Andsoingymnastics，ifamantakesviolentexerciseandisagreatfeeder，andthereverseofagreatstudentofmusicandphilosophy，atfirstthehighconditionofhisbodyfillshimwithprideandspirit，andliebecomestwicethemanthathewas。
　　Certainly。
　　Andwhathappens？ifhedonothingelse，andholdsnocon—aversewiththeMuses，doesnoteventhatintelligencewhichtheremaybeinhim，havingnotasteofanysortoflearningorenquiryorthoughtorculture，growfeebleanddullandblind，hismindneverwakinguporreceivingnourishment，andhissensesnotbeingpurgedoftheirmists？
　　True，hesaid。
　　Andheendsbybecomingahaterofphilosophy，uncivilized，neverusingtheweaponofpersuasion，——heislikeawildbeast，allviolenceandfierceness，andknowsnootherwayofdealing；andhelivesinallignoranceandevilconditions，andhasnosenseofproprietyandgrace。
　　Thatisquitetrue，hesaid。
　　Andastherearetwoprinciplesofhumannature，onethespiritedandtheotherthephilosophical，someGod，asIshouldsay，hasgivenmankindtwoartsansweringtothem（andonlyindirectlytothesoulandbody），inorderthatthesetwoprinciples（likethestringsofaninstrument）mayberelaxedordrawntighteruntiltheyaredulyharmonised。
　　Thatappearstobetheintention。
　　Andhewhominglesmusicwithgymnasticinthefairestproportions，andbestattempersthemtothesoul，mayberightlycalledthetruemusicianandharmonistinafarhighersensethanthetunerofthestrings。
　　Youarequiteright，Socrates。
　　AndsuchapresidinggeniuswillbealwaysrequiredinourStateifthegovernmentistolast。
　　Yes，hewillbeabsolutelynecessary。
　　Such，then，areourprinciplesofnurtureandeducation：Wherewouldbetheuseofgoingintofurtherdetailsaboutthedancesofourcitizens，orabouttheirhuntingandcoursing，theirgymnasticandequestriancontests？Fortheseallfollowthegeneralprinciple，andhavingfoundthat，weshallhavenodifficultyindiscoveringthem。
　　Idaresaythattherewillbenodifficulty。
　　Verygood，Isaid；thenwhatisthenextquestion？Mustwenotaskwhoaretoberulersandwhosubjects？
　　Certainly。
　　Therecanbenodoubtthattheeldermustruletheyounger。
　　Clearly。
　　Andthatthebestofthesemustrule。
　　Thatisalsoclear。
　　Now，arenotthebesthusbandmenthosewhoaremostdevotedtohusbandry？
　　Yes。
　　Andaswearetohavethebestofguardiansforourcity，musttheynotbethosewhohavemostthecharacterofguardians？
　　Yes。
　　Andtothisendtheyoughttobewiseandefficient，andtohaveaspecialcareoftheState？
　　True。
　　Andamanwillbemostlikelytocareaboutthatwhichheloves？
　　Tobesure。
　　Andhewillbemostlikelytolovethatwhichheregardsashavingthesameinterestswithhimself，andthatofwhichthegoodorevilfortuneissupposedbyhimatanytimemosttoaffecthisown？
　　Verytrue，hereplied。
　　Thentheremustbeaselection。Letusnoteamongtheguardiansthosewhointheirwholelifeshowthegreatesteagernesstodowhatisforthegoodoftheircountry，andthegreatestrepugnancetodowhatisagainstherinterests。
　　Thosearetherightmen。
　　Andtheywillhavetobewatchedateveryage，inorderthatwemayseewhethertheypreservetheirresolution，andnever，undertheinfluenceeitherofforceorenchantment，forgetorcastofftheirsenseofdutytotheState。
　　Howcastoff？hesaid。
　　Iwillexplaintoyou，Ireplied。Aresolutionmaygooutofaman’smindeitherwithhiswilloragainsthiswill；withhiswillwhenhegetsridofafalsehoodandlearnsbetter，againsthiswillwheneverheisdeprivedofatruth。
　　Iunderstand，hesaid，thewillinglossofaresolution；themeaningoftheunwillingIhaveyettolearn。
　　Why，Isaid，doyounotseethatmenareunwillinglydeprivedofgood，andwillinglyofevil？Isnottohavelostthetruthanevil，andtopossessthetruthagood？andyouwouldagreethattoconceivethingsastheyareistopossessthetruth？
　　Yes，hereplied；Iagreewithyouinthinkingthatmankindaredeprivedoftruthagainsttheirwill。
　　Andisnotthisinvoluntarydeprivationcausedeitherbytheft，orforce，orenchantment？
　　Still，hereplied，Idonotunderstandyou。
　　IfearthatImusthavebeentalkingdarkly，likethetragedians。
　　Ionlymeanthatsomemenarechangedbypersuasionandthatothersforget；argumentstealsawaytheheartsofoneclass，andtimeoftheother；andthisIcalltheft。Nowyouunderstandme？
　　Yes。
　　Thoseagainwhoareforcedarethosewhomtheviolenceofsomepainorgriefcompelstochangetheiropinion。
　　Iunderstand，hesaid，andyouarequiteright。
　　Andyouwouldalsoacknowledgethattheenchantedarethosewhochangetheirmindseitherunderthesofterinfluenceofpleasure，orthesternerinfluenceoffear？
　　Yes，hesaid；everythingthatdeceivesmaybesaidtoenchant。
　　Therefore，asIwasjustnowsaying，wemustenquirewhoarethebestguardiansoftheirownconvictionthatwhattheythinktheinterestoftheStateistobetheruleoftheirlives。Wemustwatchthemfromtheiryouthupwards，andmakethemperformactionsinwhichtheyaremostlikelytoforgetortobedeceived，andhewhoremembersandisnotdeceivedistobeselected，andhewhofallsinthetrialistoberejected。Thatwillbetheway？
　　Yes。
　　Andthereshouldalsobetoilsandpainsandconflictsprescribedforthem，inwhichtheywillbemadetogivefurtherproofofthesamequalities。
　　Veryright，hereplied。
　　Andthen，Isaid，wemusttrythemwithenchantmentsthatisthethirdsortoftest——andseewhatwillbetheirbehaviour：likethosewhotakecoltsamidnoiseandtumulttoseeiftheyareofatimidnature，somustwetakeouryouthamidterrorsofsomekind，andagainpassthemintopleasures，andprovethemmorethoroughlythangoldisprovedinthefurnace，thatwemaydiscoverwhethertheyarearmedagainstallenchantments，andofanoblebearingalways，goodguardiansofthemselvesandofthemusicwhichtheyhavelearned，andretainingunderallcircumstancesarhythmicalandharmoniousnature，suchaswillbemostserviceabletotheindividualandtotheState。Andhewhoateveryage，asboyandyouthandinmaturelife，hascomeoutofthetrialvictoriousandpure，shallbeappointedarulerandguardianoftheState；heshallbehonouredinlifeanddeath，andshallreceivesepultureandothermemorialsofhonour，thegreatestthatwehavetogive。Buthimwhofails，wemustreject。Iaminclinedtothinkthatthisisthesortofwayinwhichourrulersandguardiansshouldbechosenandappointed。Ispeakgenerally，andnotwithanypretensiontoexactness。
　　And，speakinggenerally，Iagreewithyou，hesaid。
　　Andperhapstheword’guardian’inthefullestsenseoughttobeappliedtothishigherclassonlywhopreserveusagainstforeignenemiesandmaintainpeaceamongourcitizensathome，thattheonemaynothavethewill，ortheothersthepower，toharmus。Theyoungmenwhomwebeforecalledguardiansmaybemoreproperlydesignatedauxiliariesandsupportersoftheprinciplesoftherulers。
　　Iagreewithyou，hesaid。
　　Howthenmaywedeviseoneofthoseneedfulfalsehoodsofwhichwelatelyspoke——justoneroyalliewhichmaydeceivetherulers，ifthatbepossible，andatanyratetherestofthecity？
　　Whatsortoflie？hesaid。
　　Nothingnew，Ireplied；onlyanoldPhoeniciantaleofwhathasoftenoccurredbeforenowinotherplaces，（asthepoetssay，andhavemadetheworldbelieve，）thoughnotinourtime，andIdonotknowwhethersuchaneventcouldeverhappenagain，orcouldnowevenbemadeprobable，ifitdid。
　　Howyourwordsseemtohesitateonyourlips！
　　Youwillnotwonder，Ireplied，atmyhesitationwhenyouhaveheard。
　　Speak，hesaid，andfearnot。
　　Wellthen，Iwillspeak，althoughIreallyknownothowtolookyouintheface，orinwhatwordstouttertheaudaciousfiction，whichIproposetocommunicategradually，firsttotherulers，thentothesoldiers，andlastlytothepeople。Theyaretobetoldthattheiryouthwasadream，andtheeducationandtrainingwhichtheyreceivedfromus，anappearanceonly；inrealityduringallthattimetheywerebeingformedandfedinthewomboftheearth，wheretheythemselvesandtheirarmsandappurtenancesweremanufactured；
　　whentheywerecompleted，theearth，theirmother，sentthemup；andso，theircountrybeingtheirmotherandalsotheirnurse，theyareboundtoadviseforhergood，andtodefendheragainstattacks，andhercitizenstheyaretoregardaschildrenoftheearthandtheirownbrothers。
　　Youhadgoodreason，hesaid，tobeashamedoftheliewhichyouweregoingtotell。
　　True，Ireplied，butthereismorecoming；Ihaveonlytoldyouhalf。Citizens，weshallsaytotheminourtale，youarebrothers，yetGodhasframedyoudifferently。Someofyouhavethepowerofcommand，andinthecompositionofthesehehasmingledgold，whereforealsotheyhavethegreatesthonour；othershehasmadeofsilver，tobeauxillaries；othersagainwhoaretobehusbandmenandcraftsmenhehascomposedofbrassandiron；andthespecieswillgenerallybepreservedinthechildren。Butasallareofthesameoriginalstock，agoldenparentwillsometimeshaveasilverson，orasilverparentagoldenson。AndGodproclaimsasafirstprincipletotherulers，andaboveallelse，thatthereisnothingwhichshouldsoanxiouslyguard，orofwhichtheyaretobesuchgoodguardians，asofthepurityoftherace。Theyshouldobservewhatelementsmingleintheiroffspring；forifthesonofagoldenorsilverparenthasanadmixtureofbrassandiron，thennatureordersatranspositionofranks，andtheeyeoftherulermustnotbepitifultowardsthechildbecausehehastodescendinthescaleandbecomeahusbandmanorartisan，justastheremaybesonsofartisanswhohavinganadmixtureofgoldorsilverinthemareraisedtohonour，andbecomeguardiansorauxiliaries。ForanoraclesaysthatwhenamanofbrassorironguardstheState，itwillbedestroyed。Suchisthetale；isthereanypossibilityofmakingourcitizensbelieveinit？
　　Notinthepresentgeneration，hereplied；thereisnowayofaccomplishingthis；buttheirsonsmaybemadetobelieveinthetale，andtheirsons’sons，andposterityafterthem。
　　Iseethedifficulty，Ireplied；yetthefosteringofsuchabeliefwillmakethemcaremoreforthecityandforoneanother。
　　Enough，however，ofthefiction，whichmaynowflyabroaduponthewingsofrumour，whilewearmourearth—bornheroes，andleadthemforthunderthecommandoftheirrulers。Letthemlookroundandselectaspotwhencetheycanbestsuppressinsurrection，ifanyproverefractorywithin，andalsodefendthemselvesagainstenemies，wholikewolvesmaycomedownonthefoldfromwithout；thereletthemencamp，andwhentheyhaveencamped，letthemsacrificetotheproperGodsandpreparetheirdwellings。
　　Justso，hesaid。
　　Andtheirdwellingsmustbesuchaswillshieldthemagainstthecoldofwinterandtheheatofsummer。
　　Isupposethatyoumeanhouses，hereplied。
　　Yes，Isaid；buttheymustbethehousesofsoldiers，andnotofshop—keepers。
　　Whatisthedifference？hesaid。
　　ThatIwillendeavourtoexplain，Ireplied。Tokeepwatchdogs，who，fromwantofdisciplineorhunger，orsomeevilhabit，orevilhabitorother，wouldturnuponthesheepandworrythem，andbehavenotlikedogsbutwolves，wouldbeafoulandmonstrousthinginashepherd？
　　Trulymonstrous，hesaid。
　　Andthereforeeverycaremustbetakenthatourauxiliaries，beingstrongerthanourcitizens，maynotgrowtobetoomuchforthemandbecomesavagetyrantsinsteadoffriendsandallies？
　　Yes，greatcareshouldbetaken。
　　Andwouldnotareallygoodeducationfurnishthebestsafeguard？
　　Buttheyarewell—educatedalready，hereplied。
　　Icannotbesoconfident，mydearGlaucon，Isaid；Iammuchcertainthattheyoughttobe，andthattrueeducation，whateverthatmaybe，willhavethegreatesttendencytocivilizeandhumanizethemintheirrelationstooneanother，andtothosewhoareundertheirprotection。
　　Verytrue，hereplied。
　　Andnotonlytheireducation，buttheirhabitations，andallthatbelongstothem，shouldbesuchaswillneitherimpairtheirvirtueasguardians，nortemptthemtopreyupontheothercitizens。Anymanofsensemustacknowledgethat。
　　Hemust。
　　Thenletusconsiderwhatwillbetheirwayoflife，iftheyaretorealizeourideaofthem。Inthefirstplace，noneofthemshouldhaveanypropertyofhisownbeyondwhatisabsolutelynecessary；
　　neithershouldtheyhaveaprivatehouseorstoreclosedagainstanyonewhohasamindtoenter；theirprovisionsshouldbeonlysuchasarerequiredbytrainedwarriors，whoaremenoftemperanceandcourage；theyshouldagreetoreceivefromthecitizensafixedrateofpay，enoughtomeettheexpensesoftheyearandnomore；andtheywillgoandlivetogetherlikesoldiersinacamp。GoldandsilverwewilltellthemthattheyhavefromGod；thedivinermetaliswithinthem，andtheyhavethereforenoneedofthedrosswhichiscurrentamongmen，andoughtnottopollutethedivinebyanysuchearthlyadmixture；forthatcommonermetalhasbeenthesourceofmanyunholydeeds，buttheirownisundefiled。Andtheyaloneofallthecitizensmaynottouchorhandlesilverorgold，orbeunderthesameroofwiththem，orwearthem，ordrinkfromthem。Andthiswillbetheirsalvation，andtheywillbethesavioursoftheState。Butshouldtheyeveracquirehomesorlandsormoneysoftheirown，theywillbecomehousekeepersandhusbandmeninsteadofguardians，enemiesandtyrantsinsteadofalliesoftheothercitizens；hatingandbeinghated，plottingandbeingplottedagainst，theywillpasstheirwholelifeinmuchgreaterterrorofinternalthanofexternalenemies，andthehourofruin，bothtothemselvesandtotherestoftheState，willbeathand。ForallwhichreasonsmaywenotsaythatthusshallourStatebeordered，andthattheseshallbetheregulationsappointedbyusforguardiansconcerningtheirhousesandallothermatters？otherYes，saidGlaucon。
　　BOOKIV
　　ADEIMANTUS—SOCRATES
　　HEREAdeimantusinterposedaquestion：Howwouldyouanswer，Socrates，saidhe，ifapersonweretosaythatyouaremakingthesepeoplemiserable，andthattheyarethecauseoftheirownunhappiness；thecityinfactbelongstothem，buttheyarenonethebetterforit；whereasothermenacquirelands，andbuildlargeandhandsomehouses，andhaveeverythinghandsomeaboutthem，offeringsacrificestothegodsontheirownaccount，andpractisinghospitality；moreover，asyouweresayingjustnow，theyhavegoldandsilver，andallthatisusualamongthefavouritesoffortune；butourpoorcitizensarenobetterthanmercenarieswhoarequarteredinthecityandarealwaysmountingguard？
　　Yes，Isaid；andyoumayaddthattheyareonlyfed，andnotpaidinadditiontotheirfood，likeothermen；andthereforetheycannot，iftheywould，takeajourneyofpleasure；theyhavenomoneytospendonamistressoranyotherluxuriousfancy，which，astheworldgoes，isthoughttobehappiness；andmanyotheraccusationsofthesamenaturemightbeadded。
　　But，saidhe，letussupposeallthistobeincludedinthecharge。
　　Youmeantoask，Isaid，whatwillbeouranswer？
　　Yes。
　　Ifweproceedalongtheoldpath，mybelief，Isaid，isthatweshallfindtheanswer。Andouranswerwillbethat，evenastheyare，ourguardiansmayverylikelybethehappiestofmen；butthatouraiminfoundingtheStatewasnotthedisproportionatehappinessofanyoneclass，butthegreatesthappinessofthewhole；wethoughtthatinaStatewhichisorderedwithaviewtothegoodofthewholeweshouldbemostlikelytofindJustice，andintheill—orderedStateinjustice：and，havingfoundthem，wemightthendecidewhichofthetwoisthehappier。Atpresent，Itakeit，wearefashioningthehappyState，notpiecemeal，orwithaviewofmakingafewhappycitizens，butasawhole；andby—and—bywewillproceedtoviewtheoppositekindofState。Supposethatwewerepaintingastatue，andsomeonecameuptousandsaid，Whydoyounotputthemostbeautifulcoloursonthemostbeautifulpartsofthebody——theeyesoughttobepurple，butyouhavemadethemblack——tohimwemightfairlyanswer，Sir，youwouldnotsurelyhaveusbeautifytheeyestosuchadegreethattheyarenolongereyes；considerratherwhether，bygivingthisandtheotherfeaturestheirdueproportion，wemakethewholebeautiful。AndsoIsaytoyou，donotcompelustoassigntotheguardiansasortofhappinesswhichwillmakethemanythingbutguardians；forwetoocanclotheourhusbandmeninroyalapparel，andsetcrownsofgoldontheirheads，andbidthemtillthegroundasmuchastheylike，andnomore。Ourpottersalsomightbeallowedtoreposeoncouches，andfeastbythefireside，passingroundthewinecup，whiletheirwheelisconvenientlyathand，andworkingatpotteryonlyasmuchastheylike；inthiswaywemightmakeeveryclasshappy—andthen，asyouimagine，thewholeStatewouldbehappy。Butdonotputthisideaintoourheads；for，ifwelistentoyou，thehusbandmanwillbenolongerahusbandman，thepotterwillceasetobeapotter，andnoonewillhavethecharacterofanydistinctclassintheState。Nowthisisnotofmuchconsequencewherethecorruptionofsociety，andpretensiontobewhatyouarenot，isconfinedtocobblers；butwhentheguardiansofthelawsandofthegovernmentareonlyseeminglyandnotrealguardians，thenseehowtheyturntheStateupsidedown；andontheotherhandtheyalonehavethepowerofgivingorderandhappinesstotheState。WemeanourguardianstobetruesavioursandnotthedestroyersoftheState，whereasouropponentisthinkingofpeasantsatafestival，whoareenjoyingalifeofrevelry，notofcitizenswhoaredoingtheirdutytotheState。But，ifso，wemeandifferentthings，andheisspeakingofsomethingwhichisnotaState。Andthereforewemustconsiderwhetherinappointingourguardianswewouldlooktotheirgreatesthappinessindividually，orwhetherthisprincipleofhappinessdoesnotratherresideintheStateasawhole。Butthelatterbethetruth，thentheguardiansandauxillaries，andallothersequallywiththem，mustbecompelledorinducedtodotheirownworkinthebestway。AndthusthewholeStatewillgrowupinanobleorder，andtheseveralclasseswillreceivetheproportionofhappinesswhichnatureassignstothem。
　　Ithinkthatyouarequiteright。
　　Iwonderwhetheryouwillagreewithanotherremarkwhichoccurstome。
　　Whatmaythatbe？
　　Thereseemtobetwocausesofthedeteriorationofthearts。
　　Whatarethey？
　　Wealth，Isaid，andpoverty。
　　Howdotheyact？
　　Theprocessisasfollows：Whenapotterbecomesrich，willhe，thinkyou，anylongertakethesamepainswithhisart？
　　Certainlynot。
　　Hewillgrowmoreandmoreindolentandcareless？
　　Verytrue。
　　Andtheresultwillbethathebecomesaworsepotter？
　　Yes；hegreatlydeteriorates。
　　But，ontheotherhand，ifhehasnomoney，andcannotprovidehimselftoolsorinstruments，hewillnotworkequallywellhimself，norwillheteachhissonsorapprenticestoworkequallywell。
　　Certainlynot。
　　Then，undertheinfluenceeitherofpovertyorofwealth，workmenandtheirworkareequallyliabletodegenerate？
　　Thatisevident。
　　Here，then，isadiscoveryofnewevils，Isaid，againstwhichtheguardianswillhavetowatch，ortheywillcreepintothecityunobserved。
　　Whatevils？
　　Wealth，Isaid，andpoverty；theoneistheparentofluxuryandindolence，andtheotherofmeannessandviciousness，andbothofdiscontent。
　　Thatisverytrue，hereplied；butstillIshouldliketoknow，Socrates，howourcitywillbeabletogotowar，especiallyagainstanenemywhoisrichandpowerful，ifdeprivedofthesinewsofwar。
　　Therewouldcertainlybeadifficulty，Ireplied，ingoingtowarwithonesuchenemy；butthereisnodifficultywheretherearetwoofthem。
　　Howso？heasked。
　　Inthefirstplace，Isaid，ifwehavetofight，oursidewillbetrainedwarriorsfightingagainstanarmyofrichmen。
　　Thatistrue，hesaid。
　　Anddoyounotsuppose，Adeimantus，thatasingleboxerwhowasperfectinhisartwouldeasilybeamatchfortwostoutandwell—to—dogentlemenwhowerenotboxers？
　　Hardly，iftheycameuponhimatonce。
　　What，not，Isaid，ifhewereabletorunawayandthenturnandstrikeattheonewhofirstcameup？Andsupposingheweretodothisseveraltimesundertheheatofascorchingsun，mighthenot，beinganexpert，overturnmorethanonestoutpersonage？
　　Certainly，hesaid，therewouldbenothingwonderfulinthat。
　　Andyetrichmenprobablyhaveagreatersuperiorityinthescienceandpracticeofboxingthantheyhaveinmilitaryqualities。
　　Likelyenough。
　　Thenwemayassumethatourathleteswillbeabletofightwithtwoorthreetimestheirownnumber？
　　Iagreewithyou，forIthinkyouright。
　　Andsupposethat，beforeengaging，ourcitizenssendanembassytooneofthetwocities，tellingthemwhatisthetruth：Silverandgoldweneitherhavenorarepermittedtohave，butyoumay；doyouthereforecomeandhelpusinwar，ofandtakethespoilsoftheothercity：Who，onhearingthesewords，wouldchoosetofightagainstleanwirydogs，ratherththan，withthedogsontheirside，againstfatandtendersheep？
　　Thatisnotlikely；andyettheremightbeadangertothepoorStateifthewealthofmanyStatesweretobegatheredintoone。
　　ButhowsimpleofyoutousethetermStateatallofanybutourown！
　　Whyso？
　　YououghttospeakofotherStatesinthepluralnumber；notoneofthemisacity，butmanycities，astheysayinthegame。Forindeedanycity，howeversmall，isinfactdividedintotwo，onethecityofthepoor，theotheroftherich；theseareatwarwithoneanother；andineithertherearemanysmallerdivisions，andyouwouldbealtogetherbesidethemarkifyoutreatedthemallasasingleState。Butifyoudealwiththemasmany，andgivethewealthorpowerorpersonsoftheonetotheothers，youwillalwayshaveagreatmanyfriendsandnotmanyenemies。AndyourState，whilethewiseorderwhichhasnowbeenprescribedcontinuestoprevailinher，willbethegreatestofStates，Idonotmeantosayinreputationorappearance，butindeedandtruth，thoughshenumbernotmorethanathousanddefenders。AsingleStatewhichisherequalyouwillhardlyfind，eitheramongHellenesorbarbarians，thoughmanythatappeartobeasgreatandmanytimesgreater。
　　Thatismosttrue，hesaid。
　　Andwhat，Isaid，willbethebestlimitforourrulerstofixwhentheyareconsideringthesizeoftheStateandtheamountofterritorywhichtheyaretoinclude，andbeyondwhichtheywillnotgo？
　　Whatlimitwouldyoupropose？
　　IwouldallowtheStatetoincreasesofarasisconsistentwithunity；that，Ithink，istheproperlimit。
　　Verygood，hesaid。