ChatMossandthefensofLincolnshireandCambridgeshireareunhealthyandtoobarrentopayrent。Bycylindricaltiles，andguttaperchatubes，fivemillionsofacresofbadlandhavebeendrainedandputonequalitywiththebest，forrape—cultureandgrass。Theclimatetoo，whichwasalreadybelievedtohavebecomemilderanddrierbytheenormousconsumptionofcoal，issofarreachedbythisnewaction，thatfogsandstormsaresaidtodisappear。Induecourse，allEnglandwillbedrained，andriseasecondtimeoutofthewaters。Thelateststepwastocallintheaidofsteamtoagriculture。SteamisalmostanEnglishman。IdonotknowbuttheywillsendhimtoParliament，next，tomakelaws。
　　Heweaves，forges，saws，pounds，fans，andnowhemustpump，grind，dig，andploughforthefarmer。Themarketscreatedbythemanufacturingpopulationhaveerectedagricultureintoagreatthrivingandspendingindustry。ThevalueofthehousesinBritainisequaltothevalueofthesoil。Artificialaidsofallkindsarecheaperthanthenaturalresources。Nomancanaffordtowalk，whentheparliamentary—traincarrieshimforapennyamile。Gas—burnersarecheaperthandaylightinnumberlessfloorsinthecities。AllthehousesinLondonbuytheirwater。TheEnglishtradedoesnotexistfortheexportationofnativeproducts，butonitsmanufactures，orthemakingwelleverythingwhichisillmadeelsewhere。TheymakeponchosfortheMexican，bandannasfortheHindoo，ginsengfortheChinese，beadsfortheIndian，lacesfortheFlemings，telescopesforastronomers，cannonsforkings。
　　TheBoardofTradecausedthebestmodelsofGreeceandItalytobeplacedwithinthereachofeverymanufacturingpopulation。
　　Theycausedtobetranslatedfromforeignlanguagesandillustratedbyelaboratedrawings，themostapprovedworksofMunich，Berlin，andParis。TheyhaveransackedItalytofindnewforms，toaddagracetotheproductsoftheirlooms，theirpotteries，andtheirfoundries。
　　（*3）
　　Thenearerwelook，themoreartificialistheirsocialsystem。
　　Theirlawisanetworkoffictions。Theirproperty，ascriporcertificateofrighttointerestonmoneythatnomaneversaw。
　　Theirsocialclassesaremadebystatute。Theirratiosofpowerandrepresentationarehistoricalandlegal。ThelastReform—billtookawaypoliticalpowerfromamound，aruin，andastone—wall，whilstBirminghamandManchester，whosemillspaidforthewarsofEurope，hadnorepresentative。PurityintheelectiveParliamentissecuredbythepurchaseofseats。（*4）Foreignpoweriskeptbyarmedcolonies；powerathome，byastandingarmyofpolice。Thepauperlivesbetterthanthefreelaborer；thethiefbetterthanthepauper；
　　andthetransportedfelonbetterthantheoneunderimprisonment。
　　Thecrimesarefactitious，assmuggling，poaching，non—conformity，heresyandtreason。Better，theysayinEngland，killamanthanahare。Thesovereigntyoftheseasismaintainedbytheimpressmentofseamen。"Theimpressmentofseamen，"saidLordEldon，"isthelifeofournavy。"Solvencyismaintainedbymeansofanationaldebt，ontheprinciple，"ifyouwillnotlendmethemoney，howcanI
　　payyou？"Fortheadministrationofjustice，SirSamuelRomilly’sexpedientforclearingthearrearsofbusinessinChancery，was，theChancellor’sstayingawayentirelyfromhiscourt。Theirsystemofeducationisfactitious。TheUniversitiesgalvanizedeadlanguagesintoasemblanceoflife。Theirchurchisartificial。Themannersandcustomsofsocietyareartificial；——madeupmenwithmadeupmanners；——andthusthewholeisBirminghamized，andwehaveanationwhoseexistenceisaworkofart；——acold，barren，almostarcticisle，beingmadethemostfruitful，luxuriousandimperiallandinthewholeearth。
　　ManinEnglandsubmitstobeaproductofpoliticaleconomy。
　　Onableakmoor，amillisbuilt，abanking—houseisopened，andmencomein，aswaterinasluice—way，andtownsandcitiesrise。ManismadeasaBirminghambutton。TherapiddoublingofthepopulationdatesfromWatt’ssteam—engine。Alandlord，whoownsaprovince，says，"thetenantryareunprofitable；letmehavesheep。"Heunroofsthehouses，andshipsthepopulationtoAmerica。Thenationisaccustomedtotheinstantaneouscreationofwealth。Itisthemaximoftheireconomists，"thatthegreaterpartinvalueofthewealthnowexistinginEngland，hasbeenproducedbyhumanhandswithinthelasttwelvemonths。"Meantime，threeorfourdays’rainwillreducehundredstostarvinginLondon。
　　Onesecretoftheirpoweristheirmutualgoodunderstanding。
　　Notonlygoodmindsarebornamongthem，butallthepeoplehavegoodminds。Everynationhasyieldedsomegoodwit，if，ashaschancedtomanytribes，onlyone。ButtheintellectualorganizationoftheEnglishadmitsacommunicablenessofknowledgeandideasamongthemall。Anelectrictouchbyanyoftheirnationalideas，meltsthemintoonefamily，andbringsthehoardsofpowerwhichtheirindividualityisalwayshiving，intouseandplayforall。Isitthesmallnessofthecountry，orisittheprideandaffectionofrace，——theyhavesolidarity，orresponsibleness，andtrustineachother。
　　Theirminds，likewool，admitofadyewhichismorelastingthanthecloth。Theyembracetheircausewithmoretenacitythantheirlife。Thoughnotmilitary，yeteverycommonsubjectbythepollisfittomakeasoldierof。Theseprivatereservedmutefamily—mencanadoptapublicendwithalltheirheat，andthisstrengthofaffectionmakestheromanceoftheirheroes。Thedifferenceofrankdoesnotdividethenationalheart。TheDanishpoetOhlenschlagercomplains，thatwhowritesinDanish，writestotwohundredreaders。InGermany，thereisonespeechforthelearned，andanotherforthemasses，tothatextent，that，itissaid，nosentimentorphrasefromtheworksofanygreatGermanwriteriseverheardamongthelowerclasses。ButinEngland，thelanguageofthenobleisthelanguageofthepoor。InParliament，inpulpits，intheatres，whenthespeakersrisetothoughtandpassion，thelanguagebecomesidiomatic；thepeopleinthestreetbestunderstandthebestwords。AndtheirlanguageseemsdrawnfromtheBible，thecommonlaw，andtheworksofShakspeare，Bacon，Milton，Pope，Young，Cowper，Burns，andScott。Theislandhasproducedtwoorthreeofthegreatestmenthateverexisted，buttheywerenotsolitaryintheirowntime。MenquicklyembodiedwhatNewtonfoundout，inGreenwichobservatories，andpracticalnavigation。TheboysknowallthatHuttonknewofstrata，orDaltonofatoms，orHarveyofblood—vessels；andthesestudies，oncedangerous，areinfashion。Sowhatisinventedorknowninagriculture，orintrade，orinwar，orinart，orinliterature，andantiquities。Agreatability，notamassedonafewgiants，butpouredintothegeneralmind，sothateachofthemcouldatapinchstandintheshoesoftheother；andtheyaremoreboundincharacter，thandifferencedinabilityorinrank。Thelaborerisapossiblelord。Thelordisapossiblebasket—maker。EverymancarriestheEnglishsysteminhisbrain，knowswhatisconfidedtohim，anddoesthereinthebesthecan。ThechancellorcarriesEnglandonhismace，themidshipmanatthepointofhisdirk，thesmithonhishammer，thecookinthebowlofhisspoon；thepostilioncrackshiswhipforEngland，andthesailortimeshisoarsto"GodsavetheKing！"Theveryfelonshavetheirprideineachother’sEnglishstanchness。Inpoliticsandinwar，theyholdtogetherasbyhooksofsteel。ThecharminNelson’shistory，is，theunselfishgreatness；theassuranceofbeingsupportedtotheuttermostbythosewhomhesupportstotheuttermost。Whilsttheyaresomeagesaheadoftherestoftheworldintheartofliving；whilstinsomedirectionstheydonotrepresentthemodernspirit，butconstituteit，——thisvanguardofcivilityandpowertheycoldlyhold，marchinginphalanx，lockstep，footafterfoot，fileafterfileofheroes，tenthousanddeep。
　　（*1）AntonyWood。
　　（*2）Man’sSoule，p。29。
　　（*3）SeeMemorialofH。Greenough，p。66，NewYork，1853。
　　（*4）SirS。Romilly，purestofEnglishpatriots，decidedthattheonlyindependentmodeofenteringParliamentwastobuyaseat，andheboughtHorsham。
　　ChapterVI_Manners_
　　IfindtheEnglishmantobehimofallmenwhostandsfirmestinhisshoes。Theyhaveinthemselveswhattheyvalueintheirhorses，mettleandbottom。OnthedayofmyarrivalatLiverpool，agentleman，indescribingtometheLordLieutenantofIreland，happenedtosay，"LordClarendonhasplucklikeacock，andwillfighttillhedies；"and，whatIheardfirstIheardlast，andtheonethingtheEnglishvalue，ispluck。Thecabmenhaveit；themerchantshaveit；thebishopshaveit；thewomenhaveit；thejournalshaveit；theTimesnewspaper，theysay，isthepluckiestthinginEngland，andSydneySmithhadmadeitaproverb，thatlittleLordJohnRussell，theminister，wouldtakethecommandoftheChannelfleetto—morrow。
　　Theyrequireyoutodaretobeofyourownopinion，andtheyhatethepracticalcowardswhocannotinaffairsanswerdirectlyyesorno。Theydaretodisplease，nay，theywillletyoubreakallthecommandments，ifyoudoitnatively，andwithspirit。Youmustbesomebody；thenyoumaydothisorthat，asyouwill。
　　Machineryhasbeenappliedtoallwork，andcarriedtosuchperfection，thatlittleisleftforthemenbuttomindtheenginesandfeedthefurnaces。Butthemachinesrequirepunctualservice，and，astheynevertire，theyprovetoomuchfortheirtenders。
　　Mines，forges，mills，breweries，railroads，steampump，steamplough，drillofregiments，drillofpolice，ruleofcourt，andshop—rule，haveoperatedtogiveamechanicalregularitytoallthehabitandactionofmen。Aterriblemachinehaspossesseditselfoftheground，theair，themenandwomen，andhardlyeventhoughtisfree。
　　Themechanicalmightandorganizationrequiresinthepeopleconstitutionandansweringspirits：andhewhogoesamongthemmusthavesomeweightofmetal。Atlast，youtakeyourhintfromthefuryoflifeyoufind，andsay，onethingisplain，thisisnocountryforfaintheartedpeople：don’tcreepaboutdiffidently；makeupyourmind；takeyourowncourse，andyoushallfindrespectandfurtherance。
　　Itrequires，mensay，agoodconstitutiontotravelinSpain。
　　IsayasmuchofEngland，forothercause，simplyonaccountofthevigorandbrawnofthepeople。Nothingbutthemostseriousbusiness，couldgiveoneanycounterweighttotheseBaresarks，thoughtheywereonlytoordereggsandmuffinsfortheirbreakfast。TheEnglishmanspeakswithallhisbody。Hiselocutionisstomachic，——
　　astheAmerican’sislabial。TheEnglishmanisverypetulantandpreciseabouthisaccommodationatinns，andontheroads；aquiddleabouthistoastandhischop，andeveryspeciesofconvenience，andloudandpungentinhisexpressionsofimpatienceatanyneglect。
　　Hisvivacitybetraysitself，atallpoints，inhismanners，inhisrespiration，andtheinarticulatenoiseshemakesinclearingthethroat；——allsignificantofburlystrength。Hehasstamina；hecantaketheinitiativeinemergencies。Hehasthat_aplomb_，whichresultsfromagoodadjustmentofthemoralandphysicalnature，andtheobedienceofallthepowerstothewill；asiftheaxesofhiseyeswereunitedtohisbackbone，andonlymovedwiththetrunk。
　　Thisvigorappearsintheincuriosity，andstonyneglect，eachofeveryother。Eachmanwalks，eats，drinks，shaves，dresses，gesticulates，and，ineverymanner，acts，andsufferswithoutreferencetothebystanders，inhisownfashion，onlycarefulnottointerferewiththem，orannoythem；notthatheistrainedtoneglecttheeyesofhisneighbors，——heisreallyoccupiedwithhisownaffair，anddoesnotthinkofthem。Everymaninthispolishedcountryconsultsonlyhisconvenience，asmuchasasolitarypioneerinWisconsin。Iknownotwhereanypersonaleccentricityissofreelyallowed，andnomangiveshimselfanyconcernwithit。AnEnglishmanwalksinapouringrain，swinginghisclosedumbrellalikeawalking—stick；wearsawig，orashawl，orasaddle，orstandsonhishead，andnoremarkismade。Andashehasbeendoingthisforseveralgenerations，itisnowintheblood。
　　Inshort，everyoneoftheseislandersisanislandhimself，safe，tranquil，incommunicable。Inacompanyofstrangers，youwouldthinkhimdeaf；hiseyesneverwanderfromhistableandnewspaper。
　　Heisneverbetrayedintoanycuriosityorunbecomingemotion。Theyhaveallbeentrainedinonesevereschoolofmanners，andneverputofftheharness。Hedoesnotgivehishand。Hedoesnotletyoumeethiseye。Itisalmostanaffronttolookamanintheface，withoutbeingintroduced。Inmixedorinselectcompaniestheydonotintroducepersons；sothatapresentationisacircumstanceasvalidasacontract。Introductionsaresacraments。Hewithholdshisname。Atthehotel，heishardlywillingtowhisperittotheclerkatthebook—office。Ifhegiveyouhisprivateaddressonacard，itislikeanavowaloffriendship；andhisbearing，onbeingintroduced，iscold，eventhoughheisseekingyouracquaintance，andisstudyinghowheshallserveyou。
　　Itwasanoddproofofthisimpressiveenergy，that，inmylectures，Ihesitatedtoreadandthrewoutforitsimpertinencemanyadisparagingphrase，whichIhadbeenaccustomedtospin，aboutpoor，thin，unablemortals；——somuchhadthefinephysiqueandthepersonalvigorofthisrobustraceworkedonmyimagination。
　　IhappenedtoarriveinEngland，atthemomentofacommercialcrisis。Butitwasevident，that，letwhowillfail，Englandwillnot。Thesepeoplehavesathereathousandyears，andherewillcontinuetosit。Theywillnotbreakup，orarriveatanydesperaterevolution，liketheirneighbors；fortheyhaveasmuchenergy，asmuchcontinenceofcharacterastheyeverhad。Thepowerandpossessionwhichsurroundthemaretheirowncreation，andtheyexertthesamecommandingindustryatthismoment。
　　Theyarepositive，methodical，cleanly，andformal，lovingroutine，andconventionalways；lovingtruthandreligion，tobesure，butinexorableonpointsofform。AlltheworldpraisesthecomfortandprivateappointmentsofanEnglishinn，andofEnglishhouseholds。Youaresureofneatnessandofpersonaldecorum。A
　　Frenchmanmaypossiblybeclean；anEnglishmanisconscientiouslyclean。Acertainorderandcompleteproprietyisfoundinhisdressandinhisbelongings。
　　Borninaharshandwetclimate，whichkeepshimindoorswheneverheisatrest，andbeingofanaffectionateandloyaltemper，hedearlyloveshishouse。Ifheisrich，hebuysademesne，andbuildsahall；ifheisinmiddlecondition，hesparesnoexpenseonhishouse。Without，itisallplanted：within，itiswainscoted，carved，curtained，hungwithpictures，andfilledwithgoodfurniture。’Tisapassionwhichsurvivesallothers，todeckandimproveit。Hitherhebringsallthatisrareandcostly，andwiththenationaltendencytositfastinthesamespotformanygenerations，itcomestobe，inthecourseoftime，amuseumofheirlooms，gifts，andtrophiesoftheadventuresandexploitsofthefamily。Heisveryfondofsilverplate，and，thoughhehavenogalleryofportraitsofhisancestors，hehasoftheirpunch—bowlsandporringers。Incredibleamountsofplatearefoundingoodhouses，andthepooresthavesomespoonorsaucepan，giftofagodmother，savedoutofbettertimes。
　　AnEnglishfamilyconsistsofafewpersons，who，fromyouthtoage，arefoundrevolvingwithinafewfeetofeachother，asiftiedbysomeinvisibleligature，tenseasthatcartilagewhichwehaveseenattachingthetwoSiamese。Englandproducesunderfavorableconditionsofeaseandculturethefinestwomenintheworld。And，asthemenareaffectionateandtrue—hearted，thewomeninspireandrefinethem。Nothingcanbemoredelicatewithoutbeingfantastical，nothingmorefirmandbasedinnatureandsentiment，thanthecourtshipandmutualcarriageofthesexes。Thesongof1596says，"ThewifeofeveryEnglishmaniscountedblest。"ThesentimentofImogeninCymbelineiscopiedfromEnglishnature；andnotlessthePortiaofBrutus，theKatePercy，andtheDesdemona。TheromancedoesnotexceedtheheightofnoblepassioninMrs。LucyHutchinson，orinLadyRussell，orevenasonediscernsthroughtheplainproseofPepys’sDiary，thesacredhabitofanEnglishwife。SirSamuelRomillycouldnotbearthedeathofhiswife。Everyclasshasitsnobleandtenderexamples。
　　Domesticityisthetaprootwhichenablesthenationtobranchwideandhigh。Themotiveandendoftheirtradeandempireistoguardtheindependenceandprivacyoftheirhomes。Nothingsomuchmarkstheirmannersastheconcentrationontheirhouseholdties。
　　Thisdomesticityiscarriedintocourtandcamp。WellingtongovernedIndiaandSpainandhisowntroops，andfoughtbattleslikeagoodfamily—man，paidhisdebts，and，thoughgeneralofanarmyinSpaincouldnotstirabroadforfearofpubliccreditors。Thistasteforhouseandparishmeritshasofcourseitsdotingandfoolishside。
　　Mr。CobbettattributesthehugepopularityofPerceval，primeministerin1810，tothefactthathewaswonttogotochurch，everySunday，withalargequartogiltprayer—bookunderonearm，hiswifehangingontheother，andfollowedbyalongbroodofchildren。
　　Theykeeptheiroldcustoms，costumes，andpomps，theirwigandmace，sceptreandcrown。ThemiddleagesstilllurkinthestreetsofLondon。TheKnightsoftheBathtakeoathtodefendinjuredladies；thegold—stick—in—waitingsurvives。TheyrepeatedtheceremoniesoftheeleventhcenturyinthecoronationofthepresentQueen。Ahereditarytenureisnaturaltothem。Offices，farms，trades，andtraditionsdescendso。Theirleasesrunforahundredandathousandyears。Termsofserviceandpartnershiparelifelong，orareinherited。"Holdshiphasbeenwithme，"saidLordEldon，"eight—and—twentyyears，knowsallmybusinessandbooks。"Antiquityofusageissanctionenough。WordsworthsaysofthesmallfreeholdersofWestmoreland，"Manyofthesehumblesonsofthehillshadaconsciousnessthatthelandwhichtheytilledhadformorethanfivehundredyearsbeenpossessedbymenofthesamenameandblood。"
　　Theship—carpenterinthepublicyards，mylord’sgardenerandporter，havebeenthereformorethanahundredyears，grandfather，father，andson。
　　TheEnglishpowerresidesalsointheirdislikeofchange。
　　Theyhavedifficultyinbringingtheirreasontoact，andonalloccasionsusetheirmemoryfirst。Assoonastheyhaveridthemselvesofsomegrievance，andsettledthebetterpractice，theymakehastetofixitasafinality，andneverwishtohearofalterationmore。
　　EveryEnglishmanisanembryonicchancellor：Hisinstinctistosearchforaprecedent。Thefavoritephraseoftheirlaw，is，"acustomwhereofthememoryofmanrunnethnotbacktothecontrary。"
　　Thebaronssay，"_Nolumusmutari_；"andthecockneysstiflethecuriosityoftheforeigneronthereasonofanypractice，with"Lord，sir，itwasalwaysso。"Theyhateinnovation。Bacontoldthem，Timewastherightreformer；Chatham，that"confidencewasaplantofslowgrowth；"Canning，to"advancewiththetimes；"andWellington，that"habitwastentimesnature。"Alltheirstatesmenlearntheirresistibilityofthetideofcustom，andhaveinventedmanyfinephrasestocoverthisslownessofperception，andprehensilityoftail。
　　AseashellshouldbethecrestofEngland，notonlybecauseitrepresentsapowerbuiltonthewaves，butalsothehardfinishofthemen。TheEnglishmanisfinishedlikeacowryoramurex。Afterthespireandthespinesareformed，or，withtheformation，ajuiceexudes，andahardenamelvarnisheseverypart。Thekeepingoftheproprietiesisasindispensableascleanlinen。Nomeritquitecountervailsthewantofthis，whilstthissometimesstandsinlieuofall。"’Tisinbadtaste，"isthemostformidablewordanEnglishmancanpronounce。Butthisjapancoststhemdear。ThereisaproseincertainEnglishmen，whichexceedsinwoodendeadnessallrivalrywithothercountrymen。Thereisaknellintheconceitandexternalityoftheirvoice，whichseemstosay，_Leaveallhopebehind_。InthisGibraltarofpropriety，mediocritygetsintrenched，andconsolidated，andfoundedinadamant。AnEnglishmanoffashionislikeoneofthosesouvenirs，boundingoldvellum，enrichedwithdelicateengravings，onthickhot—pressedpaper，fitforthehandsofladiesandprinces，butwithnothinginitworthreadingorremembering。
　　Aseveredecorumrulesthecourtandthecottage。WhenThalberg，thepianist，wasoneeveningperformingbeforetheQueen，atWindsor，inaprivateparty，theQueenaccompaniedhimwithhervoice。Thecircumstancetookair，andallEnglandshudderedfromseatosea。Theindecorumwasneverrepeated。Cold，repressivemannersprevail。Noenthusiasmispermittedexceptattheopera。Theyavoideverythingmarked。Theyrequireatoneofvoicethatexcitesnoattentionintheroom。SirPhilipSydneyisoneofthepatronsaintsofEngland，ofwhomWottonsaid，"Hiswitwasthemeasureofcongruity。"
　　Pretensionandvaporingareonceforalldistasteful。Theykeeptotheotherextremeoflowtoneindressandmanners。Theyavoidpretensionandgorighttotheheartofthething。Theyhatenonsense，sentimentalism，andhighflownexpression；theyuseastudiedplainness。EvenBrummeltheirfopwasmarkedbytheseverestsimplicityindress。Theyvaluethemselvesontheabsenceofeverythingtheatricalinthepublicbusiness，andonconcisenessandgoingtothepoint，inprivateaffairs。
　　Inanaristocraticalcountry，likeEngland，nottheTrialbyJury，butthedinneristhecapitalinstitution。Itisthemodeofdoinghonortoastranger，toinvitehimtoeat，——andhasbeenformanyhundredyears。"Andtheythink，"saystheVenetiantravellerof1500，"nogreaterhonorcanbeconferredorreceived，thantoinviteotherstoeatwiththem，ortobeinvitedthemselves，andtheywouldsoonergivefiveorsixducatstoprovideanentertainmentforaperson，thanagroattoassisthiminanydistress。"（*）Itisreservedtotheendoftheday，thefamily—hourbeinggenerallysix，inLondon，and，ifanycompanyisexpected，oneortwohourslater。
　　Everyonedressesfordinner，inhisownhouse，orinanotherman’s。
　　Theguestsareexpectedtoarrivewithinhalfanhourofthetimefixedbycardofinvitation，andnothingbutdeathormutilationispermittedtodetainthem。TheEnglishdinnerispreciselythemodelonwhichourownareconstructedintheAtlanticcities。Thecompanysitoneortwohours，beforetheladiesleavethetable。Thegentlemenremainovertheirwineanhourlonger，andrejointheladiesinthedrawing—room，andtakecoffee。Thedress—dinnergeneratesatalentoftable—talk，whichreachesgreatperfection：thestoriesaresogood，thatoneissuretheymusthavebeenoftentoldbefore，tohavegotsuchhappyturns。Hithercomeallmannerofcleverprojects，bitsofpopularscience，ofpracticalinvention，ofmiscellaneoushumor；political，literary，andpersonalnews；
　　railroads，horses，diamonds，agriculture，horticulture，pisciculture，andwine。
　　（*）"RelationofEngland。"
　　Englishstories，bon—mots，andtherecordedtable—talkoftheirwits，areasgoodasthebestoftheFrench。InAmerica，weareaptscholars，buthavenotyetattainedthesameperfection：fortherangeofnationsfromwhichLondondraws，andthesteepcontrastsofconditioncreatethepicturesqueinsociety，asbrokencountrymakespicturesquelandscape，whilstourprevailingequalitymakesaprairietameness：andsecondly，becausetheusageofadress—dinnereverydayatdark，hasatendencytohiveandproducetoadvantageeverythinggood。Muchattritionhasworneverysentenceintoabullet。Alsoonemeetsnowandthenwithpolishedmen，whoknoweverything，havetriedeverything，candoeverything，andarequitesuperiortolettersandscience。Whatcouldtheynot，ifonlytheywould？
　　ChapterVII_Truth_
　　Theteutonictribeshaveanationalsinglenessofheart，whichcontrastswitraces。TheGermannamehasaproverbialsignificanceofsincerityandhonestmeaning。Theartsbeartestimonytoit。Thefacesofclergyandlaityinoldsculpturesandilluminatedmissalsarechargedwithearnestbelief。Addtothishereditaryrectitude，thepunctualityandprecisedealingwhichcommercecreates，andyouhavetheEnglishtruthandcredit。Thegovernmentstrictlyperformsitsengagements。Thesubjectsdonotunderstandtriflingonitspart。Whenanybreachofpromiseoccurred，intheolddaysofprerogative，itwasresentedbythepeopleasanintolerablegrievance。And，inmoderntimes，anyslipperinessinthegovernmentinpoliticalfaith，oranyrepudiationorcrookednessinmattersoffinance，wouldbringthewholenationtoacommitteeofinquiryandreform。Privatemenkeeptheirpromises，neversotrivial。Downgoestheflyingwordonthetablets，andisindelibleasDomesdayBook。
　　Theirpracticalpowerrestsontheirnationalsincerity。
　　Veracityderivesfrominstinct，andmarkssuperiorityinorganization。Naturehasendowedsomeanimalswithcunning，asacompensationforstrengthwithheld；butithasprovokedthemaliceofallothers，asifavengersofpublicwrong。Inthenoblerkinds，wherestrengthcouldbeafforded，herracesareloyaltotruth，astruthisthefoundationofthesocialstate。Beaststhatmakenotrucewithman，donotbreakfaithwitheachother。’Tissaid，thatthewolf，whomakesa_cache_ofhisprey，andbringshisfellowswithhimtothespot，if，ondigging，itisnotfound，isinstantlyandunresistinglytorninpieces。Englishveracityseemstoresultonasounderanimalstructure，asiftheycouldaffordit。Theyarebluntinsayingwhattheythink，sparingofpromises，andtheyrequireplaindealingofothers。Wewillnothavetodowithamaninamask。Letusknowthetruth。Drawastraightline，hitwhomandwhereitwill。Alfred，whomtheaffectionofthenationmakesthetypeoftheirrace，iscalledbyhisfriendAsser，the_truth—speaker_；_Alueredusveridicus_。GeoffreyofMonmouthsaysofKingAurelius，uncleofArthur，that"aboveallthingshehatedalie。"TheNorthmanGuttormsaidtoKingOlaf，"itisroyalworktofulfilroyalwords。"Themottoesoftheirfamiliesaremonitoryproverbs，as，_Farefac_，——Say，do，——oftheFairfaxes；_Sayandseal_，ofthehouseofFiennes；_Veronilverius_，oftheDeVeres。
　　Tobekingoftheirword，istheirpride。Whentheyunmaskcant，theysay，"theEnglishofthisis，"&c。；andtogivethelieistheextremeinsult。Thephraseofthelowestofthepeopleis"honor—bright，"andtheirvulgarpraise，"hiswordisasgoodashisbond。"Theyhateshufflingandequivocation，andthecauseisdamagedinthepublicopinion，onwhichanypalteringcanbefixed。EvenLordChesterfield，withhisFrenchbreeding，whenhecametodefineagentleman，declaredthattruthmadehisdistinction：andnothingeverspokenbyhimwouldfindsoheartyasuffragefromhisnation。TheDukeofWellington，whohadthebestrighttosayso，advisestheFrenchGeneralKellermann，thathemayrelyontheparoleofanEnglishofficer。TheEnglish，ofallclasses，valuethemselvesonthistrait，asdistinguishingthemfromtheFrench，who，inthepopularbelief，aremorepolitethantrue。AnEnglishmanunderstates，avoidsthesuperlative，checkshimselfincompliments，alleging，thatintheFrenchlanguage，onecannotspeakwithoutlying。
　　Theyloverealityinwealth，power，hospitality，anddonoteasilylearntomakeashow，andtaketheworldasitgoes。Theyarenotfondofornaments，andiftheywearthem，theymustbegems。
　　TheyreadgladlyinoldFuller，thatalady，inthereignofElizabeth，"wouldhaveaspatientlydigestedalie，asthewearingoffalsestonesorpendantsofcounterfeitpearl。"Theyhavetheearth—hunger，orpreferenceforpropertyinland，whichissaidtomarktheTeutonicnations。Theybuildofstone：publicandprivatebuildingsaremassiveanddurable：Incomparingtheirships’houses，andpublicofficeswiththeAmerican，itiscommonlysaid，thattheyspendapound，wherewespendadollar。Plainrichclothes，plainrichequipage，plainrichfinishthroughouttheirhouseandbelongings，marktheEnglishtruth。
　　Theyconfideineachother，——EnglishbelievesinEnglishTheFrenchfeelthesuperiorityofthisprobity。TheEnglishmanisnotspringingatrapforhisadmiration，butishonestlymindinghisbusiness。TheFrenchmanisvain。MadamedeStaelsays，thattheEnglishirritatedNapoleon，mainly，becausetheyhavefoundouthowtounitesuccesswithhonesty。Shewasnotawarehowwideanapplicationherforeignreaderswouldgivetotheremark。WellingtondiscoveredtheruinofBonaparte’saffairs，byhisownprobity。Heauguredilloftheempire，assoonashesawthatitwasmendacious，andlivedbywar。Ifwardonotbringinitssequelnewtrade，betteragricultureandmanufactures，butonlygames，fireworks，andspectacles，——noprosperitycouldsupportit；muchless，anationdecimatedforconscripts，andoutofpocket，likeFrance。SohedrudgedforyearsonhismilitaryworksatLisbon，andfromthisbaseatlastextendedhisgiganticlinestoWaterloo，believinginhiscountrymenandtheirsyllogismsabovealltherhodomontadeofEurope。
　　AtaSt。George’sfestival，inMontreal，whereIhappenedtobeaguest，sincemyreturnhome，Iobservedthatthechairmancomplimentedhiscompatriots，bysaying，"theyconfidedthatwherevertheymetanEnglishman，theyfoundamanwhowouldspeakthetruth。"
　　Andonecannotthinkthisfestivalfruitless，if，allovertheworld，onthe23dofApril，wherevertwoorthreeEnglisharefound，theymeettoencourageeachotherinthenationalityofveracity。
　　Inthepowerofsayingrudetruth，sometimesinthelion’smouth，nomensurpassthem。Ontheking’sbirthday，wheneachbishopwasexpectedtoofferthekingapurseofgold，LatimergaveHenryVIII。acopyoftheVulgate，withamarkatthepassage，"WhoremongersandadulterersGodwilljudge；"andtheysohonorstoutnessineachother，thatthekingpasseditover。Theyaretenaciousoftheirbelief，andcannoteasilychangetheiropinionstosuitthehour。Theyarelikeshipswithtoomuchheadontocomequicklyabout，norwillprosperityorevenadversitybeallowedtoshaketheirhabitualviewofconduct。WhilstIwasinLondon，M。
　　GuizotarrivedthereonhisescapefromParis，inFebruary，1848。
　　Manyprivatefriendscalledonhim。HisnamewasimmediatelyproposedasanhonorarymemberoftheAthenaeum。M。Guizotwasblackballed。Certainly，theyknewthedistinctionofhisname。ButtheEnglishmanisnotfickle。Hehadreallymadeuphismind，nowforyearsashereadhisnewspaper，tohateanddespiseM。Guizot；
　　andthealteredpositionofthemanasanillustriousexile，andaguestinthecountry，makenodifferencetohim，astheywouldinstantly，toanAmerican。
　　Theyrequirethesameadherence，thoroughconvictionandrealityinpublicmen。ItisthewantofcharacterwhichmakesthelowreputationoftheIrishmembers。"Seethem，"theysaid，"onehundredandtwenty—sevenallvotinglikesheep，neverproposinganything，andallbutfourvotingtheincometax，"——whichwasanill—judgedconcessionoftheGovernment，relievingIrishpropertyfromtheburdenschargedonEnglish。
　　TheyhaveahorrorofadventurersinoroutofParliament。TherulingpassionofEnglishmen，inthesedays，is，aterrorofhumbug。
　　Inthesameproportion，theyvaluehonesty，stoutness，andadherencetoyourown。Theylikeamancommittedtohisobjects。TheyhatetheFrench，asfrivolous；theyhatetheIrish，asaimless；theyhatetheGermans，asprofessors。InFebruary，1848，theysaid，Look，theFrenchkingandhispartyfellforwantofashot；theyhadnotconsciencetoshoot，soentirelywasthepithandheartofmonarchyeatenout。
　　Theyattacktheirownpoliticianseveryday，onthesamegrounds，asadventurers。Theylovestoutnessinstandingforyourright，indecliningmoneyorpromotionthatcostsanyconcession。
　　ThebarristerrefusesthesilkgownofQueen’sCounsel，ifhisjuniorhaveitonedayearlier。LordCollingwoodwouldnotaccepthismedalforvictoryon14thFebruary，1797，ifhedidnotreceiveoneforvictoryon1stJune，1794；andthelongwithholdenmedalwasaccorded。WhenCastlereaghdissuadedLordWellingtonfromgoingtotheking’slevee，untiltheunpopularCintrabusinesshadbeenexplained，hereplied，"Youfurnishmeareasonforgoing。Iwillgotothis，orIwillnevergotoaking’slevee。"TheradicalmobatOxfordcriedafterthetorylordEldon，"There’soldEldon；cheerhim；heneverratted。"Theyhavegiventheparliamentarynicknameof_Trimmers_tothetimeservers，whomEnglishcharacterdoesnotlove。
　　（*）
　　（*）ItisanunluckymomenttorememberthesesparklesofsolitaryvirtueinthefaceofthehonorslatelypaidinEnglandtotheEmperorLouisNapoleon。IamsurethatnoEnglishmanwhomIhadthehappinesstoknow，consented，whenthearistocracyandthecommonsofLondoncringedlikeaNeapolitanrabble，beforeasuccessfulthief。But——howtoresistonestep，thoughodious，inalinkedseriesofstatenecessities？——Governmentsmustalwayslearntoolate，thattheuseofdishonestagentsisasruinousfornationsasforsinglemen。
　　Theyareveryliableintheirpoliticstoextraordinarydelusions，thus，tobelievewhatstandsrecordedinthegravestbooks，thatthemovementof10April，1848，wasurgedorassistedbyforeigners：which，tobesure，isparalleledbythedemocraticwhimsyinthiscountry，whichIhavenoticedtobesharedbymensaneonotherpoints，thattheEnglishareatthebottomoftheagitationofslavery，inAmericanpolitics：andthenagaintotheFrenchpopularlegendsonthesubjectof_perfidiousAlbion_。Butsuspicionwillmakefoolsofnationsasofcitizens。
　　Aslowtemperamentmakesthemlessrapidandreadythanothercountrymen，andhasgivenoccasiontotheobservation，thatEnglishwitcomesafterwards，——whichtheFrenchdenoteas_espritd’escalier_。Thisdulnessmakestheirattachmenttohome，andtheiradherenceinallforeigncountriestohomehabits。TheEnglishmanwhovisitsMountEtna，willcarryhisteakettletothetop。TheoldItalianauthorofthe"RelationofEngland"
　　（in1500），says，"Ihaveitonthebestinformation，that，whenthewarisactuallyragingmostfuriously，theywillseekforgoodeating，andalltheirothercomforts，withoutthinkingwhatharmmightbefallthem。"Thentheireyesseemtobesetatthebottomofatunnel，andtheyaffirmtheonesmallfacttheyknow，withthebestfaithintheworldthatnothingelseexists。
　　And，astheirownbeliefinguineasisperfect，theyreadily，onalloccasions，applythepecuniaryargumentasfinal。ThuswhentheRochesterrappingsbegantobeheardofinEngland，amandeposited100poundsinasealedboxintheDublinBank，andthenadvertisedinthenewspaperstoallsomnambulists，mesmerizers，andothers，thatwhoevercouldtellhimthenumberofhisnote，shouldhavethemoney。Heletitlietheresixmonths，thenewspapersnowandthen，athisinstance，stimulatingtheattentionoftheadepts；butnonecouldevertellhim；andhesaid，"nowletmeneverbebotheredmorewiththisprovenlie。"ItistoldofagoodSirJohn，thatheheardacasestatedbycounsel，andmadeuphismind；thenthecounselfortheothersidetakingtheirturntospeak，hefoundhimselfsounsettledandperplexed，thatheexclaimed，"SohelpmeGod！Iwillneverlistentoevidenceagain。"AnynumberofdelightfulexamplesofthisEnglishstolidityaretheanecdotesofEurope。Iknewaveryworthyman，——amagistrate，I
　　believehewas，inthetownofDerby，——whowenttotheopera，toseeMalibran。Inonescene，theheroinewastorushacrossaruinedbridge。Mr。
　　B。arose，andmildlyyetfirmlycalledtheattentionoftheaudienceandtheperformerstothefact，that，inhisjudgment，thebridgewasunsafe！ThisEnglishstoliditycontrastswithFrenchwitandtact。TheFrench，itiscommonlysaid，havegreatlymoreinfluenceinEuropethantheEnglish。WhatinfluencetheEnglishhaveisbybruteforceofwealthandpower；thatoftheFrenchbyaffinityandtalent。TheItalianissubtle，theSpaniardtreacherous：tortures，itwassaid，couldneverwrestfromanEgyptiantheconfessionofasecret。NoneofthesetraitsbelongtotheEnglishman。Hischolerandconceitforceeverythingout。Defoe，whoknewhiscountrymenwell，saysofthem，"Incloseintrigue，theirfaculty’sbutweak，Forgenerallywhate’ertheyknow，theyspeak，AndoftentheirowncounselsundermineBymereinfirmitywithoutdesign；
　　Fromwhence，thelearnedsay，itdothproceed，ThatEnglishtreasonsnevercansucceed；
　　Forthey’resoopen—hearted，youmayknowTheirownmostsecretthoughts，andothers’too。"
　　ChapterVIII_Character_
　　Theenglishracearereputedmorose。Idonotknowthattheyhavesadderbrowsthantheirneighborsofnorthernclimates。Theyaresadbycomparisonwiththesinginganddancingnations：notsadder，butslowandstaid，asfindingtheirjoysathome。They，too，believethatwherethereisnoenjoymentoflife，therecanbenovigorandartinspeechorthought：thatyourmerryheartgoesalltheway，yoursadonetiresinamile。ThistraitofgloomhasbeenfixedonthembyFrenchtravellers，who，fromFroissart，Voltaire，LeSage，Mirabeau，downtothelivelyjournalistsofthe_feuilletons_，havespenttheirwitonthesolemnityoftheirneighbors。TheFrenchsay，gayconversationisunknownintheirisland。TheEnglishmanfindsnorelieffromreflection，exceptinreflection。Whenhewishesforamusement，hegoestowork。Hishilarityislikeanattackoffever。Religion，thetheatre，andthereadingthebooksofhiscountry，allfeedandincreasehisnaturalmelancholy。Thepolicedoesnotinterferewithpublicdiversions。Itthinksitselfboundindutytorespectthepleasuresandraregayetyofthisinconsolablenation；andtheirwell—knowncourageisentirelyattributabletotheirdisgustoflife。
　　Isuppose，theirgravityofdemeanorandtheirfewwordshaveobtainedthisreputation。AscomparedwiththeAmericans，Ithinkthemcheerfulandcontented。Youngpeople，inthiscountry，aremuchmorepronetomelancholy。TheEnglishhaveamildaspect，andaringingcheerfulvoice。Theyarelarge—natured，andnotsoeasilyamusedasthesoutherners，andareamongthemasgrownpeopleamongchildren，requiringwar，ortrade，orengineering，orscience，insteadoffrivolousgames。Theyareproudandprivate，and，evenifdisposedtorecreation，willavoidanopengarden。Theysportedsadly；_ilss’amusaienttristement，selonlacoutumedeleurpays_，saidFroissart；and，Isuppose，nevernationbuilttheirparty—wallssothick，ortheirgarden—fencessohigh。Meatandwineproducenoeffectonthem：theyarejustascold，quiet，andcomposed，attheend，asatthebeginningofdinner。
　　Thereputationoftaciturnitytheyhaveenjoyedforsixorsevenhundredyears；andakindofprideinbadpublicspeakingisnotedintheHouseofCommons，asiftheywerewillingtoshowthattheydidnotlivebytheirtongues，orthoughttheyspokewellenoughiftheyhadthetoneofgentlemen。Inmixedcompany，theyshuttheirmouths。AYorkshiremill—ownertoldme，hehadriddenmorethanonceallthewayfromLondontoLeeds，inthefirst—classcarriage，withthesamepersons，andnowordexchanged。Theclub—houseswereestablishedtocultivatesocialhabits，anditisrarethatmorethantwoeattogether，andoftenestoneeatsalone。WasitthenastrokeofhumorintheseriousSwedenborg，orwasitonlyhispitilesslogic，thatmadehimshutuptheEnglishsoulsinaheavenbythemselves？
　　Theyarecontradictorilydescribedassour，splenetic，andstubborn，——andasmild，sweet，andsensible。Thetruthis，theyhavegreatrangeandvarietyofcharacter。Commercesendsabroadmultitudesofdifferentclasses。ThecholericWelshman，thefervidScot，thebiliousresidentintheEastorWestIndies，arewideoftheperfectbehavioroftheeducatedanddignifiedmanoffamily。Soistheburlyfarmer；soisthecountry’squire，withhisnarrowandviolentlife。Ineveryinn，istheCommercial—Room，inwhich`travellers，’orbagmenwhocarrypatterns，andsolicitorders，forthemanufacturers，arewonttobeentertained。IteasilyhappensthatthisclassshouldcharacterizeEnglandtotheforeigner，whomeetsthemontheroad，andateverypublichouse，whilstthegentryavoidthetaverns，orsecludethemselveswhilstinthem。
　　ButtheseclassesaretherightEnglishstock，andmayfairlyshowthenationalqualities，beforeyetartandeducationhavedealtwiththem。Theyaregoodlovers，goodhaters，slowbutobstinateadmirers，and，inallthings，verymuchsteepedintheirtemperament，likemenhardlyawakedfromdeepsleep，whichtheyenjoy。Theirhabitsandinstinctscleavetonature。Theyareoftheearth，earthy；andofthesea，asthesea—kinds，attachedtoitforwhatityieldsthem，andnotfromanysentiment。Theyarefullofcoarsestrength，rudeexercise，butcher’smeat，andsoundsleep；andsuspectanypoeticinsinuationoranyhintfortheconductoflifewhichreflectsonthisanimalexistence，asifsomebodywerefumblingattheumbilicalcordandmightstoptheirsupplies。Theydoubtaman’ssoundjudgment，ifhedoesnoteatwithappetite，andshaketheirheadsifheisparticularlychaste。Takethemastheycome，youshallfindinthecommonpeopleasurlyindifference，sometimesgruffnessandilltemper；and，inmindsofmorepower，magazinesofinexhaustiblewar，challenging"TheruggedesthourthattimeandspitedarebringTofrownupontheenragedNorthumberland。"
　　Theyareheadstrongbelieversanddefendersoftheiropinion，andnotlessresoluteinmaintainingtheirwhimandperversity。
　　HezekiahWoodwardwroteabookagainsttheLord’sPrayer。AndonecanbelievethatBurtontheAnatomistofMelancholy，havingpredictedfromthestarsthehourofhisdeath，slippedtheknothimselfroundhisownneck，nottofalsifyhishoroscope。
　　Theirlooksbespeakaninvinciblestoutness：theyhaveextremedifficultytorunaway，andwilldiegame。WellingtonsaidoftheyoungcoxcombsoftheLife—Guardsdelicatelybroughtup，"butthepuppiesfightwell；"andNelsonsaidofhissailors，"theyreallymindshotnomorethanpeas。"Ofabsolutestoutnessnonationhasmoreorbetterexamples。Theyaregoodatstormingredoubts，atboardingfrigates，atdyinginthelastditch，oranydesperateservicewhichhasdaylightandhonorinit；butnot，Ithink，atenduringtherack，oranypassiveobedience，likejumpingoffacastle—roofatthewordofaczar。Beingbothvascularandhighlyorganized，soastobeverysensibleofpain；andintellectual，soastoseereasonandgloryinamatter。
　　Ofthatconstitutionalforce，whichyieldsthesuppliesoftheday，theyhavethemorethanenough，theexcesswhichcreatescourageonfortitude，geniusinpoetry，inventioninmechanics，enterpriseintrade，magnificenceinwealth，splendorinceremonies，petulanceandprojectsinyouth。Theyoungmenhavearudehealthwhichrunsintopeccanthumors。Theydrinkbrandylikewater，cannotexpendtheirquantitiesofwastestrengthonriding，hunting，swimming，andfencing，andrunintoabsurdfrolicswiththegravityoftheEumenides。Theystoutlycarryintoeverynookandcorneroftheearththeirturbulentsense；leavingnolieuncontradicted；nopretensionunexamined。Theychewhasheesh；cutthemselveswithpoisonedcreases；swingtheirhammockintheboughsoftheBohonUpas；tasteeverypoison；buyeverysecret；atNaples，theyputSt。
　　Januarius’sbloodinanalembic；theysawaholeintotheheadofthe"winkingVirgin，"toknowwhyshewinks；measurewithanEnglishfootruleeverycelloftheInquisition，everyTurkishcaaba，everyHolyofholies；translateandsendtoBentleythearcanumbribedandbulliedawayfromshudderingBramins；andmeasuretheirownstrengthbytheterrortheycause。Thesetravellersareofeveryclass，thebestandtheworst；anditmayeasilyhappenthatthoseofrudestbehavioraretakennoticeofandremembered。TheSaxonmelancholyinthevulgarrichandpoorappearsasgushesofill—humor，whicheverycheckexasperatesintosarcasmandvituperation。TherearemultitudesofrudeyoungEnglishwhohavetheself—sufficiencyandbluntnessoftheirnation，andwho，withtheirdisdainoftherestofmankind，andwiththisindigestionandcholer，havemadetheEnglishtravelleraproverbforuncomfortableandoffensivemanners。ItwasnobaddescriptionoftheBritongenerically，whatwassaidtwohundredyearsago，ofoneparticularOxfordscholar："Hewasaveryboldman，utteredanythingthatcameintohismind，notonlyamonghiscompanions，butinpubliccoffee—houses，andwouldoftenspeakhismindofparticularpersonsthenaccidentallypresent，withoutexaminingthecompanyhewasin；forwhichhewasoftenreprimanded，andseveraltimesthreatenedtobekickedandbeaten。"
　　ThecommonEnglishmanispronetoforgetacardinalarticleinthebillofsocialrights，thateverymanhasarighttohisownears。Nomancanclaimtousurpmorethanafewcubicfeetoftheaudibilitiesofapublicroom，ortoputuponthecompanywiththeloudstatementofhiscrotchetsorpersonalities。
　　Butitisinthedeeptraitsofracethatthefortunesofnationsarewritten，andhoweverderived，whetherahappiertribeormixtureoftribes，theair，orwhatcircumstance，thatmixedforthemthegoldenmeanoftemperament，——hereexiststhebeststockintheworld，broad—fronted，broad—bottomed，bestfordepth，range，andequability，menofaplombandreserves，greatrangeandmanymoods，stronginstincts，yetaptforculture；war—classaswellasclerks；
　　earlsandtradesmen；wiseminority，aswellasfoolishmajority；
　　abysmaltemperament，hidingwellsofwrath，andgloomsonwhichnosunshinesettles；alternatedwithacommonsenseandhumanitywhichholdthemfasttoeverypieceofcheerfulduty；makingthistemperamentaseatowhichallstormsaresuperficial；aracetowhichtheirfortunesflow，asiftheyalonehadtheelasticorganizationatoncefineandrobustenoughfordominion；asiftheburlyinexpressive，nowmuteandcontumacious，nowfierceandsharp—tongueddragon，whichoncemadetheislandlightwithhisfierybreath，hadbequeathedhisferocitytohisconqueror。Theyhidevirtuesundervices，orthesemblanceofthem。ItisthemisshapenhairyScandinaviantrollagain，wholiftsthecartoutofthemire，or"threshesthecornthattenday—laborerscouldnotend，"butitisdoneinthedark，andwithmutteredmaledictions。Heisachurlwithasoftplaceinhisheart，whosespeechisabrashofbitterwaters，butwholovestohelpyouatapinch。Hesaysno，andservesyou，andyourthanksdisgusthim。Herewaslatelyacross—grainedmiser，oddandugly，resemblingincountenancetheportraitofPunch，withthelaughleftout；richbyhisownindustry；sulkinginalonelyhouse；whonevergaveadinnertoanyman，anddisdainedallcourtesies；yetastrueaworshipperofbeautyinformandcoloraseverexisted，andprofuselypouringoverthecoldmindofhiscountrymencreationsofgraceandtruth，removingthereproachofsterilityfromEnglishart，catchingfromtheirsavageclimateeveryfinehint，andimportingintotheirgallerieseverytintandtraitofsunniercitiesandskies；makinganerainpainting；and，whenhesawthatthesplendorofoneofhispicturesintheExhibitiondimmedhisrival’sthathungnextit，secretlytookabrushandblackenedhisown。
　　Theydonotweartheirheartintheirsleevefordawstopeckat。Theyhavethatphlegmorstaidness，whichitisacomplimenttodisturb。"Greatmen，"saidAristotle，"arealwaysofanatureoriginallymelancholy。"’Tisthehabitofamindwhichattachestoabstractionswithapassionwhichgivesvastresults。Theydaretodisplease，theydonotspeaktoexpectation。TheylikethesayersofNo，betterthanthesayersofYes。Eachofthemhasanopinionwhichhefeelsitbecomeshimtoexpressallthemorethatitdiffersfromyours。Theyaremeditatingopposition。Thisgravityisinseparablefrommindsofgreatresources。
　　ThereisanEnglishherosuperiortotheFrench，theGerman，theItalian，ortheGreek。Whenheisbroughttothestrifewithfate，hesacrificesarichermaterialpossession，andonmorepurelymetaphysicalgrounds。Heistherewithhisownconsent，facetofacewithfortune，whichhedefies。Ondeliberatechoice，andfromgroundsofcharacter，hehaselectedhisparttoliveanddiefor，anddieswithgrandeur。Thisracehasaddednewelementstohumanity，andhasadeeperrootintheworld。
　　Theyhavegreatrangeofscale，fromferocitytoexquisiterefinement。Withlargerscale，theyhavegreatretrievingpower。
　　Afterrunningeachtendencytoanextreme，theytryanothertackwithequalheat。Moreintellectualthanotherraces，whentheylivewithotherraces，theydonottaketheirlanguage，butbestowtheirown。
　　Theysubsidizeothernations，andarenotsubsidized。Theyproselyte，andarenotproselyted。Theyassimilateotherracestothemselves，andarenotassimilated。TheEnglishdidnotcalculatetheconquestoftheIndies。Itfelltotheircharacter。Sotheyadministerindifferentpartsoftheworld，thecodesofeveryempireandrace；inCanada，oldFrenchlaw；intheMauritius，theCodeNapoleon；intheWestIndies，theedictsoftheSpanishCortes；intheEastIndies，theLawsofMenu；intheIsleofMan，oftheScandinavianThing；attheCapeofGoodHope，oftheoldNetherlands；
　　andintheIonianIslands，thePandectsofJustinian。
　　Theyareveryconsciousoftheiradvantageouspositioninhistory。Englandisthelawgiver，thepatron，theinstructor，theally。ComparethetoneoftheFrenchandoftheEnglishpress：thefirstquerulous，captious，sensitiveaboutEnglishopinion；theEnglishpressisnevertimorousaboutFrenchopinion，butarrogantandcontemptuous。
　　Theyaretestyandheadstrongthroughanexcessofwillandbias；churlishasmensometimespleasetobewhodonotforgetadebt，whoasknofavors，andwhowilldowhattheylikewiththeirown。Witheducationandintercourse，theseasperitieswearoff，andleavethegoodwillpure。Ifanatomyisreformedaccordingtonationaltendencies，Isuppose，thespleenwillhereafterbefoundintheEnglishman，notfoundintheAmerican，anddifferencingtheonefromtheother。Ianticipateanotheranatomicaldiscovery，thatthisorganwillbefoundtobecorticalandcaducous，thattheyaresuperficiallymorose，butatlasttender—hearted，hereindifferingfromRomeandtheLatinnations。Nothingsavage，nothingmeanresidesintheEnglishheart。Theyaresubjecttopanicsofcredulityandofrage，butthetemperofthenation，howeverdisturbed，settlesitselfsoonandeasily，as，inthistemperatezone，theskyafterwhateverstormsclearsagain，andserenityisitsnormalcondition。
　　Asavingstupiditymasksandprotectstheirperceptionasthecurtainoftheeagle’seye。OurswifterAmericans，whentheyfirstdealwithEnglish，pronouncethemstupid；but，later，dothemjusticeaspeoplewhowearwell，orhidetheirstrength。Tounderstandthepowerofperformancethatisintheirfinestwits，inthepatientNewton，orintheversatiletranscendentpoets，orintheDugdales，Gibbons，Hallams，Eldons，andPeels，oneshouldseehowEnglishday—laborersholdout。Highandlow，theyareofanunctuoustexture。Thereisanadipocereintheirconstitution，asiftheyhadoilalsofortheirmentalwheels，andcouldperformvastamountsofworkwithoutdamagingthemselves。
　　Eventhescaleofexpenseonwhichpeoplelive，andtowhichscholarsandprofessionalmenconform，provesthetensionoftheirmuscle，whenvastnumbersarefoundwhocaneachliftthisenormousload。Imightevenadd，theirdailyfeastsargueasavagevigorofbody。
　　Nonationwaseversorichinablemen；"gentlemen，"asCharlesI。saidofStrafford，"whoseabilitiesmightmakeaprinceratherafraidthanashamedinthegreatestaffairsofstate；"menofsuchtemper，that，likeBaronVere，"hadoneseenhimreturningfromavictory，hewouldbyhissilencehavesuspectedthathehadlosttheday；and，hadhebeheldhiminaretreat，hewouldhavecollectedhimaconquerorbythecheerfulnessofhisspirit。"（*）
　　（*）Fuller。WorthiesofEngland。
　　ThefollowingpassagefromtheHeimskringlamightalmoststandasaportraitofthemodernEnglishman：——"Haldorwasverystoutandstrong，andremarkablyhandsomeinappearances。KingHaroldgavehimthistestimony，thathe，amongallhismen，caredleastaboutdoubtfulcircumstances，whethertheybetokeneddangerorpleasure；
　　for，whateverturnedup，hewasneverinhighernorinlowerspirits，neversleptlessnormoreonaccountofthem，noratenordrankbutaccordingtohiscustom。Haldorwasnotamanofmanywords，butshortinconversation，toldhisopinionbluntly，andwasobstinateandhard：andthiscouldnotpleasetheking，whohadmanycleverpeopleabouthim，zealousinhisservice。Haldorremainedashorttimewiththeking，andthencametoIceland，wherehetookuphisabodeinHiardaholt，anddweltinthatfarmtoaveryadvancedage。"
　　（*）
　　（*）Heimskringla，Laing’stranslation，vol。iii。p。37。
　　Thenationaltemper，inthecivilhistory，isnotflashyorwhiffling。Theslow，deepEnglishmasssmoulderswithfire，whichatlastsetsallitsbordersinflame。ThewrathofLondonisnotFrenchwrath，buthasalongmemory，and，initshottestheat，aregisterandrule。
　　Halftheirstrengththeyputnotforth。Theyarecapableofasublimeresolution，andifhereafterthewarofraces，oftenpredicted，andmakingitselfawarofopinionsalso（aquestionofdespotismandlibertycomingfromEasternEurope），shouldmenacetheEnglishcivilization，thesesea—kingsmaytakeonceagaintotheirfloatingcastles，andfindanewhomeandasecondmillenniumofpowerintheircolonies。
　　ThestabilityofEnglandisthesecurityofthemodernworld。
　　IftheEnglishracewereasmutableastheFrench，whatreliance？
　　ButtheEnglishstandforliberty。Theconservative，money—loving，lord—lovingEnglishareyetliberty—loving；andsofreedomissafe：
　　fortheyhavemorepersonalforcethananyotherpeople。Thenationalwaysresisttheimmoralactionoftheirgovernment。TheythinkhumanelyontheaffairsofFrance，ofTurkey，ofPoland，ofHungary，ofSchleswigHolstein，thoughoverbornebythestatecraftoftherulersatlast。