropositions，bookii，question5。
　　23。Booki，pref。
　　24。Livy，iii。20。
　　25。Ibid。，32。
　　26。Aboutahundredyearsafter。
　　27。Seexi，12。
　　28。SeeDio，xxxviii，CiceroinPlutarch，CicerotoAtticus，iv。10，15。
　　AsconiusonCicero，DeDivinatione。
　　29。Aswhenapettysovereignsupportshimselfbetweentwogreatpowersbymeansoftheirmutualjealousy；butthenhehasonlyaprecariousexistence。
　　30。SeeM。LeClerc，theHistoryoftheUnitedProvinces。
　　31。"ItisthecudgelthatgovernsChina，"saysFatherDuHalde，Disc。
　　delaChine，ii，p。134。