Doubtlessintheselastinstancesthepeoplewasdeceived。Butwithouttherevolutionaryconspiracieswhichledtodisorder，itwouldnothavebeenimpelledtoseekthemeansofescapetherefrom。
　　Thefactsrecalledinthischaptermustnotbeforgottenifwewishfullytocomprehendthevariousrolesofthepeopleduringrevolution。Itsactionisconsiderable，butveryunlikethatimaginedbythelegendswhoserepetitionaloneconstitutestheirvitality。
　　BOOKII
　　THEFORMSOFMENTALITYPREVALENTDURINGREVOLUTION
　　CHAPTERI
　　INDIVIDUALVARIATIONSOFCHARACTERINTIMEOFREVOLUTION
　　1。TransformationsofPersonality。
　　Ihavedweltatlengthelsewhereuponacertaintheoryofcharacter，withoutwhichitisabsolutelyimpossibletounderstanddiverstransformationsorinconsistenciesofconductwhichoccuratcertainmoments，notablyintimeofrevolution。
　　Herearetheprincipalpointsofthistheory：
　　Everyindividualpossesses，besideshishabitualmentality，which，whentheenvironmentdoesnotalter，isalmostconstant，variouspossibilitiesofcharacterwhichmaybeevokedbypassingevents。
　　Thepeoplewhosurroundusarethecreaturesofcertaincircumstances，butnotofallcircumstances。Ouregoconsistsoftheassociationofinnumerablecellularegos，theresiduesofancestralpersonalities。Bytheircombinationtheyformanequilibriumwhichisfairlypermanentwhenthesocialenvironmentdoesnotvary。Assoonasthisenvironmentisconsiderablymodified，asintimeofinsurrection，thisequilibriumisbroken，andthedissociatedelementsconstitute，byafreshaggregation，anewpersonality，whichismanifestedbyideas，feelings，andactionsverydifferentfromthoseformerlyobservedinthesameindividual。ThusitisthatduringtheTerrorweseehonestbourgeoisandpeacefulmagistrateswhowerenotedfortheirkindnessturnedintobloodthirstyfanatics。
　　Undertheinfluenceofenvironmenttheoldpersonalitymaythereforegiveplacetooneentirelynew。Forthisreasontheactorsingreatreligiousandpoliticalcrisesoftenseemofadifferentessencetoourselves；yettheydonotdifferfromus；
　　therepetitionofthesameeventswouldbringbackthesamemen。
　　Napoleonperfectlyunderstoodthesepossibilitiesofcharacterwhenhesaid，inSaintHelena：——
　　``ItisbecauseIknowjusthowgreatapartchanceplaysinourpoliticaldecisions，thatIhavealwaysbeenwithoutprejudices，andveryindulgentastothepartmenhavetakenduringourdisturbances……Intimeofrevolutiononecanonlysaywhatonehasdone；itwouldnotbewisetosaythatonecouldnothavedoneotherwise……Menaredifficulttounderstandifwewanttobejust……Dotheyknowthemselves？Dotheyaccountforthemselvesveryclearly？Therearevirtuesandvicesofcircumstance。’’
　　Whenthenormalpersonalityhasbeendisaggregatedundertheinfluenceofcertainevents，howdoesthenewpersonalityformitself？Byseveralmeans，themostactiveofwhichistheacquisitionofastrongbelief。Thisorientatesalltheelementsoftheunderstanding，asthemagnetcollectsintoregularcurvesthefilingsofamagneticmetal。
　　Thuswereformedthepersonalitiesobservedintimesofgreatcrises：theCrusades，theReformation，theRevolutionnotably。
　　Atnormaltimestheenvironmentvarieslittle，sothatasaruleweseeonlyasinglepersonalityintheindividualsthatsurroundus。Sometimes，however，ithappensthatweobserveseveral，whichincertaincircumstancesmayreplaceoneanother。
　　Thesepersonalitiesmaybecontradictoryandeveninimical。Thisphenomenon，exceptionalundernormalconditions，isconsiderablyaccentuatedincertainpathologicalconditions。Morbidpsychologyhasrecordedseveralexamplesofmultiplepersonalityinasinglesubject，suchasthecasescitedbyMortonPrinceandPierreJanet。
　　Inallthesevariationsofpersonalityitisnottheintelligencewhichismodified，butthefeelings，whoseassociationformsthecharacter。
　　2。ElementsofCharacterPredominantinTimeofRevolution。
　　Duringrevolutionweseeseveralsentimentsdevelopedwhicharecommonlyrepressed，buttowhichthedestructionofsocialconstraintsgivesafreevent。
　　Theseconstraints，consistingofthelaw，morality，andtradition，arenotalwayscompletelybroken。Somesurvivetheupheavalandservetosomeextenttodamptheexplosionofdangeroussentiments。
　　Themostpowerfuloftheserestraintsisthesouloftherace。
　　Thisdeterminesamannerofseeing，feeling，andwillingcommontothemajorityoftheindividualsofthesamepeople；itconstitutesahereditarycustom，andnothingismorepowerfulthanthetiesofcustom。
　　Thisracialinfluencelimitsthevariationsofapeopleanddeterminesitsdestinywithincertainlimitsinspiteofallsuperficialchanges。
　　Forexample，totakeonlytheinstancesofhistory，itwouldseemthatthementalityofFrancemusthavevariedenormouslyduringasinglecentury。InafewyearsitpassedfromtheRevolutiontoCaesarism，returnedtothemonarchy，effectedanotherRevolution，andthensummonedanewCaesar。Inrealityonlytheoutsidesofthingshadchanged。
　　Wecannotinsistfurtherhereonthelimitsofnationalvariability，butmustnowconsidertheinfluenceofcertainaffectiveelements，whosedevelopmentduringrevolutioncontributestomodifyindividualorcollectivepersonalities。InparticularIwillmentionhatred，fear，ambition，jealousyorenvy，vanity，andenthusiasm。Weobservetheirinfluenceduringseveraloftheupheavalsofhistory，notablyduringthecourseoftheFrenchRevolution，whichwillfurnishuswithmostofourexamples。
　　Hatred。——Thehatredofpersons，institutions，andthingswhichanimatedthemenoftheRevolutionisoneoftheseaffectivephenomenawhicharethemorestrikingthemoreonestudiestheirpsychology。Theydetested，notonlytheirenemies，butthemembersoftheirownparty。``Ifoneweretoacceptunreservedly，’’saidarecentwriter，``thejudgmentswhichtheyexpressedofoneanother，weshouldhavetoconcludethattheywerealltraitorsandboasters，allincapableandcorrupt，allassassinsortyrants。’’Weknowwithwhathatred，scarcelyappeasedbythedeathoftheirenemies，menpersecutedtheGirondists，Dantonists，Hebertists，Robespierrists，&c。
　　Oneofthechiefcausesofthisfeelingresidedinthefactthatthesefurioussectaries，beingapostlesinpossessionoftheabsoluteverity，wereunable，likeallbelievers，totoleratethesightofinfidels。Amysticorsentimentalcertitudeisalwaysaccompaniedbytheneedofforcingitselfonothers，isneverconvinced，anddoesnotshrinkfromwholesaleslaughterwhenithasthepowertocommitit。
　　IfthehatredsthatdividedthemenoftheRevolutionhadbeenofrationalorigintheywouldnothavelastedlong，but，arisingfromaffectiveandmysticfactors，mencouldneitherforgetnorforgive。Theirsourcesbeingidenticalinthedifferentparties，theymanifestedthemselvesoneveryhandwithidenticalviolence。
　　Ithasbeenproved，bymeansofdocuments，thattheGirondistswerenolesssanguinarythantheMontagnards。Theywerethefirsttodeclare，withPetion，thatthevanquishedpartiesshouldperish。Theyalso，accordingtoM。Aulard，attemptedtojustifythemassacresofSeptember。TheTerrormustnotbeconsideredsimplyasameansofdefence，butasthegeneralprocessofdestructiontowhichtriumphantbelievershavealwaystreatedtheirdetestedenemies。Menwhocanputupwiththegreatestdivergenceofideascannottoleratedifferencesofbelief。
　　Inreligiousorpoliticalwarfarethevanquishedcanhopefornoquarter。FromSulla，whocutthethroatsoftwohundredsenatorsandfiveorsixthousandRomans，tothemenwhosuppressedtheCommune，andshotdownmorethantwentythousandaftertheirvictory，thisbloodylawhasneverfailed。Provedoverandoveragaininthepast，itwilldoubtlessbesointhefuture。
　　ThehatredsoftheRevolutiondidnotariseentirelyfromdivergenceofbelief。Othersentiments——envy，ambition，andself—love——alsoengenderedthem。Therivalryofindividualsaspiringtopowerledthechiefsofthevariousgroupsinsuccessiontothescaffold。
　　Wemustremember，moreover，thattheneedofdivisionandthehatredresultingtherefromseemtobeconstituentelementsoftheLatinmind。TheycostourGaulishancestorstheirindependence，andhadalreadystruckCaesar。
　　``Nocity，’’hesaid，``butwasdividedintotwofactions；nocanton，novillage，nohouseinwhichthespiritofpartydidnotbreathe。Itwasveryrarelythatayearwentbywithoutacitytakinguparmstoattackorrepulseitsneighbours。’’
　　Asmanhasonlyrecentlyenteredupontheageofknowledge，andhasalwayshithertobeenguidedbysentimentsandbeliefs，wemayconceivethevastimportanceofhatredasafactorofhishistory。
　　CommandantColin，professorattheCollegeofWar，remarksinthefollowingtermsontheimportanceofthisfeelingduringcertainwars：——
　　``Inwarmorethanatanyothertimethereisnobetterinspiringforcethanhatred；itwashatredthatmadeBluchervictoriousoverNapoleon。Analysethemostwonderfulmanoeuvres，themostdecisiveoperations，andiftheyarenottheworkofanexceptionalman，aFrederickoraNapoleon，youwillfindtheyareinspiredbypassionmorethanbycalculation。Whatwouldthewarof1870havebeenwithoutthehatredwhichweboretheGermans？’’
　　ThewritermighthaveaddedthattheintensehatredoftheJapanesefortheRussians，whohadsohumiliatedthem，mightbeclassedamongthecausesoftheirsuccess。TheRussiansoldiers，ignorantoftheveryexistenceoftheJapanese，hadnoanimosityagainstthem，whichwasoneofthereasonsoftheirfailure。
　　TherewasassuredlyagooddealoftalkoffraternityatthetimeoftheRevolution，andthereisevenmoreto—day。Pacificism，humanitarianism，andsolidarityhavebecomecatchwordsoftheadvancedparties，butweknowhowprofoundarethehatredsconcealedbeneaththeseterms，andwhatdangersoverhangourmodernsociety。
　　Fear。——Fearplaysalmostaslargeapartinrevolutionsashatred。DuringtheFrenchRevolutionthereweremanyexamplesofgreatindividualcourageandmanyexhibitionsofcollectivecowardice。
　　Facingthescaffold，themenoftheConventionwerealwaysbraveintheextreme；butbeforethethreatsoftherioterswhoinvadedtheAssemblytheyconstantlyexhibitedanexcessivepusillanimity，obeyingthemostabsurdinjunctions，asweshallseeifwere—readthehistoryoftherevolutionaryAssemblies。
　　Alltheformsoffearwereobservedatthisperiod。Oneofthemostwidespreadwasthefearofappearingmoderate。MembersoftheAssemblies，publicprosecutors，representatives``onmission，’’judgesoftherevolutionarytribunals，&c。，allsoughttoappearmoreadvancedthantheirrivals。Fearwasoneoftheprincipalelementsofthecrimescommittedatthisperiod。
　　IfbysomemiracleitcouldhavebeeneliminatedfromtherevolutionaryAssemblies，theirconductwouldhavebeenquiteotherthanitwas，andtheRevolutionitselfwouldhavetakenaverydifferentdirection。
　　Ambition，Envy，Vanity，&c。——Innormaltimestheinfluenceofthesevariousaffectiveelementsisforciblycontainedbysocialnecessities。Ambition，forinstance，isnecessarilylimitedinahierarchicalformofsociety。Althoughthesoldierdoessometimesbecomeageneral，itisonlyafteralongtermofservice。Intimeofrevolution，ontheotherhand，thereisnoneedtowait。Everyonemayreachtheupperranksalmostimmediately，sothatallambitionsareviolentlyaroused。Thehumblestmanbelieveshimselffittedforthehighestemployments，andbythisveryfacthisvanitygrowsoutofallmeasure。
　　Allthepassionsbeingmoreorlessaroused，includingambitionandvanity，weseethedevelopmentofjealousyandenvyofthosewhohavesucceededmorequicklythanothers。
　　Theeffectofjealousy，alwaysimportantintimesofrevolution，wasespeciallysoduringthegreatFrenchRevolution。Jealousyofthenobilityconstitutedoneofitsmostimportantfactors。
　　Themiddleclasseshadincreasedincapacityandwealth，tothepointofsurpassingthenobility。Althoughtheymingledwiththenoblesmoreandmore，theyfelt，nonetheless，thattheywereheldatadistance，andthistheykeenlyresented。Thisframeofmindhadunconsciouslymadethebourgeoisiekeensupportersofthephilosophicdoctrineofequality。
　　Woundedself—loveandjealousywerethusthecausesofhatredsthatwecanscarcelyconceivetoday，whenthesocialinfluenceofthenobilityissosmall。ManymembersoftheConvention——Carrier，Marat，andothers——rememberedwithangerthattheyhadonceoccupiedsubordinatepositionsintheestablishmentsofgreatnobles。Mme。Rolandwasneverabletoforgetthat，whensheandhermotherwereinvitedtothehouseofagreatladyundertheancienregime，theyhadbeensenttodineintheservants’quarters。
　　ThephilosopherRivarolhasverywelldescribedinthefollowingpassage，alreadycitedbyTaine，theinfluenceofwoundedself—
　　loveandjealousyupontherevolutionaryhatreds：——
　　``Itisnot，’’hewrites，``thetaxes，northelettresdecachet，noranyoftheotherabusesofauthority；itisnotthesinsoftheintendants，northelongandruinousdelaysofjustice，thathasmostangeredthenation；itistheprejudicesofthenobilityforwhichithasexhibitedthegreatesthatred。
　　Whatprovesthisclearlyisthefactthatitisthebourgeois，themenofletters，themenofmoney，infactallthosewhoarejealousofthenobility，whohaveraisedthepoorerinhabitantsofthecitiesagainstthem，andthepeasantsinthecountrydistricts。’’
　　ThisverytruestatementpartlyjustifiesthesayingofNapoleon：
　　``VanitymadetheRevolution；libertywasonlythepretext。’’
　　Enthusiasm。——TheenthusiasmofthefoundersoftheRevolutionequalledthatoftheapostlesofthefaithofMohammed。AnditwasreallyareligionthatthebourgeoisofthefirstAssemblythoughttofound。Theythoughttohavedestroyedanoldworld，andtohavebuiltanewoneuponitsruins。Neverdidillusionmoreseductivefiretheheartsofmen。Equalityandfraternity，proclaimedbythenewdogmas，weretobringthereignofeternalhappinesstoallthepeoples。Manhadbrokenforeverwithapastofbarbarityanddarkness。Theregeneratedworldwouldinfuturebeilluminatedbythelucidradianceofpurereason。Onallhandsthemostbrilliantoratoricalformulaesalutedtheexpecteddawn。
　　Thatthisenthusiasmwassosoonreplacedbyviolencewasduetothefactthattheawakeningwasspeedyandterrible。OnecanreadilyconceivetheindignantfurywithwhichtheapostlesoftheRevolutionattackedthedailyobstaclesopposedtotherealisationoftheirdreams。Theyhadsoughttorejectthepast，toforgettradition，tomakemanoveragain。Butthepastreappearedincessantly，andmenrefusedtochange。Thereformers，checkedintheironwardmarch，wouldnotgivein。
　　Theysoughttoimposebyforceadictatorshipwhichspeedilymademenregretthesystemabolished，andfinallyledtoitsreturn。
　　ItistoberemarkedthatalthoughtheenthusiasmofthefirstdaysdidnotlastintherevolutionaryAssemblies，itsurvivedverymuchlongerinthearmies，andconstitutedtheirchiefstrength。Totellthetruth，thearmiesoftheRevolutionwererepublicanlongbeforeFrancebecameso，andremainedrepublicanlongafterFrancehadceasedtobeso。
　　Thevariationsofcharacterconsideredinthischapter，beingconditionedbycertaincommonaspirationsandidenticalchangesofenvironment，finallybecameconcreteinasmallnumberoffairlyhomogeneousmentalities。Speakingonlyofthemorecharacteristic，wemayreferthemtofourtypes：theJacobin，mystic，revolutionary，andcriminalmentalities。
　　CHAPTERII
　　THEMYSTICMENTALITYANDTHEJACOBINMENTALITY
　　1。ClassificationofMentalitiespredominantinTimeofRevolution。
　　Theclassificationswithoutwhichthestudyofthesciencesisimpossiblemustnecessarilyestablishthediscontinuousinthecontinuous，andforthatreasonaretoacertainextentartificial。Buttheyarenecessary，sincethecontinuousisonlyaccessibleintheformofthediscontinuous。
　　Tocreatebroaddistinctionsbetweenthevariousmentalitiesobservableintimeofrevolution，asweareabouttodo，isobviouslytoseparateelementswhichencroachupononeanother，whicharefusedorsuperimposed。Wemustresignourselvestolosingalittleinexactitudeinordertogaininlucidity。Thefundamentaltypesenumeratedattheendoftheprecedingchapter，andwhichweareabouttodescribe，synthetisegroupswhichwouldescapeanalysiswerewetoattempttostudytheminalltheircomplexity。
　　Wehaveshownthatmanisinfluencedbydifferentlogics，whichundernormalconditionsexistinjuxtaposition，withoutmutuallyinfluencingoneanother。Undertheactionofvariouseventstheyenterintomutualconflict，andtheirreducibledifferenceswhichdividethemarevisiblymanifested，involvingconsiderableindividualandsocialupheavals。
　　Mysticlogic，whichweshallpresentlyconsiderasitappearsintheJacobinmind，playsaveryimportantpart。Butitisnotaloneinitsaction。Theotherformsoflogic——affectivelogic，collectivelogic，andrationallogic——maypredominateaccordingtocircumstances。
　　2。TheMysticMentality。
　　Leavingasideforthemomenttheinfluenceofaffective，rational，andcollectivelogic，wewilloccupyourselvessolelywiththeconsiderablepartplayedbythemysticelementswhichhaveprevailedinsomanyrevolutions，andnotablyintheFrenchRevolution。
　　Thechiefcharacteristicofthemystictemperamentconsistsintheattributionofamysteriouspowertosuperiorbeingsorforces，whichareincarnatedintheformofidols，fetiches，words，orformulae。
　　Themysticspiritisatthebottomofallthereligiousandmostpoliticalbeliefs。Theselatterwouldoftenvanishcouldwedeprivethemofthemysticelementswhicharetheirchiefsupport。
　　Graftedonthesentimentsandpassionateimpulseswhichitdirects，mysticlogicconstitutesthemightofthegreatpopularmovements。Menwhowouldbebynomeansreadytoallowthemselvestobekilledforthebestofreasonswillreadilysacrificetheirlivestoamysticidealwhichhasbecomeanobjectofadoration。
　　TheprinciplesoftheRevolutionspeedilyinspiredawaveofmysticenthusiasmanalogoustothoseprovokedbythevariousreligiousbeliefswhichhadprecededit。Alltheydidwastochangetheorientationofamentalancestrywhichthecenturieshadsolidified。
　　SothereisnothingastonishinginthesavagezealofthemenoftheConvention。TheirmysticmentalitywasthesameasthatoftheProtestantsatthetimeoftheReformation。TheprincipalheroesoftheTerror——Couthon，Saint—Just，Robespierre，&c。——wereApostles。LikePolyeuctes，destroyingthealtarsofthefalsegodstopropagatehisfaith，theydreamedofconvertingtheglobe。Theirenthusiasmspilleditselfovertheearth。
　　Persuadedthattheirmagnificentformulaeweresufficienttooverturnthrones，theydidnothesitatetodeclarewaruponkings。Andasastrongfaithisalwayssuperiortoadoubtfulfaith，theyvictoriouslyfacedallEurope。
　　ThemysticspiritoftheleadersoftheRevolutionwasbetrayedintheleastdetailsoftheirpubliclife。Robespierre，convincedthathewassupportedbytheAlmighty，assuredhishearersinaspeechthattheSupremeBeinghad``decreedtheRepublicsincethebeginningoftime。’’InhisqualityofHighPontiffofaStatereligionhemadetheConventionvoteadecreedeclaringthat``theFrenchPeoplerecognisestheexistenceoftheSupremeBeingandtheimmortalityofthesoul。’’AtthefestivalofthisSupremeBeing，seatedonakindofthrone，hepreachedalengthysermon。
　　TheJacobinClub，directedbyRobespierre，finallyassumedallthefunctionsofacouncil。ThereMaximilienproclaimed``theideaofaGreatBeingwhowatchesoveroppressedinnocenceandwhopunishestriumphantcrime。’’
　　AllthehereticswhocriticisedtheJacobinorthodoxywereexcommunicated——thatis，weresenttotheRevolutionaryTribunal，whichtheyleftonlyforthescaffold。
　　ThemysticmentalityofwhichRobespierrewasthemostcelebratedrepresentativedidnotdiewithhim。MenofidenticalmentalityaretobefoundamongtheFrenchpoliticiansofto—day。Theoldreligiousbeliefsnolongerruletheirminds，buttheyarethecreaturesofpoliticalcreedswhichtheywouldverysoonforceonothers，asdidRobespierre，iftheyhadthechanceofsodoing。
　　Alwaysreadytokillifkillingwouldspreadtheirfaith，themysticsofallageshaveemployedthesamemeansofpersuasionassoonastheyhavebecomethemasters。
　　ItisthereforequitenaturalthatRobespierreshouldstillhavemanyadmirers。Mindsmouldedlikehisaretobemetwithintheirthousands。Hisconceptionswerenotguillotinedwithhim。
　　Oldashumanity，theywillonlydisappearwiththelastbeliever。
　　Thismysticaspectofallrevolutionshasescapedthemajorityofthehistorians。Theywillpersistforalongtimeyetintryingtoexplainbymeansofrationallogicahostofphenomenawhichhavenothingtodowithreason。IhavealreadycitedapassagefromthehistoryofMM。LavisseandRambaud，inwhichtheReformationisexplainedas``theresultofthefreeindividualreflectionssuggestedtosimplefolkbyanextremelypiousconscience，andaboldandcourageousreason。’’
　　Suchmovementsarenevercomprehendedbythosewhoimaginethattheiroriginisrational。Politicalorreligious，thebeliefswhichhavemovedtheworldpossessacommonoriginandfollowthesamelaws。Theyareformed，notbythereason，butmoreoftencontrarytoreason。Buddhism，Christianity，Islamism，theReformation，sorcery，Jacobinism，socialism，spiritualism，&c。，seemverydifferentformsofbelief，buttheyhave，I
　　repeat，identicalmysticandaffectivebases，andobeyformsoflogicwhichhavenoaffinitywithrationallogic。Theirmightresidespreciselyinthefactthatreasonhasaslittlepowertocreatethemastotransformthem。
　　Themysticmentalityofourmodernpoliticalapostlesisstronglymarkedinanarticledealingwithoneofourrecentministers，whichIcitefromaleadingjournal：
　　``OnemayaskintowhatcategorydoesM。A————fall？Couldwesay，forinstance，thathebelongstothegroupofunbelievers？
　　Farfromit！CertainlyM。A————hasnotadoptedanypositivefaith；certainlyhecursesRomeandGeneva，rejectingallthetraditionaldogmasandalltheknownChurches。ButifhemakesacleansweepitisinordertofoundhisownChurchonthegroundsocleared，aChurchmoredogmaticthanalltherest；andhisowninquisition，whosebrutalintolerancewouldhavenoreasontoenvythemostnotoriousofTorquemadas。
　　```Wecannot，’hesays，`allowsuchathingasscholasticneutrality。Wedemandlayinstructioninallitsplenitude，andareconsequentlytheenemiesofeducationalliberty。’Ifhedoesnotsuggesterectingthestakeandthepyre，itisonlyonaccountoftheevolutionofmanners，whichheisforcedtotakeintoaccounttoacertainextent，whetherhewillorno。But，notbeingabletocommitmentothetorture，heinvokestheseculararmtocondemntheirdoctrinestodeath。Thisisexactlythepointofviewofthegreatinquisitors。Itisthesameattackuponthought。Thisfreethinkerhassofreeaspiritthateveryphilosophyhedoesnotacceptappearstohim，notonlyridiculousandgrotesque，butcriminal。Heflattershimselfthathealoneisinpossessionoftheabsolutetruth。Ofthisheissoentirelysurethateveryonewhocontradictshimseemstohimanexecrablemonsterandapublicenemy。Hedoesnotsuspectforamomentthatafterallhispersonalviewsareonlyhypotheses，andthatheisallthemorelaughableforclaimingaDivinerightforthempreciselybecausetheydenydivinity。Or，atleast，theyprofesstodoso；buttheyre—establishitinanothershape，whichimmediatelymakesoneregrettheold。M。A————isasectaryofthegoddessReason，ofwhomhehasmadeaMoloch，anoppressivedeityhungryforsacrifice。Nomorelibertyofthoughtforanyoneexceptforhimselfandhisfriends；suchisthefreethoughtofM。A————。Theoutlookistrulyattractive。
　　Butperhapstoomanyidolshavebeencastdownduringthelastfewcenturiesformentobowbeforethisone。’’