Commencedbythemiddleclassesfortheirownprofit，theRevolutionspeedilybecameapopularmovement，andatthesametimeastruggleoftheinstinctiveagainsttherational，arevoltagainstalltheconstraintswhichmakecivilisationoutofbarbarism。Itwasbyrelyingontheprincipleofpopularsovereigntythatthereformersattemptedtoimposetheirdoctrines。Guidedbyleaders，thepeopleintervenedincessantlyinthedeliberationsoftheAssemblies，andcommittedthemostsanguinaryactsofviolence。
　　ThehistoryofthemultitudesduringtheRevolutioniseminentlyinstructive。Itshowstheerrorofthepoliticianswhoattributeallthevirtuestothepopularsoul。
　　ThefactsoftheRevolutionteachus，onthecontrary，thatapeoplefreedfromsocialconstraints，thefoundationsofcivilisation，andabandonedtoitsinstinctiveimpulses，speedilyrelapsesintoitsancestralsavagery。Everypopularrevolutionwhichsucceedsintriumphingisatemporaryreturntobarbarism。
　　IftheCommuneof1871hadlasted，itwouldhaverepeatedtheTerror。Nothavingthepowertokillsomanypeople，ithadtoconfineitselftoburningtheprincipalmonumentsofthecapital。
　　TheRevolutionrepresentstheconflictofpsychologicalforcesliberatedfromthebondswhosefunctionitistorestrainthem。
　　Popularinstincts，Jacobinbeliefs，ancestralinfluences，appetites，andpassionsunloosed，allthesevariousinfluencesengagedinafuriousmutualconflictforthespaceoftenyears，duringwhichtimetheysoakedFranceinbloodandcoveredthelandwithruins。
　　Seenfromadistance，thisseemstobethewholeupshotoftheRevolution。Therewasnothinghomogeneousaboutit。Onemustresorttoanalysisbeforeonecanunderstandandgraspthegreatdramaanddisplaytheimpulseswhichcontinuallyactuateditsheroes。Innormaltimesweareguidedbythevariousformsoflogic——rational，affective，collective，andmystic——whichmoreorlessperfectlybalanceoneanother。Duringseasonsofupheavaltheyenterintoconflict，andmanisnolongerhimself。
　　WehavebynomeansundervaluedinthisworktheimportanceofcertainacquisitionsoftheRevolutioninrespectoftherightsofthepeople。Butwithmanyotherhistorians，weareforcedtoadmitthattheprizegainedatthecostofsuchruinandbloodshedwouldhavebeenobtainedatalaterdatewithouteffort，bythemereprogressofcivilisation。Forafewyearsgained，whataloadofmaterialdisaster，whatmoraldisintegration！Wearestillsufferingasaresultofthelatter。Thesebrutalpagesinthebookofhistorywilltakelongtoefface：theyarenoteffacedasyet。
　　Ouryoungmenofto—dayseemtopreferactiontothought。
　　Disdainingthesteriledissertationsofthephilosophers，theytakenointerestinvainspeculationconcerningmatterswhoseessentialnatureremainsunknown。
　　Actioniscertainlyanexcellentthing，andallrealprogressisaresultofaction，butitisonlyusefulwhenproperlydirected。
　　ThemenoftheRevolutionwereassuredlymenofaction，yettheillusionswhichtheyacceptedasguidesledthemtodisaster。
　　Actionisalwayshurtfulwhen，despisingrealities，itprofessesviolentlytochangethecourseofevents。Onecannotexperimentwithsocietyaswithapparatusinalaboratory。Ourpoliticalupheavalsshowuswhatsuchsocialerrorsmaycost。
　　AlthoughthelessonoftheRevolutionwasextremelycategorical，manyunpracticalspirits，hallucinatedbytheirdreams，arehopingtorecommenceit。Socialism，themodernsynthesisofthishope，wouldbearegressiontolowerformsofevolution，foritwouldparalysethegreatestsourcesofouractivity。Byreplacingindividualinitiativeandresponsibilitybycollectiveinitiativeandresponsibilitymankindwoulddescendseveralstepsonthescaleofhumanvalues。
　　Thepresenttimeishardlyfavourabletosuchexperiments。Whiledreamersarepursuingtheirdreams，excitingappetitesandthepassionsofthemultitude，thepeoplesareeverydayarmingthemselvesmorepowerfully。Allfeelthatamidtheuniversalcompetitionofthepresenttimethereisnoroomforweaknations。
　　InthecentreofEuropeaformidablemilitaryPowerisincreasinginstrength，andaspiringtodominatetheworld，inordertofindoutletsforitsgoods，andforanincreasingpopulation，whichitwillsoonbeunabletonourish。
　　Ifwecontinuetoshatterourcohesionbyintestinestruggles，partyrivalries，basereligiouspersecutions，andlawswhichfetterindustrialdevelopment，ourpartintheworldwillsoonbeover。Weshallhavetomakeroomforpeoplesmoresolidlyknit，whohavebeenabletoadaptthemselvestonaturalnecessitiesinsteadofpretendingtoturnbackupontheircourse。Thepresentdoesnotrepeatthepast，andthedetailsofhistoryarefullofunforeseenconsequences；butintheirmainlineseventsareconditionedbyeternallaws。
　　INDEX
　　Absolutemonarchy，theAccelerationofforcesofviolenceAdministrations，realrulingforcesAffectivelogicAffirmation，powerofAlexanderIofRussiaAlsacelossofAmbition，asamotiveofrevolutionAnarchy，followedbydictatorship；mentalAncestralsoulAncienregime，basesofthe；inconveniencesof；lifeunder；
　　dissolutionofAncients，CouncilofAnti—clericallawsArmies，oftheRepublic；characterof；victoriesof；causesofsuccessArmy，roleof，inrevolution；in1789
　　Assemblies，theRevolutionary；psychologyof；obedienttotheclubs；seeNational，Constituent，LegislativeAssemblies，Convention，&c。
　　AssignatsAugustine，St。
　　Aulaud，M。
　　Austria，revolutionin；royalistillusionsastoherattitude；
　　attackstheRepublicBalfour，Rt。Hon。A。J。，oncoalstrikeBarrasBarrereBartholomew，St。，Massacreof；EuropeanrejoicingoverBastille，takingoftheBattifol，M。
　　Bayle，P。
　　Beaulieu，EdictofBedouin，executionsatBelgium，invasionofBeliefs，affectiveandmysticoriginof；intoleranceof；
　　justificationof；intolerancegreatestbetweenalliedbeliefs；
　　intoleranceofdemocraticandsocialisticbeliefsBerquin，executedbySorbonneBerry，DuchessdeBillaud—VarenneBismarckBlanc，LouisBlois，StatesofBonaparte，seeNapoleonBonnal，GeneralBossuetBourdeau，M。
　　Bourgeoisie，theirjealousyofthenoblescausestheRevolution；
　　theirthirstforrevenge；therealauthorsoftheRevolution；
　　philosophicideasofBrazilianRevolution，theBritanny，revoltinBroglie，deBrumaire，coupd’etatofBrunswick，Dukeof，hismanifestoBuddhismBureaucracyinFranceCaesar，ondivisionamidtheGaulsCaesarismCaesarsfollowanarchyanddominatemobsCahiers，theCalvin；comparedtoRobespierreCarnotCarrier；crimesof，andtrialCatechismoftheScottishPresbyteriansCatherinedeMedicisCatholicLeagueCavaignac，GeneralChalandonChamp—de—Mars，affairoftheCharlesIX
　　CharlesX
　　China，revolutioninChineselabourChristianRevolution，theChristians，mutualhatredofChurch，confiscationofgoodsoftheCivilWarClemenceau，M。
　　Clergy；civilconstitutionofClubs，the，24—psychologyofthe；obeyedbytheAssemblies；
　　closed；increasingpowerofthe；seeJacobinsCoalition，theCochin，A。
　　Colin，M。
　　Collectiveideas；collectivelogicCollotd’HerboisCommissariesoftheConvention，psychologyofCommittees，theGovernmentalCommuneofParis，the；ininsurrection；chiefpowerinState；
　　ordersmassacreofSeptember；tyrannyofCommuneof1871
　　Communes，therevolutionaryComte，A。
　　Concordat，theCondorcetConstituentAssembly，the；psychologyofthe；itsfearofthepeople；temporarilyresiststhepeople；losespower；itslastactionConstitutionof1791；of1793；of1795；oftheyearVIII
　　Constitutions，faithinConstraints，social，necessityofConsulate，theContagion，mental；causesof；incrowdsContratSocial，theConvention，giantsofthe；inconsistencyof；decimatesitself；
　　psychologyofthe；cowardiceof；mentalcharacteristicsof；
　　compositionof；fearinthe；besiegedbytheCommune；surrendersGirondists；Governmentofthe；abolishesroyalty；dissolvedCouncilofStateCouthonCriminalmentalityCromwellCrowd，PsychologyoftheCrowdsintheFrenchRevolutionCruppi，M。
　　CubaCunisset—CarnotCurrency，paperDantonDarwin，CharlesDausset，M。
　　``Days，’’ofMay31；June2；ofJune20；ofAug。10；ofJune2；ofOct。5
　　Debidour，M。
　　DeclarationofRights，theDemocracy；intellectualandpopularDepartmentalinsurrectionsDesmoulins，CamilleDictatorshipfollowsanarchyDiderotDirectory，the，failureof；closesclubs；psychologyofthe；
　　governmentofthe；deportationsunderDiscontent，resultofDreux—BrezeDrinkmann，BaronDubourg，Anne，burnedDumas，PresidentoftheRevolutionaryTribunalDumouriezDurelEgo，analysisoftheElchingen，GeneralElizabeth，EmpressofRussiaEmigres，banishedEmpire，theSecondEncyclopaedists，theEngland，coalstrikeinEnglishRevolution；ConstitutionEnthusiasmEnvyEqualityEvolutionFaguet，E。
　　Fatalism，historiansonFaubourgs，disarmedFearFederationFerrer，notesonanniversaryofexecutionofFersenFiveHundred，theFontenelleFrance，kingsof；artificialunityofFrancisI
　　Franco—PrussianwarFraternityFreethinkers，intoleranceofFrenchRevolution，the，revisionofideasconcerning；generallymisunderstood；anewreligiousmovement；originsof；religionsnatureof；descendstolowerclasses；causesof；opinionsofhistoriansconcerning；becomesapopulargovernment；causesofdemocratisation；causesoftheRevolution；astruggleofinstinctagainstreasonFouche，atLyonsFouquier—TinvilleFreronGalileoGermanEmperors``Giants’’oftheConvention；mediocrityofGilbert—LiendonGirondists，the；lateofthe；surrenderedbytheConvention；voteforLouis’deathGlosson，Professor，experimentincrowdpsychologyGovernments，feebleresistanceof，torevolution；besttacticstopursue；revolutionseffectedbyGreekRevolutionGregoireGregoryXIII
　　Guillotine，regenerationbyGuiraud，M。
　　Guise，DukeofGuizotHamel，M。
　　Hamilton，GeneralHanotaux，G。
　　HanriotHatred，valueofHaxo，GeneralHebertHebertistsHelvetiusHenriII
　　HenriIII
　　HenriIV
　　HenryIVofGermanyHenryVIIIofEnglandHistorians，mistakenviewsof，reFrenchRevolution；opinionsof；
　　concerningHoche，GeneralHolbachHolland，invasionofHugo，VictorHuguenots，massacreofHumboldtHunter’sancestralinstinctofcarnageIena，explosiononboardofImpartiality，impossibilityofIncendiarism，ofCommuneof1871
　　Inequality，cravingforInquisition，theIslamItaly，revolutioninJacobinism；failureof；modern；itscrazeforreformsJacobins，the；realprotagonistsoftheRevolution；claimtoreorganiseFranceinnameofpurereason；theyruleFrance；
　　resultsoftheirtriumph；theoriesof；smallnumbersof；theclubsclosed，；downfallofJourdan，GeneralLaBruyereLaFayetteLanessan，M。
　　Langlois，GeneralLatinmind，theLavisseLavoisierLeaders，popular，psychologyofLebonLebrun，Mme。VigeeLegendaryhistoryLegislation，faithinLegislativeAssembly，thepsychologyof；characterof；timidityofLettresdecachetLevy，GeneralLiberte，the，explosiononboard``Liberty，Equality，Fraternity’’
　　LippomanoLogics，differentspeciesofLouisXIII
　　LouisXIV；povertyunderLouisXVI；flightandcapture；hischance；powersrestored，；aprisoner；regardedastraitor；suspended；trialof；executionof，ablunderLouisXVII
　　LouisXVIII
　　Louis—PhilippeLutherMacMahon，MarshalMadelinMohammedMaistre，deMalesherbesMaratMarieAntoinette；influenceofMarieLouiseMassacres，duringwarsofreligion；duringtheFrenchRevolution；
　　seeSeptember，Commissaries，&c。
　　MentalitiesprevalentintimeofrevolutionMerlinMicheletMidi，revoltintheMirabeauMonarch，positionof，undertheReformationMonarchicalfeelingMontagnardsMontesquieuMontlucMoorsinSpainMountain，theMysticlogicMysticmentalityNantes，Edictof；revokedNantes，massacresatNapoleon；inRussia；onfatalism；onthe5thofOctober；inItaly；inEgypt；returns；asConsul；reorganisesFrance；defeatedNapoleonIII
　　NationalAssembly，theNationalGuardNature，returnto，illusionsrespectingNeckerNoailles，ComtedeNoblesrenounceprivileges；emigrateOctober，``days’’ofOlivier，E。
　　OpinionsandBeliefsOppede，Barond’
　　Orleans，Ducd’
　　Paris，hershareintheRevolution。SeePeoplePasteurPeasants，conditionof，beforeRevolution；burnchateauxPeople，the，inrevolution；neverdirectsitself；supposedpartof；thereality；analysisof；thebasepopulace；commencestoterrorisetheAssemblies；thesectionsrisePeoples，thePsychologyofPersecution，religiousPersonality，transformationof，duringrevolutionPetertheGreatPetionPhilipII
　　PhilippinesPhilosophers，influenceofPlain，thePoissy，assemblyofPoland，decadenceof；revolutionin；partitionofPoliticalbeliefsPope，thePortugueseRevolutionPositivismPredestinationPresbyterianCatechismProtestants，martyrs；persecuteCatholics；exodusof；mentalityofPrussia，invadesFrancePublicsafety，committeeofQuinetRacialmind，stabilityoftheRambaud，M。
　　Rationallogic，seldomguidesconduct；originalmotiveinFrenchRevolutionReason，GoddessofReformation，the；rationalpovertyofdoctrinesReforms，JacobincravingforReligion，theFrenchrepublicaformofReligion，warsof，theRepetition，valueofRepublic，thefirst；thesecond；thethirdRevision，necessityofRevolutionof1789；seeFrenchRevolution；of1836；of1848；of1870
　　Revolutions，classificationof；originof；usualobjectofRevolutions，political；resultsofRevolutions，religiousRevolutions，scientificRevolutionaryarmyRevolutionarycommunesRevolutionarymentalityRevolutionarymunicipalitiesRevolutionarytribunalsRobespierre；comparedtoCalvin；HighPontiff；pontiff；reignsalone；solemasteroftheConvention；psychologyof；hisfallRochelleRoland，Mme。
　　RomanEmpireRossignolRousseauRoussel，F。
　　RussiaRussianRevolutionRusso—JapanesewarSaint—Denis，destructionoftombsatSaint—JustSedanSeptember，massacresofSieyesSocialdistinctionsSocialism；hatestheelectSorel，A。
　　Spain，revolutioninStatesGeneralSullaSuspects，LawofSyndicalismTacitusTaine；onJacobinism；hisworkTaxes，pro—revolutionaryTerror，the；motivesof；psychologyof；executionsduring；
　　stupefyingeffectof；intheprovinces；inthedepartmentsThermidor，reactionofThiebault，GeneralThiers；PresidentThirdEstate，jealousyoftheTocquevilleTolerance，impossiblebetweenopposedorrelatedbeliefsTogo，AdmiralToulon；fallofTraditionTsushimaTuileries，attacked；Louisprisonerin；attackedbypopulaceTurenneTurgotTurkey，revolutioninUnitedStatesUniversalsuffrageValmyVanity，causeofrevolutionVarennes，flighttoVasariVendee，LaVergniaudVersailles，attackonViolence，causesofVoltaireWendell，BarrettWilliams，H。
　　Young，ArthurEnd