Itisnouseprophesyingastotheeventswhichwillaccompanythatrevolution，buttoareasonablemanitseemsunlikelytothelastdegree，orwewillsayimpossible，thatamoralsentimentwillinducetheproprietaryclasses——thosewholivebyOWNINGthemeansofproductionwhichtheunprivilegedclassesmustneedsUSE——toyieldupthisprivilegeuncompelled;allonecanhopeisthattheywillseetheimplicitthreatofcompulsionintheeventsoftheday，andsoyieldwithagoodgracetotheterriblenecessityofformingpartofaworldinwhichall，includingthemselves，willworkhonestlyandliveeasily。
　　THEAIMSOFART
　　InconsideringtheAimsofArt，thatis，whymentoilsomelycherishandpractiseArt，IfindmyselfcompelledtogeneralizefromtheonlyspecimenofhumanityofwhichIknowanything;towit，myself。Now，whenIthinkofwhatitisthatIdesire，IfindthatIcangiveitnoothernamethanhappiness。IwanttobehappywhileIlive;forasfordeath，Ifindthat，neverhavingexperiencedit，Ihavenoconceptionofwhatitmeans，andsocannotevenbringmymindtobearuponit。Iknowwhatitistolive;Icannotevenguesswhatitistobedead。Well，then，Iwanttobehappy，andevensometimes，saygenerally，tobemerry;andIfinditdifficulttobelievethatthatisnottheuniversaldesire：sothat，whatevertendstowardsthatendIcherishwithallmybestendeavour。Now，whenIconsidermylifefurther，Ifindout，orseemto，thatitisundertheinfluenceoftwodominatingmoods，whichforlackofbetterwordsImustcallthemoodofenergyandthemoodofidleness：thesetwomoodsarenowone，nowtheother，alwayscryingoutinmetobesatisfied。Whenthemoodofenergyisuponme，Imustbedoingsomething，orIbecomemopishandunhappy;whenthemoodofidlenessisonme，IfindithardindeedifIcannotrestandletmymindwanderoverthevariouspictures，pleasantorterrible，whichmyownexperienceormycommuningwiththethoughtsofothermen，deadoralive，havefashionedinit;andifcircumstanceswillnotallowmetocultivatethismoodofidleness，IfindImustatthebestpassthroughaperiodofpaintillIcanmanagetostimulatemymoodofenergytotakeitsplaceandmakemehappyagain。AndifIhavenomeanswherewithtorouseupthatmoodofenergytodoitsdutyinmakingmehappy，andIhavetotoilwhiletheidlemoodisuponme，thenamI
　　unhappyindeed，andalmostwishmyselfdead，thoughIdonotknowwhatthatmeans。
　　Furthermore，Ifindthatwhileinthemoodofidlenessmemoryamusesme，inthemoodofenergyhopecheersme;whichhopeissometimesbigandserious，andsometimestrivial，butthatwithoutitthereisnohappyenergy。Again，IfindthatwhileIcansometimessatisfythismoodbymerelyexercisingitinworkthathasnoresultbeyondthepassinghour——inplay，inshort——yetthatitpresentlyweariesofthatandgetslanguid，thehopethereinbeingtootrivial，andsometimesevenscarcelyreal;andthatonthewhole，tosatisfymymasterthemood，Imusteitherbemakingsomethingormakingbelievetomakeit。
　　Well，Ibelievethatallmen’slivesarecompoundedofthesetwomoodsinvariousproportions，andthatthisexplainswhytheyhavealways，withmoreorlessoftoil，cherishedandpractisedart。
　　Whyshouldtheyhavetoucheditelse，andsoaddedtothelabourwhichtheycouldnotchoosebutdoinordertolive？Itmusthavebeendonefortheirpleasure，sinceithasonlybeeninveryelaboratecivilizationsthatamancouldgetothermentokeephimalivemerelytoproduceworksofart，whereasallmenthathaveleftanysignsoftheirexistencebehindthemhavepractisedart。
　　Isuppose，indeed，thatnobodywillbeinclinedtodenythattheendproposedbyaworkofartisalwaystopleasethepersonwhosesensesaretobemadeconsciousofit。ItwasdoneFORsomeonewhowastobemadehappierbyit;hisidleorrestfulmoodwastobeamusedbyit，sothatthevacancywhichisthebesettingevilofthatmoodmightgiveplacetopleasedcontemplation，dreaming，orwhatyouwill;andbythismeanshewouldnotsosoonbedrivenintohisworkfulorenergeticmood：hewouldhavemoreenjoyment，andbetter。
　　Therestrainingofrestlessness，therefore，isclearlyoneoftheessentialaimsofart，andfewthingscouldaddtothepleasureoflifemorethanthis。Thereare，tomyknowledge，giftedpeoplenowalivewhohavenoothervicethanthisofrestlessness，andseeminglynoothercurseintheirlivestomakethemunhappy：butthatisenough;itis"thelittleriftwithinthelute。"Restlessnessmakesthemhaplessmenandbadcitizens。
　　Butgranting，asIsupposeyouallwilldo，thatthisisamostimportantfunctionforarttofulfil，thequestionnextcomes，atwhatpricedoweobtainit？Ihaveadmittedthatthepracticeofarthasaddedtothelabourofmankind，thoughIbelieveinthelongrunitwillnotdoso;butinaddingtothelabourofmanhasitadded，sofar，tohispain？Therealwayshavebeenpeoplewhowouldatoncesayyestothatquestion;sothattherehavebeenandaretwosetsofpeoplewhodislikeandcontemnartasanembarrassingfolly。Besidesthepiousascetics，wholookuponitasaworldlyentanglementwhichpreventsmenfromkeepingtheirmindsfixedonthechancesoftheirindividualhappinessormiseryinthenextworld;who，inshort，hateart，becausetheythinkthatitaddstoman’searthlyhappiness——
　　besidesthese，therearealsopeoplewho，lookingonthestruggleoflifefromthemostreasonablepointthattheyknowof，contemntheartsbecausetheythinkthattheyaddtoman’sslaverybyincreasingthesumofhispainfullabour：ifthiswerethecase，itwouldstill，tomymind，beaquestionwhetheritmightnotbeworththewhiletoenduretheextrapainoflabourforthesakeoftheextrapleasureaddedtorest;assuming，forthepresent，equalityofconditionamongmen。Butitseemstomethatitisnotthecasethatthepracticeofartaddstopainfullabour;naymore，Ibelievethat，ifitdid，artwouldneverhavearisenatall，wouldcertainlynotbediscernible，asitis，amongpeoplesinwhomonlythegermsofcivilizationexist。Inotherwords，Ibelievethatartcannotbetheresultofexternalcompulsion;thelabourwhichgoestoproduceitisvoluntary，andpartlyundertakenforthesakeofthelabouritself，partlyforthesakeofthehopeofproducingsomethingwhich，whendone，shallgivepleasuretotheuserofit。Or，again，thisextralabour，whenitisextra，isundertakenwiththeaimofsatisfyingthatmoodofenergybyemployingittoproducesomethingworthdoing，andwhich，therefore，willkeepbeforetheworkeralivelyhopewhileheisworking;andalsobygivingitworktodoinwhichthereisabsoluteimmediatepleasure。Perhapsitisdifficulttoexplaintothenon—artisticcapacitythatthisdefinitesensuouspleasureisalwayspresentinthehandiworkofthedeftworkmanwhenheisworkingsuccessfully，andthatitincreasesinproportiontothefreedomandindividualityofthework。Alsoyoumustunderstandthatthisproductionofart，andconsequentpleasureinwork，isnotconfinedtotheproductionofmatterswhichareworksofartonly，likepictures，statues，andsoforth，buthasbeenandshouldbeapartofalllabourinsomeformorother：soonlywilltheclaimsofthemoodofenergybesatisfied。
　　ThereforetheAimofArtistoincreasethehappinessofmen，bygivingthembeautyandinterestofincidenttoamusetheirleisure，andpreventthemwearyingevenofrest，andbygivingthemhopeandbodilypleasureintheirwork;or，shortly，tomakeman’sworkhappyandhisrestfruitful。Consequently，genuineartisanunmixedblessingtotheraceofman。
　　Butastheword"genuine"isalargequalification，ImustaskleavetoattempttodrawsomepracticalconclusionsfromthisassertionoftheAimsofArt，whichwill，Isuppose，orindeedhope，leadusintosomecontroversyonthesubject;becauseitisfutileindeedtoexpectanyonetospeakaboutart，exceptinthemostsuperficialway，withoutencounteringthosesocialproblemswhichallseriousmenarethinkingof;sinceartisandmustbe，eitherinitsabundanceoritsbarrenness，initssincerityoritshollowness，theexpressionofthesocietyamongstwhichitexists。
　　First，then，itiscleartomethat，atthepresenttime，thosewholookwidestatthingsanddeepestintothemarequitedissatisfiedwiththepresentstateofthearts，astheyarealsowiththepresentconditionofsociety。ThisIsayintheteethofthesupposedrevivificationofartwhichhastakenplaceoflateyears：infact，thatveryexcitementabouttheartsamongstapartofthecultivatedpeopleofto—daydoesbutshowonhowfirmabasisthedissatisfactionabovementionedrests。Fortyyearsagotherewasmuchlesstalkaboutart，muchlesspracticeofit，thanthereisnow;andthatisspeciallytrueofthearchitecturalarts，whichI
　　shallmostlyhavetospeakaboutnow。Peoplehaveconsciouslystriventoraisethedeadinartsincethattime，andwithsomesuperficialsuccess。Nevertheless，inspiteofthisconsciouseffort，ImusttellyouthatEngland，toapersonwhocanfeelandunderstandbeauty，wasalessgrievousplacetoliveinthenthanitisnow;andwewhofeelwhatartmeansknowwell，thoughwedonotoftendaretosayso，thatfortyyearshenceitwillbeamoregrievousplacetousthanitisnowifwestillfollowuptheroadweareon。Lessthanfortyyearsago——aboutthirty——IfirstsawthecityofRouen，thenstillinitsoutwardaspectapieceoftheMiddleAges：nowordscantellyouhowitsmingledbeauty，history，andromancetookholdonme;Icanonlysaythat，lookingbackonmypastlife，IfinditwasthegreatestpleasureIhaveeverhad：andnowitisapleasurewhichnoonecaneverhaveagain：itislosttotheworldforever。AtthattimeIwasanundergraduateofOxford。
　　Thoughnotsoastounding，soromantic，oratfirstsightsomediaevalastheNormancity，Oxfordinthosedaysstillkeptagreatdealofitsearlierloveliness：andthememoryofitsgreystreetsastheythenwerehasbeenanabidinginfluenceandpleasureinmylife，andwouldbegreaterstillifIcouldonlyforgetwhattheyarenow——amatteroffarmoreimportancethantheso—calledlearningoftheplacecouldhavebeentomeinanycase，butwhich，asitwas，noonetriedtoteachme，andIdidnottrytolearn。Sincethentheguardiansofthisbeautyandromancesofertileofeducation，thoughprofessedlyengagedin"thehighereducation"（asthefutilesystemofcompromiseswhichtheyfollowisnick—named），haveignoreditutterly，havemadeitspreservationgivewaytothepressureofcommercialexigencies，andaredeterminedapparentlytodestroyitaltogether。Thereisanotherpleasurefortheworldgonedownthewind;here，again，thebeautyandromancehavebeenuselessly，causelessly，mostfoolishlythrownaway。
　　Thesetwocasesaregivensimplybecausetheyhavebeenfixedinmymind;theyarebuttypesofwhatisgoingoneverywherethroughoutcivilization：theworldiseverywheregrowinguglierandmorecommonplace，inspiteoftheconsciousandverystrenuouseffortsofasmallgroupofpeopletowardstherevivalofart，whicharesoobviouslyoutofjointwiththetendencyoftheagethat，whiletheuncultivatedhavenotevenheardofthem，themassofthecultivatedlookuponthemasajoke，andeventhattheyarenowbeginningtogettiredof。
　　Now，ifitbetrue，asIhaveasserted，thatgenuineartisanunmixedblessingtotheworld，thisisaseriousmatter;foratfirstsightitseemstoshowthattherewillsoonbenoartatallintheworld，whichwillthusloseanunmixedblessing;itcanillaffordtodothat，Ithink。
　　Forart，ifithastodie，haswornitselfout，anditsaimwillbeathingforgotten;anditsaimwastomakeworkhappyandrestfruitful。Isallworktobeunhappy，allrestunfruitful，then？
　　Indeed，ifartistoperish，thatwillbethecase，unlesssomethingistotakeitsplace——somethingatpresentunnamed，undreamedof。
　　Idonotthinkthatanythingwilltaketheplaceofart;notthatI
　　doubttheingenuityofman，whichseemstobeboundlessinthedirectionofmakinghimselfunhappy，butbecauseIbelievethespringsofartinthehumanmindtobedeathless，andalsobecauseitseemstomeeasytoseethecausesofthepresentobliterationofthearts。
　　Forwecivilizedpeoplehavenotgiventhemupconsciously，orofourfreewill;wehavebeenFORCEDtogivethemup。PerhapsIcanillustratethatbythedetailoftheapplicationofmachinerytotheproductionofthingsinwhichartisticformofsomesortispossible。
　　Whydoesareasonablemanuseamachine？Surelytosavehislabour。
　　Therearesomethingswhichamachinecandoaswellasaman’shand，PLUSatool，candothem。Heneednot，forinstance，grindhiscorninahand—quern;alittletrickleofwater，awheel，andafewsimplecontrivanceswilldoitallperfectlywell，andleavehimfreetosmokehispipeandthink，ortocarvethehandleofhisknife。That，sofar，isunmixedgainintheuseofamachine——always，mindyou，supposingequalityofconditionamongmen;noartislost，leisureortimeformorepleasurableworkisgained。Perhapsaperfectlyreasonableandfreemanwouldstopthereinhisdealingswithmachinery;butsuchreasonandfreedomaretoomuchtoexpect，soletusfollowourmachine—inventorastepfarther。Hehastoweaveplaincloth，andfindsdoingsodullishontheonehand，andontheotherthatapower—loomwillweavetheclothnearlyaswellasahand—loom：
　　so，inordertogainmoreleisureortimeformorepleasurablework，heusesapower—loom，andforegoesthesmalladvantageofthelittleextraartinthecloth。Butsodoing，asfarastheartisconcerned，hehasnotgotapuregain;hehasmadeabargainbetweenartandlabour，andgotamakeshiftasaconsequence。Idonotsaythathemaynotberightinsodoing，butthathehaslostaswellasgained。Now，thisisasfarasamanwhovaluesartandisreasonablewouldgointhematterofmachineryASLONGASHEWAS
　　FREE——thatis，wasnotFORCEDtoworkforanotherman’sprofit;solongashewaslivinginasocietyTHATHADACCEPTEDEQUALITYOF
　　CONDITION。Carrythemachineusedforartastepfarther，andhebecomesanunreasonableman，ifhevaluesartandisfree。Toavoidmisunderstanding，ImustsaythatIamthinkingofthemodernmachine，whichisasitwerealive，andtowhichthemanisauxiliary，andnotoftheoldmachine，theimprovedtool，whichisauxiliarytotheman，andonlyworksaslongashishandisthinking;
　　thoughIwillremark，thateventhiselementaryformofmachinehastobedroppedwhenwecometothehigherandmoreintricateformsofart。Well，astothemachineproperusedforart，whenitgetstothestageabovedealingwithanecessaryproductionthathasaccidentallysomebeautyaboutit，areasonablemanwithafeelingforartwillonlyuseitwhenheisforcedto。Ifhethinkshewouldlikeornament，forinstance，andknowsthatthemachinecannotdoitproperly，anddoesnotcaretospendthetimetodoitproperly，whyshouldhedoitatall？Hewillnotdiminishhisleisureforthesakeofmakingsomethinghedoesnotwantunlesssomemanorbandofmenforcehimtoit;sohewilleithergowithouttheornament，orsacrificesomeofhisleisuretohaveitgenuine。Thatwillbeasignthathewantsitverymuch，andthatitwillbeworthhistrouble：inwhichcase，again，hislabouronitwillnotbemeretrouble，butwillinterestandpleasehimbysatisfyingtheneedsofhismoodofenergy。
　　This，Isay，ishowareasonablemanwouldactifhewerefreefromman’scompulsion;notbeingfree，heactsverydifferently。Hehaslongpassedthestageatwhichmachinesareonlyusedfordoingworkrepulsivetoanaverageman，orfordoingwhatcouldbeaswelldonebyamachineasaman，andheinstinctivelyexpectsamachinetobeinventedwheneveranyproductofindustrybecomessoughtafter。Heistheslavetomachinery;thenewmachineMUSTbeinvented，andwheninventedheMUST——Iwillnotsayuseit，butbeusedbyit，whetherhelikesitornot。
　　Butwhyishetheslavetomachinery？Becauseheistheslavetothesystemforwhoseexistencetheinventionofmachinerywasnecessary。
　　AndnowImustdrop，orratherhavedropped，theassumptionoftheequalityofcondition，andremindyouthat，thoughinasensewearealltheslavesofmachinery，yetthatsomemenaresodirectlywithoutanymetaphoratall，andthatthesearejustthoseonwhomthegreatbodyoftheartsdepends——theworkmen。Itisnecessaryforthesystemwhichkeepsthemintheirpositionasaninferiorclassthattheyshouldeitherbethemselvesmachinesorbetheservantstomachines，innocasehavinganyinterestintheworkwhichtheyturnout。Totheiremployerstheyare，sofarastheyareworkmen，apartofthemachineryoftheworkshoporthefactory;tothemselvestheyareproletarians，humanbeingsworkingtolivethattheymaylivetowork：theirpartofcraftsmen，ofmakersofthingsbytheirownfreewill，isplayedout。
　　Attheriskofbeingaccusedofsentimentality，Iwillsaythatsincethisisso，sincetheworkwhichproducesthethingsthatshouldbemattersofartisbutaburdenandaslavery，Iexultinthisatleast，thatitcannotproduceart;thatallitcandoliesbetweenstarkutilitarianismandidioticsham。
　　Orindeedisthatmerelysentimental？Rather，Ithink，wewhohavelearnedtoseetheconnectionbetweenindustrialslaveryandthedegradationoftheartshavelearnedalsotohopeforafutureforthosearts;sincethedaywillcertainlycomewhenmenwillshakeofftheyoke，andrefusetoacceptthemereartificialcompulsionofthegamblingmarkettowastetheirlivesinceaselessandhopelesstoil;
　　andwhenitdoescome，theirinstinctsforbeautyandimaginationsetfreealongwiththem，willproducesuchartastheyneed;andwhocansaythatitwillnotasfarsurpasstheartofpastagesasthatdoesthepoorrelicsofitleftusbytheageofcommerce？
　　AwordortwoonanobjectionwhichhasoftenbeenmadetomewhenI
　　havebeentalkingonthissubject。Itmaybesaid，andisoften，YouregrettheartoftheMiddleAges（asindeedIdo），butthosewhoproduceditwerenotfree;theywereserfs，orgild—craftsmensurroundedbybrazenwallsoftraderestrictions;theyhadnopoliticalrights，andwereexploitedbytheirmasters，thenoblecaste，mostgrievously。Well，IquiteadmitthattheoppressionandviolenceoftheMiddleAgeshaditseffectontheartofthosedays，itsshortcomingsaretraceabletothem;theyrepressedartincertaindirections，Idonotdoubtthat;andforthatreasonIsay，thatwhenweshakeoffthepresentoppressionasweshookofftheold，wemayexpecttheartofthedaysofrealfreedomtoriseabovethatofthoseoldviolentdays。ButIdosaythatitwaspossiblethentohavesocial，organic，hopefulprogressiveart;whereasnowsuchpoorscrapsofitasareleftaretheresultofindividualandwastefulstruggle，areretrospectiveandpessimistic。Andthishopefulartwaspossibleamidstalltheoppressionofthosedays，becausetheinstrumentsofthatoppressionweregrosslyobvious，andwereexternaltotheworkofthecraftsman。Theywerelawsandcustomsobviouslyintendedtorobhim，andopenviolenceofthehighway—
　　robberykind。Inshort，industrialproductionwasnottheinstrumentusedforrobbingthe"lowerclasses;"itisnowthemaininstrumentusedinthathonourableprofession。Themediaevalcraftsmanwasfreeinhiswork，thereforehemadeitasamusingtohimselfashecould;
　　anditwashispleasureandnothispainthatmadeallthingsbeautifulthatweremade，andlavishedtreasuresofhumanhopeandthoughtoneverythingthatmanmade，fromacathedraltoaporridge—
　　pot。Come，letusputitinthewayleastrespectfultothemediaevalcraftsman，mostpolitetothemodern"hand："thepoordevilofthefourteenthcentury，hisworkwasofsolittlevaluethathewasallowedtowasteitbythehourinpleasinghimself——andothers;
　　butourhighly—strungmechanic，hisminutesaretoorichwiththeburdenofperpetualprofitforhimtobeallowedtowasteoneofthemonart;thepresentsystemwillnotallowhim——cannotallowhim——toproduceworksofart。
　　Sothattherehasarisenthisstrangephenomenon，thatthereisnowaclassofladiesandgentlemen，veryrefinedindeed，thoughnotperhapsaswellinformedasisgenerallysupposed，andofthisrefinedclasstherearemanywhodoreallylovebeautyandincident——
　　i。e。，art，andwouldmakesacrificestogetit;andtheseareledbyartistsofgreatmanualskillandhighintellect，formingaltogetheralargebodyofdemandforthearticle。Andyetthesupplydoesnotcome。Yes，andmoreover，thisgreatbodyofenthusiasticdemandersarenomerepoorandhelplesspeople，ignorantfisher—peasants，half—
　　madmonks，scatter—brainedsansculottes——noneofthose，inshort，theexpressionofwhoseneedshasshakentheworldsooftenbefore，andwilldoyetagain。No，theyareoftherulingclasses，themastersofmen，whocanlivewithoutlabour，andhaveabundantleisuretoschemeoutthefulfilmentoftheirdesires;andyetIsaytheycannothavetheartwhichtheysomuchlongfor，thoughtheyhuntitabouttheworldsohard，sentimentalizingthesordidlivesofthemiserablepeasantsofItalyandthestarvingproletariansofhertowns，nowthatallthepicturesquenesshasdepartedfromthepoordevilsofourowncountry—side，andofourownslums。Indeed，thereislittleofrealityleftthemanywhere，andthatlittleisfastfadingawaybeforetheneedsofthemanufacturerandhisraggedregimentofworkers，andbeforetheenthusiasmofthearchaeologicalrestorerofthedeadpast。Soontherewillbenothingleftexceptthelyingdreamsofhistory，themiserablewreckageofourmuseumsandpicture—
　　galleries，andthecarefullyguardedinteriorsofouraestheticdrawing—rooms，unrealandfoolish，fittingwitnessesofthelifeofcorruptionthatgoesonthere，sopinchedandmeagreandcowardly，withitsconcealmentandignoring，ratherthanrestraintof，naturallongings;whichdoesnotforbidthegreedyindulgenceinthemifitcanbutbedecentlyhidden。
　　Theartthenisgone，andcannomorebe"restored"onitsoldlinesthanamediaevalbuildingcanbe。Therichandrefinedcannothaveitthoughtheywould，andthoughwewillbelievemanyofthemwould。
　　Andwhy？Becausethosewhocouldgiveittothericharenotallowedbytherichtodoso。Inoneword，slaveryliesbetweenusandart。
　　Ihavesaidasmuchasthattheaimofartwastodestroythecurseoflabourbymakingworkthepleasurablesatisfactionofourimpulsetowardsenergy，andgivingtothatenergyhopeofproducingsomethingworthitsexercise。
　　Now，therefore，Isay，thatsincewecannothaveartbystrivingafteritsmeresuperficialmanifestation，sincewecanhavenothingbutitsshambysodoing，thereyetremainsforustoseehowitwouldbeifwelettheshadowtakecareofitselfandtry，ifwecan，tolayholdofthesubstance。FormypartIbelieve，thatifwetrytorealizetheaimsofartwithoutmuchtroublingourselveswhattheaspectoftheartitselfshallbe，weshallfindweshallhavewhatwewantatlast：whetheritistobecalledartornot，itwillatleastbeLIFE;and，afterall，thatiswhatwewant。Itmayleadusintonewsplendoursandbeautiesofvisibleart;toarchitecturewithmanifoldedmagnificencefreefromthecuriousincompletenessandfailingsofthatwhichtheoldertimeshaveproduced——topainting，unitingtothebeautywhichmediaevalartattainedtherealismwhichmodernartaimsat;tosculpture，unitingthebeautyoftheGreekandtheexpressionoftheRenaissancewithsomethirdqualityyetundiscovered，soastogiveustheimagesofmenandwomensplendidlyalive，yetnotdisqualifiedfrommaking，asalltruesculptureshould，architecturalornament。Allthisitmaydo;or，ontheotherhand，itmayleadusintothedesert，andartmayseemtobedeadamidstus;orfeeblyanduncertainlytobestrugglinginaworldwhichhasutterlyforgottenitsoldglories。
　　Formypart，withartasitnowis，Icannotbringmyselftothinkthatitmuchmatterswhichofthesedoomsawaitsit，solongaseachbearswithitsomehopeofwhatistocome;sincehere，asinothermatters，thereisnohopesaveinRevolution。Theoldartisnolongerfertile，nolongeryieldsusanythingsaveelegantlypoeticalregrets;beingbarren，ithasbuttodie，andthematterofmomentnowis，astohowitshalldie，whetherWITHhopeorWITHOUTit。
　　Whatisit，forinstance，thathasdestroyedtheRouen，theOxfordofMYelegantpoeticregret？Hasitperishedforthebenefitofthepeople，eitherslowlyyieldingtothegrowthofintelligentchangeandnewhappiness？orhasitbeen，asitwere，thunderstrickenbythetragedywhichmostlyaccompaniessomegreatnewbirth？Notso。
　　Neitherphalangsterenordynamitehassweptitsbeautyaway，itsdestroyershavenotbeeneitherthephilanthropistortheSocialist，theco—operatorortheanarchist。Ithasbeensold，andatacheappriceindeed：muddledawaybythegreedandincompetenceoffoolswhodonotknowwhatlifeandpleasuremean，whowillneithertakethemthemselvesnorletothershavethem。Thatiswhythedeathofthatbeautywoundsusso：nomanofsenseorfeelingwoulddaretoregretsuchlossesiftheyhadbeenpaidforbynewlifeandhappinessforthepeople。Butthereisthepeoplestillasitwasbefore，stillfacingforitspartthemonsterwhodestroyedallthatbeauty，andwhosenameisCommercialProfit。
　　Irepeat，thateveryscrapofgenuineartwillfallbythesamehandsifthematteronlygoesonlongenough，althoughashamartmaybeleftinitsplace，whichmayverywellbecarriedonbydilettantifinegentlemenandladieswithoutanyhelpfrombelow;and，tospeakplainly，Ifearthatthisgibberingghostoftherealthingwouldsatisfyagreatmanyofthosewhonowthinkthemselvesloversofart;
　　thoughitisnotdifficulttoseealongvistaofitsdegradationtillitshallbecomeatlastamerelaughing—stock;thatistosay，ifthethingweretogoon：Imean，ifartweretobeforevertheamusementofthosewhomwenowcallladiesandgentlemen。
　　ButformypartIdonotthinkitwillgoonlongenoughtoreachsuchdepthsasthat;andyetIshouldbehypocriticalifIweretosaythatIthoughtthatthechangeinthebasisofsociety，whichwouldenfranchiselabourandmakemenpracticallyequalincondition，wouldleadusbyashortroadtothesplendidnewbirthofartwhichIhavementioned，thoughIfeelquitecertainthatitwouldnotleavewhatwenowcallartuntouched，sincetheaimsofthatrevolutiondoincludetheaimsofart——viz。，abolishingthecurseoflabour。
　　Isupposethatthisiswhatislikelytohappen;thatmachinerywillgoondeveloping，withthepurposeofsavingmenlabour，tillthemassofthepeopleattainrealleisureenoughtobeabletoappreciatethepleasureoflife;till，infact，theyhaveattainedsuchmasteryoverNaturethattheynolongerfearstarvationasapenaltyfornotworkingmorethanenough。Whentheygettothatpointtheywilldoubtlessturnthemselvesandbegintofindoutwhatitisthattheyreallywanttodo。Theywouldsoonfindoutthatthelessworktheydid（thelessworkunaccompaniedbyart，Imean），themoredesirableadwelling—placetheearthwouldbe;theywouldaccordinglydolessandlesswork，tillthemoodofenergy，ofwhichIbeganbyspeaking，urgedthemonafresh：butbythattimeNature，relievedbytherelaxationofman’swork，wouldberecoveringherancientbeauty，andbeteachingmentheoldstoryofart。AndastheArtificialFamine，causedbymenworkingfortheprofitofamaster，andwhichwenowlookuponasamatterofcourse，wouldhavelongdisappeared，theywouldbefreetodoastheychose，andtheywouldsetasidetheirmachinesinallcaseswheretheworkseemedpleasantordesirableforhandiwork;tillinallcraftswhereproductionofbeautywasrequired，themostdirectcommunicationbetweenaman’shandandhisbrainwouldbesoughtfor。Andtherewouldbemanyoccupationsalso，astheprocessesofagriculture，inwhichthevoluntaryexerciseofenergywouldbethoughtsodelightful，thatpeoplewouldnotdreamofhandingoveritspleasuretothejawsofamachine。
　　Inshort，menwillfindoutthatthemenofourdayswerewronginfirstmultiplyingtheirneeds，andthentrying，eachmanofthem，toevadeallparticipationinthemeansandprocesseswherebythoseneedsaresatisfied;thatthiskindofdivisionoflabourisreallyonlyanewandwilfulformofarrogantandslothfulignorance，farmoreinjurioustothehappinessandcontentmentoflifethantheignoranceoftheprocessesofNature，ofwhatwesometimescallSCIENCE，whichmenoftheearlierdaysunwittinglylivedin。
　　Theywilldiscover，orrediscoverrather，thatthetruesecretofhappinessliesinthetakingagenuineinterestinallthedetailsofdailylife，inelevatingthembyartinsteadofhandingtheperformanceofthemovertounregardeddrudges，andignoringthem;
　　andthatincaseswhereitwasimpossibleeithersotoelevatethemandmaketheminteresting，ortolightenthembytheuseofmachinery，soastomakethelabourofthemtrifling，thatshouldbetakenasatokenthatthesupposedadvantagesgainedbythemwerenotworththetroubleandhadbetterbegivenup。AllthistomymindwouldbetheoutcomeofmenthrowingofftheburdenofArtificialFamine，supposing，asIcannothelpsupposing，thattheimpulseswhichhavefromthefirstglimmeringsofhistoryurgedmenontothepracticeofArtwerestillatworkinthem。
　　ThusandthusonlyCANcomeaboutthenewbirthofArt，andIthinkitWILLcomeaboutthus。Youmaysayitisalongprocess，andsoitis;butIcanconceiveofalonger。IhavegivenyoutheSocialistorOptimistviewofthematter。NowforthePessimistview。
　　IcanconceivethattherevoltagainstArtificialFamineorCapitalism，whichisnowonfoot，maybevanquished。Theresultwillbethattheworkingclass——theslavesofsociety——willbecomemoreandmoredegraded;thattheywillnotstriveagainstoverwhelmingforce，but，stimulatedbythatloveoflifewhichNature，alwaysanxiousabouttheperpetuationoftherace，hasimplantedinus，willlearntobeareverything——starvation，overwork，dirt，ignorance，brutality。Allthesethingstheywillbear，as，alas！theybearthemtoowellevennow;allthisratherthanrisksweetlifeandbitterlivelihood，andallsparksofhopeandmanlinesswilldieoutofthem。
　　Norwilltheirmastersbemuchbetteroff：theearth’ssurfacewillbehideouseverywhere，saveintheuninhabitabledesert;Artwillutterlyperish，asinthemanualartssoinliterature，whichwillbecome，asitisindeedspeedilybecoming，amerestringoforderlyandcalculatedineptitudesandpassionlessingenuities;Sciencewillgrowmoreandmoreone—sided，moreincomplete，morewordyanduseless，tillatlastshewillpileherselfupintosuchamassofsuperstition，thatbesideitthetheologiesofoldtimewillseemmerereasonandenlightenment。Allwillgetlowerandlower，tilltheheroicstrugglesofthepasttorealizehopefromyeartoyear，fromcenturytocentury，willbeutterlyforgotten，andmanwillbeanindescribablebeing——hopeless，desireless，lifeless。
　　Andwilltherebedeliverancefromthiseven？Maybe：manmay，aftersometerriblecataclysm，learntostrivetowardsahealthyanimalism，maygrowfromatolerableanimalintoasavage，fromasavageintoabarbarian，andsoon;andsomethousandsofyearshencehemaybebeginningoncemorethoseartswhichwehavenowlost，andbecarvinginterlacementsliketheNewZealanders，orscratchingformsofanimalsontheircleanedblade—bones，likethepre—historicmenofthedrift。
　　Butinanycase，accordingtothepessimistview，whichlooksuponrevoltagainstArtificialFamineasimpossibletosucceed，weshallwearilytrudgethecircleagain，untilsomeaccident，someunforeseenconsequenceofarrangement，makesanendofusaltogether。
　　ThatpessimismIdonotbelievein，nor，ontheotherhand，doI
　　supposethatitisaltogetheramatterofourwillsastowhetherweshallfurtherhumanprogressorhumandegradation;yet，sincetherearethosewhoareimpelledtowardstheSocialistorOptimisticsideofthings，Imustconcludethatthereissomehopeofitsprevailing，thatthestrenuouseffortsofmanyindividualsimplyaforcewhichisthrustingthemon。SothatIbelievethatthe"AimsofArt"willberealized，thoughIknowthattheycannotbe，solongaswegroanunderthetyrannyofArtificialFamine。OnceagainIwarnyouagainstsupposing，youwhomayspeciallyloveart，thatyouwilldoanygoodbyattemptingtorevivifyartbydealingwithitsdeadexterior。IsayitistheAIMSOFARTthatyoumustseekratherthantheARTITSELF;andinthatsearchwemayfindourselvesinaworldblankandbare，astheresultofourcaringatleastthismuchforart，thatwewillnotenduretheshamsofit。
　　Anyhow，Iaskyoutothinkwithmethattheworstwhichcanhappentousistoenduretamelytheevilsthatwesee;thatnotroubleorturmoilissobadasthat;thatthenecessarydestructionwhichreconstructionbearswithitmustbetakencalmly;thateverywhere——
　　inState，inChurch，inthehousehold——wemustberesolutetoendurenotyranny，acceptnolie，quailbeforenofear，althoughtheymaycomebeforeusdisguisedaspiety，duty，oraffection，asusefulopportunityandgood—nature，asprudenceorkindness。Theworld’sroughness，falseness，andinjusticewillbringabouttheirnaturalconsequences，andweandourlivesarepartofthoseconsequences;
　　butsinceweinheritalsotheconsequencesofoldresistancetothosecurses，letuseachlooktoittohaveourfairshareofthatinheritancealso，which，ifnothingelsecomeofit，willatleastbringtouscourageandhope;thatis，eagerlifewhilewelive，whichisaboveallthingstheAimofArt。
　　USEFULWORKVERSUSUSELESSTOIL
　　Theabovetitlemaystrikesomeofmyreadersasstrange。Itisassumedbymostpeoplenowadaysthatallworkisuseful，andbymostwell—to—topeoplethatallworkisdesirable。Mostpeople，well—to—
　　doornot，believethat，evenwhenamanisdoingworkwhichappearstobeuseless，heisearninghislivelihoodbyit——heis"employed，"
　　asthephrasegoes;andmostofthosewhoarewell—to—docheeronthehappyworkerwithcongratulationsandpraises，ifheisonly"industrious"enoughanddepriveshimselfofallpleasureandholidaysinthesacredcauseoflabour。Inshort，ithasbecomeanarticleofthecreedofmodernmoralitythatalllabourisgoodinitself——aconvenientbelieftothosewholiveonthelabourofothers。Butastothoseonwhomtheylive，Irecommendthemnottotakeitontrust，buttolookintothematteralittledeeper。
　　Letusgrant，first，thattheraceofmanmusteitherlabourorperish。Naturedoesnotgiveusourlivelihoodgratis;wemustwinitbytoilofsomesortordegree。Letussee，then，ifshedoesnotgiveussomecompensationforthiscompulsiontolabour，sincecertainlyinothermattersshetakescaretomaketheactsnecessarytothecontinuanceoflifeintheindividualandtheracenotonlyendurable，butevenpleasurable。
　　Youmaybesurethatshedoesso，thatitisofthenatureofman，whenheisnotdiseased，totakepleasureinhisworkundercertainconditions。And，yet，wemustsayintheteethofthehypocriticalpraiseofalllabour，whatsoeveritmaybe，ofwhichIhavemademention，thatthereissomelabourwhichissofarfrombeingablessingthatitisacurse;thatitwouldbebetterforthecommunityandfortheworkerifthelatterweretofoldhishandsandrefusetowork，andeitherdieorletuspackhimofftotheworkhouseorprison——whichyouwill。
　　Here，yousee，aretwokindsofwork——onegood，theotherbad;onenotfarremovedfromablessing，alighteningoflife;theotheramerecurse，aburdentolife。
　　Whatisthedifferencebetweenthem，then？This：onehashopeinit，theotherhasnot。Itismanlytodotheonekindofwork，andmanlyalsotorefusetodotheother。
　　Whatisthenatureofthehopewhich，whenitispresentinwork，makesitworthdoing？
　　Itisthreefold，Ithink——hopeofrest，hopeofproduct，hopeofpleasureintheworkitself;andhopeofthesealsoinsomeabundanceandofgoodquality;restenoughandgoodenoughtobeworthhaving;
　　productworthhavingbyonewhoisneitherafoolnoranascetic;
　　pleasureenoughforallforustobeconsciousofitwhileweareatwork;notamerehabit，thelossofwhichweshallfeelasafidgetymanfeelsthelossofthebitofstringhefidgetswith。
　　Ihaveputthehopeofrestfirstbecauseitisthesimplestandmostnaturalpartofourhope。Whateverpleasurethereisinsomework，thereiscertainlysomepaininallwork，thebeast—likepainofstirringupourslumberingenergiestoaction，thebeast—likedreadofchangewhenthingsareprettywellwithus;andthecompensationforthisanimalpainisanimalrest。Wemustfeelwhileweareworkingthatthetimewillcomewhenweshallnothavetowork。Alsotherest，whenitcomes，mustbelongenoughtoallowustoenjoyit;
　　itmustbelongerthanismerelynecessaryforustorecoverthestrengthwehaveexpendedinworking，anditmustbeanimalrestalsointhis，thatitmustnotbedisturbedbyanxiety，elseweshallnotbeabletoenjoyit。Ifwehavethisamountandkindofrestweshall，sofar，benoworseoffthanthebeasts。
　　Astothehopeofproduct，IhavesaidthatNaturecompelsustoworkforthat。ItremainsforUStolooktoitthatweDOreallyproducesomething，andnotnothing，oratleastnothingthatwewantorareallowedtouse。Ifwelooktothisanduseourwillsweshall，sofar，bebetterthanmachines。
　　Thehopeofpleasureintheworkitself：howstrangethathopemustseemtosomeofmyreaders——tomostofthem！YetIthinkthattoalllivingthingsthereisapleasureintheexerciseoftheirenergies，andthatevenbeastsrejoiceinbeinglitheandswiftandstrong。
　　Butamanatwork，makingsomethingwhichhefeelswillexistbecauseheisworkingatitandwillsit，isexercisingtheenergiesofhismindandsoulaswellasofhisbody。Memoryandimaginationhelphimasheworks。Notonlyhisownthoughts，butthethoughtsofthemenofpastagesguidehishands;and，asapartofthehumanrace，hecreates。Ifweworkthusweshallbemen，andourdayswillbehappyandeventful。
　　Thusworthyworkcarrieswithitthehopeofpleasureinrest，thehopeofthepleasureinourusingwhatitmakes，andthehopeofpleasureinourdailycreativeskill。
　　Allotherworkbutthisisworthless;itisslaves’work——meretoilingtolive，thatwemaylivetotoil。
　　Therefore，sincewehave，asitwere，apairofscalesinwhichtoweightheworknowdoneintheworld，letususethem。Letusestimatetheworthinessoftheworkwedo，aftersomanythousandyearsoftoil，somanypromisesofhopedeferred，suchboundlessexultationovertheprogressofcivilizationandthegainofliberty。
　　Now，thefirstthingastotheworkdoneincivilizationandtheeasiesttonoticeisthatitisportionedoutveryunequallyamongstthedifferentclassesofsociety。First，therearepeople——notafew——whodonowork，andmakenopretenceofdoingany。Next，therearepeople，andverymanyofthem，whoworkfairlyhard，thoughwithabundanteasementsandholidays，claimedandallowed;andlastly，therearepeoplewhoworksohardthattheymaybesaidtodonothingelsethanwork，andareaccordinglycalled"theworkingclasses，"asdistinguishedfromthemiddleclassesandtherich，oraristocracy，whomIhavementionedabove。
　　Itisclearthatthisinequalitypressesheavilyuponthe"working"
　　class，andmustvisiblytendtodestroytheirhopeofrestatleast，andso，inthatparticular，makethemworseoffthanmerebeastsofthefield;butthatisnotthesumandendofourfollyofturningusefulworkintouselesstoil，butonlythebeginningofit。
　　Forfirst，astotheclassofrichpeopledoingnowork，weallknowthattheyconsumeagreatdealwhiletheyproducenothing。
　　Therefore，clearly，theyhavetobekeptattheexpenseofthosewhodowork，justaspaupershave，andareamereburdenonthecommunity。Inthesedaystherearemanywhohavelearnedtoseethis，thoughtheycanseenofurtherintotheevilsofourpresentsystem，andhaveformednoideaofanyschemeforgettingridofthisburden;thoughperhapstheyhaveavaguehopethatchangesinthesystemofvotingformembersoftheHouseofCommonsmay，asifbymagic，tendinthatdirection。Withsuchhopesorsuperstitionsweneednottroubleourselves。Moreover，thisclass，thearistocracy，oncethoughtmostnecessarytotheState，isscantofnumbers，andhasnownopowerofitsown，butdependsonthesupportoftheclassnextbelowit——themiddleclass。Infact，itisreallycomposedeitherofthemostsuccessfulmenofthatclass，oroftheirimmediatedescendants。
　　Astothemiddleclass，includingthetrading，manufacturing，andprofessionalpeopleofoursociety，theydo，asarule，seemtoworkquitehardenough，andsoatfirstsightmightbethoughttohelpthecommunity，andnotburdenit。Butbyfarthegreaterpartofthem，thoughtheywork，donotproduce，andevenwhentheydoproduce，asinthecaseofthoseengaged（wastefullyindeed）inthedistributionofgoods，ordoctors，or（genuine）artistsandliterarymen，theyconsumeoutofallproportiontotheirdueshare。Thecommercialandmanufacturingpartofthem，themostpowerfulpart，spendtheirlivesandenergiesinfightingamongstthemselvesfortheirrespectivesharesofthewealthwhichtheyFORCEthegenuineworkerstoprovideforthem;theothersarealmostwhollythehangers—onofthese;theydonotworkforthepublic，butaprivilegedclass：theyaretheparasitesofproperty，sometimes，asinthecaseoflawyers，undisguisedlyso;sometimes，asthedoctorsandothersabovementioned，professingtobeuseful，buttoooftenofnousesaveassupportersofthesystemoffolly，fraud，andtyrannyofwhichtheyformapart。Andallthesewemustrememberhave，asarule，oneaiminview;nottheproductionofutilities，butthegainingofapositioneitherforthemselvesortheirchildreninwhichtheywillnothavetoworkatall。Itistheirambitionandtheendoftheirwholelivestogain，ifnotforthemselvesyetatleastfortheirchildren，theproudpositionofbeingobviousburdensonthecommunity。Fortheirworkitselfinspiteoftheshamdignitywithwhichtheysurroundit，theycarenothing：saveafewenthusiasts，menofscience，artorletters，who，iftheyarenotthesaltoftheearth，areatleast（andoh，thepityofit！）thesaltofthemiserablesystemofwhichtheyaretheslaves，whichhindersandthwartsthemateveryturn，andevensometimescorruptsthem。
　　Herethenisanotherclass，thistimeverynumerousandall—powerful，whichproducesverylittleandconsumesenormously，andisthereforeinthemainsupported，aspaupersare，bytherealproducers。Theclassthatremainstobeconsideredproducesallthatisproduced，andsupportsbothitselfandtheotherclasses，thoughitisplacedinapositionofinferioritytothem;realinferiority，mindyou，involvingadegradationbothofmindandbody。Butitisanecessaryconsequenceofthistyrannyandfollythatagainmanyoftheseworkersarenotproducers。Avastnumberofthemoncemorearemerelyparasitesofproperty，someofthemopenlyso，asthesoldiersbylandandseawhoarekeptonfootfortheperpetuatingofnationalrivalriesandenmities，andforthepurposesofthenationalstrugglefortheshareoftheproductofunpaidlabour。Butbesidesthisobviousburdenontheproducersandthescarcelylessobviousoneofdomesticservants，thereisfirstthearmyofclerks，shop—
　　assistants，andsoforth，whoareengagedintheserviceoftheprivatewarforwealth，which，asabovesaid，istherealoccupationofthewell—to—domiddleclass。Thisisalargerbodyofworkersthanmightbesupposed，foritincludesamongstothersallthoseengagedinwhatIshouldcallcompetitivesalesmanship，or，tousealessdignifiedword，thepufferyofwares，whichhasnowgottosuchapitchthattherearemanythingswhichcostfarmoretosellthantheydotomake。
　　Nextthereisthemassofpeopleemployedinmakingallthosearticlesoffollyandluxury，thedemandforwhichistheoutcomeoftheexistenceoftherichnon—producingclasses;thingswhichpeopleleadingamanlyanduncorruptedlifewouldnotaskforordreamof。
　　Thesethings，whoevermaygainsayme，Iwillforeverrefusetocallwealth：theyarenotwealth，butwaste。WealthiswhatNaturegivesusandwhatareasonablemancanmakeoutofthegiftsofNatureforhisreasonableuse。Thesunlight，thefreshair，theunspoiledfaceoftheearth，food，raimentandhousingnecessaryanddecent;thestoringupofknowledgeofallkinds，andthepowerofdisseminatingit;meansoffreecommunicationbetweenmanandman;worksofart，thebeautywhichmancreateswhenheismostaman，mostaspiringandthoughtful——allthingswhichservethepleasureofpeople，free，manlyanduncorrupted。Thisiswealth。NorcanIthinkofanythingworthhavingwhichdoesnotcomeunderoneorotheroftheseheads。
　　Butthink，Ibeseechyou，oftheproductofEngland，theworkshopoftheworld，andwillyounotbebewildered，asIam，atthethoughtofthemassofthingswhichnosanemancoulddesire，butwhichouruselesstoilmakes——andsells？
　　Now，further，thereisevenasadderindustryyet，whichisforcedonmany，verymany，ofourworkers——themakingofwareswhicharenecessarytothemandtheirbrethren，BECAUSETHEYAREANINFERIOR
　　CLASS。Forifmanymenlivewithoutproducing，nay，mustlivelivessoemptyandfoolishthattheyFORCEagreatpartoftheworkerstoproducewareswhichnooneneeds，noteventherich，itfollowsthatmostmenmustbepoor;and，livingastheydoonwagesfromthosewhomtheysupport，cannotgetfortheirusetheGOODSwhichmennaturallydesire，butmustputupwithmiserablemakeshiftsforthem，withcoarsefoodthatdoesnotnourish，withrottenraimentwhichdoesnotshelter，withwretchedhouseswhichmaywellmakeatown—
　　dwellerincivilizationlookbackwithregrettothetentofthenomadtribe，orthecaveofthepre—historicsavage。Nay，theworkersmustevenlendahandtothegreatindustrialinventionoftheage——adulteration，andbyitshelpproducefortheirownuseshamsandmockeriesoftheluxuryoftherich;forthewage—earnersmustalwaysliveasthewage—payersbidthem，andtheirveryhabitsoflifeareFORCEDonthembytheirmasters。
　　Butitiswasteoftimetotrytoexpressinwordsduecontemptoftheproductionsofthemuch—praisedcheapnessofourepoch。Itmustbeenoughtosaythatthischeapnessisnecessarytothesystemofexploitingonwhichmodernmanufacturerests。Inotherwords，oursocietyincludesagreatmassofslaves，whomustbefed，clothed，housedandamusedasslaves，andthattheirdailynecessitycompelsthemtomaketheslave—wareswhoseuseistheperpetuationoftheirslavery。
　　Tosumup，then，concerningthemannerofworkincivilizedStates，theseStatesarecomposedofthreeclasses——aclasswhichdoesnotevenpretendtowork，aclasswhichpretendstoworkbutwhichproducesnothing，andaclasswhichworks，butiscompelledbytheothertwoclassestodoworkwhichisoftenunproductive。
　　Civilizationthereforewastesitsownresources，andwilldosoaslongasthepresentsystemlasts。Thesearecoldwordswithwhichtodescribethetyrannyunderwhichwesuffer;trythentoconsiderwhattheymean。
　　Thereisacertainamountofnaturalmaterialandofnaturalforcesintheworld，andacertainamountoflabour—powerinherentinthepersonsofthementhatinhabitit。MenurgedbytheirnecessitiesanddesireshavelabouredformanythousandsofyearsatthetaskofsubjugatingtheforcesofNatureandofmakingthenaturalmaterialusefultothem。Tooureyes，sincewecannotseeintothefuture，thatstrugglewithNatureseemsnearlyover，andthevictoryofthehumanraceoverhernearlycomplete。And，lookingbackwardstothetimewhenhistoryfirstbegan，wenotethattheprogressofthatvictoryhasbeenfarswifterandmorestartlingwithinthelasttwohundredyearsthaneverbefore。Surely，therefore，wemodernsoughttobeinallwaysvastlybetteroffthananywhohavegonebeforeus。
　　Surelyweought，oneandallofus，tobewealthy，tobewellfurnishedwiththegoodthingswhichourvictoryoverNaturehaswonforus。
　　Butwhatistherealfact？Whowilldaretodenythatthegreatmassofcivilizedmenarepoor？Sopooraretheythatitismerechildishnesstroublingourselvestodiscusswhetherperhapstheyareinsomewaysalittlebetteroffthantheirforefathers。Theyarepoor;norcantheirpovertybemeasuredbythepovertyofaresourcelesssavage，forheknowsofnothingelsethanhispoverty;
　　thatheshouldbecold，hungry，houseless，dirty，ignorant，allthatistohimasnaturalasthatheshouldhaveaskin。Butforus，forthemostofus，civilizationhasbreddesireswhichsheforbidsustosatisfy，andsoisnotmerelyaniggardbutatortureralso。
　　ThusthenhavethefruitsofourvictoryoverNaturebeenstolenfromus，thushascompulsionbyNaturetolabourinhopeofrest，gain，andpleasurebeenturnedintocompulsionbymantolabourinhope——oflivingtolabour！
　　Whatshallwedothen，canwemendit？
　　Well，rememberoncemorethatitisnotourremoteancestorswhoachievedthevictoryoverNature，butourfathers，nay，ourveryselves。Forustosithopelessandhelplessthenwouldbeastrangefollyindeed：besurethatwecanamendit。What，then，isthefirstthingtobedone？
　　Wehaveseenthatmodernsocietyisdividedintotwoclasses，oneofwhichisPRIVILEGEDtobekeptbythelabouroftheother——thatis，itforcestheothertoworkforitandtakesfromthisinferiorclasseverythingthatitCANtakefromit，andusesthewealthsotakentokeepitsownmembersinasuperiorposition，tomakethembeingsofahigherorderthantheothers：longerlived，morebeautiful，morehonoured，morerefinedthanthoseoftheotherclass。Idonotsaythatittroublesitselfaboutitsmembersbeingpositivelylonglived，beautifulorrefined，butmerelyinsiststhattheyshallbesorelativelytotheinferiorclass。Asalsoitcannotusethelabour—
　　poweroftheinferiorclassfairlyinproducingrealwealth，itwastesitwholesaleintheproductionofrubbish。
　　Itisthisrobberyandwasteonthepartoftheminoritywhichkeepsthemajoritypoor;ifitcouldbeshownthatitisnecessaryforthepreservationofsocietythatthisshouldbesubmittedto，littlemorecouldbesaidonthematter，savethatthedespairoftheoppressedmajoritywouldprobablyatsometimeorotherdestroySociety。Butithasbeenshown，onthecontrary，evenbysuchincompleteexperiments，forinstance，asCo—operation（socalled），thattheexistenceofaprivilegedclassisbynomeansnecessaryfortheproductionofwealth，butratherforthe"government"oftheproducersofwealth，or，inotherwords，fortheupholdingofprivilege。
　　Thefirststeptobetakenthenistoabolishaclassofmenprivilegedtoshirktheirdutiesasmen，thusforcingotherstodotheworkwhichtheyrefusetodo。Allmustworkaccordingtotheirability，andsoproducewhattheyconsume——thatis，eachmanshouldworkaswellashecanforhisownlivelihood，andhislivelihoodshouldbeassuredtohim;thatistosay，alltheadvantageswhichsocietywouldprovideforeachandallofitsmembers。
　　Thus，atlast，wouldtrueSocietybefounded。Itwouldrestonequalityofcondition。Nomanwouldbetormentedforthebenefitofanother——nay，noonemanwouldbetormentedforthebenefitofSociety。Nor，indeed，canthatorderbecalledSocietywhichisnotupheldforthebenefitofeveryoneofitsmembers。
　　Butsincemenlivenow，badlyastheylive，whensomanypeopledonotproduceatall，andwhensomuchworkiswasted，itisclearthat，underconditionswhereallproducedandnoworkwaswasted，notonlywouldeveryoneworkwiththecertainhopeofgainingadueshareofwealthbyhiswork，butalsohecouldnotmisshisdueshareofrest。Here，then，aretwooutofthethreekindsofhopementionedaboveasanessentialpartofworthyworkassuredtotheworker。Whenclassrobberyisabolished，everymanwillreapthefruitsofhislabour，everymanwillhaveduerest——leisure，thatis。
　　SomeSocialistsmightsayweneednotgoanyfurtherthanthis;itisenoughthattheworkershouldgetthefullproduceofhiswork，andthathisrestshouldbeabundant。Butthoughthecompulsionofman’styrannyisthusabolished，IyetdemandcompensationforthecompulsionofNature’snecessity。Aslongastheworkisrepulsiveitwillstillbeaburdenwhichmustbetakenupdaily，andevensowouldmarourlife，eventhoughthehoursoflabourwereshort。Whatwewanttodoistoaddtoourwealthwithoutdiminishingourpleasure。Naturewillnotbefinallyconqueredtillourworkbecomesapartofthepleasureofourlives。
　　Thatfirststepoffreeingpeoplefromthecompulsiontolabourneedlesslywillatleastputusonthewaytowardsthishappyend;
　　forweshallthenhavetimeandopportunitiesforbringingitabout。
　　Asthingsarenow，betweenthewasteoflabour—powerinmereidlenessanditswasteinunproductivework，itisclearthattheworldofcivilizationissupportedbyasmallpartofitspeople;whenallwereworkingusefullyforitssupport，theshareofworkwhicheachwouldhavetodowouldbebutsmall，ifourstandardoflifewereaboutonthefootingofwhatwell—to—doandrefinedpeoplenowthinkdesirable。Weshallhavelabour—powertospare，andshall，inshort，beaswealthyasweplease。Itwillbeeasytolive。Ifweweretowakeupsomemorningnow，underourpresentsystem，andfindit"easytolive，"thatsystemwouldforceustosettoworkatonceandmakeithardtolive;weshouldcallthat"developingourresources，"orsomesuchfinename。Themultiplicationoflabourhasbecomeanecessityforus，andaslongasthatgoesonnoingenuityintheinventionofmachineswillbeofanyrealusetous。Eachnewmachinewillcauseacertainamountofmiseryamongtheworkerswhosespecialindustryitmaydisturb;somanyofthemwillbereducedfromskilledtounskilledworkmen，andthengraduallymatterswillslipintotheirduegrooves，andallwillworkapparentlysmoothlyagain;
　　andifitwerenotthatallthisispreparingrevolution，thingswouldbe，forthegreaterpartofmen，justastheywerebeforethenewwonderfulinvention。
　　Butwhenrevolutionhasmadeit"easytolive，"whenallareworkingharmoniouslytogetherandthereisnoonetorobtheworkerofhistime，thatistosay，hislife;inthosecomingdaystherewillbenocompulsiononustogoonproducingthingswedonotwant，nocompulsiononustolabourfornothing;weshallbeablecalmlyandthoughtfullytoconsiderwhatweshalldowithourwealthoflabour—
　　power。Now，formypart，Ithinkthefirstuseweoughttomakeofthatwealth，ofthatfreedom，shouldbetomakeallourlabour，eventhecommonestandmostnecessary，pleasanttoeverybody;forthinkingoverthemattercarefullyIcanseethattheonecoursewhichwillcertainlymakelifehappyinthefaceofallaccidentsandtroublesistotakeapleasurableinterestinallthedetailsoflife。Andlestperchanceyouthinkthatanassertiontoouniversallyacceptedtobeworthmaking，letmeremindyouhowentirelymoderncivilizationforbidsit;withwhatsordid，andeventerrible，detailsitsurroundsthelifeofthepoor，whatamechanicalandemptylifesheforcesontherich;andhowrareaholidayitisforanyofustofeelourselvesapartofNature，andunhurriedly，thoughtfully，andhappilytonotethecourseofourlivesamidstallthelittlelinksofeventswhichconnectthemwiththelivesofothers，andbuildupthegreatwholeofhumanity。
　　Butsuchaholidayourwholelivesmightbe，ifwewereresolutetomakeallourlabourreasonableandpleasant。Butwemustberesoluteindeed;fornohalfmeasureswillhelpushere。Ithasbeensaidalreadythatourpresentjoylesslabour，andourlivesscaredandanxiousasthelifeofahuntedbeast，areforceduponusbythepresentsystemofproducingfortheprofitoftheprivilegedclasses。