ThelatterkindofrestraintbyPubliqueAuthority，iswhenthatwhichseemethbytheLawetobefreetoallisbysomePatentorProclamationofthePrince，prohibitedtoall，savingsomecertaineCorporations，orpersonsspeciallyexceptedandauthorizedinthesamePatentorProclamation。OfthiskindaregenerallyreputedallCorporationsofMerchants，whicharenotconfirmedbyActofParliament。Whicharegenerallyreputedtocarrywiththemarestrainttoothers，ofthatliberty，whichtheLawdothseemetooffertoallinpointofCommerce。WhenceitisthatsomanypleadetheFreedomeofsubjects，andpresse，orratheroppressethatpleaofequity，hatitisequallthatallsubjectsshouldbeealikefreetobeMerchantsinallTrades。TowhomIanswere，thatfirstthereisnogoodEqualityinit，becauseitisagainstthePubliqueUtilitythatallshouldbeeMerchantsattheirpleasure。Forthat’snotequall，thatmayseemeprofitabletoone，andbeehurtfultomany。Atqueipsoutilitasiustipropmatter&aequi，asHoracespeaketh。Andyetwhatpointofequityisbroken，whenthefreedomeofSocietiesissocarried，thatitisopentoallmenuponequalltermes；thatistosay，eitherbyserviceorpurchase？Otherwiseitwereveryunequall，thatonemanshouldserveforhisfreedome，orbuythesame：andanothermanshouldhaveitfornothing。Ifthispointwerewellthoughtupon，IprosumetheGraciousGrantsandpriviledgesofHisMajestie，conferreduponSocieties，wouldnotseemesomucharestraintoftheCommonliberty，asaprudentorderingandaccommodatingthereofuntothePubliqueUtility。ForithatheverbeeneaPolicyofthisState，toreducetheTradesofMerchantsofthisKingdomeintoCorporationsandSocieties，fortheadvancementofTrade，bythebenefitoforderandgovernment：wellforeseeingthattherecannotbeanygreaterBanetoaWell-governedCommon-wealth，thenIll-governedanddisorderlyTrade。WhereofIshallhavefitteroccasiontospeakeinthenextChapter，whenIcometotreatoftheIncoveniencesofthewantofgovernmentinTrade。Sothatinthiscasethegenerallrulemustbethis；thatsucharestraintofthePubliqueLiberty，asisbeforementioned，isalwayestobeallowed，whenthesameisrecompencedwithaPubliqueUtility。AccordingtothatofTacitus，Omnemagnumexemplumhabetissealiquidiniqui，quodutilitatepublicacontrasinguloscompensatur。AlsothelibertythattheLawseemethtogivethesubjectsinTrade，istobeunderstood，ofimploymentWithintheKingdome，notWithouttheKingdome。ForwhatlibertycanaNationallLaw，givetoaForreinTradeunderaForreineJurisdiction，whenthelibertyorrestraintthereofdependethuponthoseForreinePrincesandStateswherethatTradeistollerated？TherforetheLawmaygivethesubjectLibertyWithintheLand，butitistheKingthatmustenablementotradeWithouttheLand。ForalltheTradeoftheMerchantsofthisKingdomeintoForreineCountries，isgroundedupontheAmityoftheKing，andtheTreatiesofPeacecontractedbytheKing，withtheKingsandRulersofthoseforreineparts，athisownecharge，andbyHisowneAuthoritie，withouttheassistanceofHisParliament。Andthereforeitholdethgoodconguity，thattheKingbyHislikeAuthority，mayhavethedisposingandorderingofsuchHiscontractsathisownepleasure。
　　ThesecondpartofMonopolyremaineth，ofthesettingofthepriceatthepleasureoftheMonopolist，tohisprivategaine，andthepubliquelosse。ThisGothofreduscalleththeformeofaMonopoly。AndintruthitistheverySouleandAccomplishmentthereof。Andheortheythathavethispoweroverthepriceofthethingtheynegotiate，maywellbesaidaccordingtothenotationofMonopoly，from{Greekwordomitted}and{Greekwordomitted}，toconversealone。Forinsodoing，theysolive，asnonecanlivebythem，inrespectoftheirsingulargaineinthiskinde：ContrarytothathonestPoverbiallruleoftheDutch，thatmenmustLeuenendelaetenLeuen：SoliveasothermenmayLivebythem。ButhereIcannotbutdischargeallthoseCorporationsofthisKingdome，ofthispartofMonopoly，whichaffordtoeveryparticulartraderthereof，themanagingofhisownestocke，inbuyingandsellingasheecan，withoutanycombinationwithothers。Inwhichitisanimpossibleasunusual，foranytohavecommandofthericeoftheirCommodities：becausethereissuchamultitudeofTradersofthem；andeverymanisatlibertytobuyorsell，withoutanyrulebyanygenerallorder，ormeanestoholdoneprice。ButthegreatestsuspitionofMonopolyinCorporations，isinsuchasTrade，inJointStockes。WhereofiftherebeanythattradethinaJointStocke，andhaththeSolebuyingorsellingofanyCommodity，andbuyandsellthesameJointly，asbyonepersonorcommonfactor，suchisguiltyofMonopoly。
　　Forparticularmen，theymayalsocommitMonopolizing：eitherbyprocuringPatentsbymisinformationoftheState，fortheSoleImportingorExporting，buyingorsellingattheirowneprises，totherestraintoftheCommonLiberty，andthePubliqueUtilityoftheKingdome：orelsewhensomeoneorfew，withoutanyAuthority，doejoinetogethertoengrosseandbuyinaCommodity，andsellitoutagaineattheirowneprice。Oftheformerkinde，arethoseCatalogueofcryingMonopolies，whichhisMajestieinHishighWisdomeandGracedamnedinHisPrincelyProclamationofthetenthofJulylast，intheXIXyearofHisMajestiesmosthappyReigneoverthisKingdome：ManyofwhichwereabusedinthePractice，fromwhichtheyappearedtobeintheInstitution。Andhereaprettyquestionoccurreth。WhenaPatentisgrantedtoacertainepersonorpersons，soasheeortheyhavepowertolicenceotherstoexercisesomekindeofCommercesolely，andconsequentlywithcommandoftheprice：thatquestionis，whoisthentheMonopolian，whetherthePatentees，ortheirAssignes？InthiscaseIsuppose，thatboththeoneandtheothercommitMonopoly。Forfirst，thePatenteesmaketheirpriceattheirpleasureupontheirAssignes，andtheyagaineupontheSubjects。
　　SothathereisMnnopolyuponMonopoly：likeyourSaltuponSalt，InterestuponInterest，ortheDecomposituminGrammer。
　　Inthelatter，somesortsofTrades-meninLondon，aresaidtooffend。WhichbeingmattersofGenerallnote，andwillingtoavoidoffence，Iwillpassebysuchparticulars。AndthisshallsufficefortheDefinitionandDistributionofMonopoly。
　　Cap。IIII。
　　OfwantofGovernmentinTrade。
　　SuchistheFormeofTradeconsideredintheStrictUseorAbuseofGovernment，bywayofMonopoly。ItnowremainethbrieflytoshewtheTooLooseUsethereof，byUngovernedTrade。
　　ItisaMaximeintheMathematiques，thatRectumestIndexsui&obliqui。AndthewantofGovernment，cannotbetterbedemonstrated，thenbythebenefitofGovernmentitselfe。FortherebytheCommon-wealthhathbeenemuchadvantaged，bothintheencreaseofthenativeCommoditiesoftheKingdome，andtheadvancementoftheiruseandpriceinForreineparts：andalsoinkeepingtheforreinewaresatamoderateratewithinthisKingdome。Thiswillbeyetmoreperspicuous，ifwecastoureyefirstupontheseveralSocietiesofMerchantswhichtradeunderGovernment：andthenonthosewhichtradewithoutGovernment。ForContrariajuxtaseposita，magiselucescunt。
　　InthefirstplacethereforeconsiderwethatAncientandheretoforefamousfellowshipoftheMerchants-AdventurersofEngland。Hathitnotbytheirpolitiqueruleandorder，eatenouttheSocietieoftheHans-townesofGermanieandtheMerchantsoftheEntercourseoftheLowCountries，inthosetrades，whichalongtimetheyenjoyedinthisland？AndwhereasthoseoftheHans，ventedinGermany，onlyamatterofsixethousandofourClothesyeerelyandatlowprices：andheldthisRealmeasitwerebeholdinguntothemfortheirshipping：yeauponsomediscontentfordenyingofthempriviledges，durstoffersomehostilitieinthetimeofEdwardthefourth。WhereastheMerchants-AdventurersbytheirCharters，grantedfromtimetotimebythePrincesofthisRealme，andfavouredbyParliamentssuccessively；bytheirorderlymannagingoftheirtrade，havesupplantedthetradeoftheHansesinGermany：andbroughtthesaidSixthousandventedbytheminGermany，untoThirtiethousandClothesyeerely&atgreatprises。AnditisworthytoberemembredtotheirHonour，thatservicewhichtheMerchants-AdventurersdidtotheStateinAnno88whentheysuppliedtheNavieRoyallwithawholeshipsladingofPowderandShotfromHamburgh：whichcameluckilyeveninarticulotemporis，whentherewasaverygreatwantthereof。ThesealsohavefromtimetotimeemployedandbredupmanyworthyMastersofshipsandMariners；andbuiltmanyTall，warlikeandServiceableshippes：whichastheythemselvesalso，areatalltimesreadytodoeservicetotheKing&Stateuponalloccasions。Noneofallwhichtheyhadeverbeeneabletohavedoneasparticularmen，inaloose，distracted，anddisorderlytrade。
　　GreatbenefitalsohatharisenfromtheEast-landCompany：
　　whohavewonnelikegroundoftheHansesoftheBaltiqueSea：anddoeemployinthattradeagreatnumberofproperShippesandMen。
　　TheLevantCompanylikewisebytheirtradeunderGovernment，hathbuiltagreatstrengthofwarlike，Tall&LustyShipping，whichtheyemployinthattrade：andbytheirindustryhavewonnefromtheItaliansthetradeoftheLevant：theCommoditieswhereofwerebeforebroughtintothisRealmebyArgosiestotheencreaseofforreineshipping，andatdearerates：andisnowreducedtotheNativesofthisKingdome，totheencreaseofShipping，andthebenefitofthePublike。WhichwithoutGovernmentandgoodorder，hadbeenimpossibleforthemtohavedone。
　　TheFrenchCompanyalso，thoughbutlatelyreducedtoOrder，havereformedmanyabusesinthattrade，inmaintainingtheNativeCommoditiesofthisKingdomeinmuchbetterestimation，andinkeepingtheForreineatmoderateprices：andinemployinggreatershipping，thenatanytimebefore。WhichwereimpossibleforthemtoeffectSingly，withoutSocietie。
　　Lastly，fortheEast-IndiaCompany，whereofIampreventedtosaywhatImight，bytwoseveralldiscoursespublishedinprint，theonebythatworthyandrarelyqualifiedGentlemanSirDudleyDiggesKnight，theotherbythatdiscreeteMerchantMr。ThomasMun：yetthisIsay，thatthisGreatandNobleSocietiebythebenefiteofGovernment，hathsetonfootaberymightieTrade，farrebeyondanyotherCompanyofthisKingdome：andaccordinglyhathexcelledingreatnesseofshipping，andmakingMarinersofland-men，beyondtheexampleofanyotherCorporation：&hadnotEnviethoughtthatTradetoogreataTreasureforthisKingdomedoubtlessetheyhadinEncreaseoftrade，excelledalltheCompaniesofMerchantsinthisCommon-wealth。
　　Butheretheordinaryobjectionencounterethme，thatinGermany，Spaine，France，Italie，andtheNetherlands，therearenosuchCompanies，norrestrainsofMerchants，ashereinEngland：andyetthatthoseCountriesthrivebetterintheirtrades，thanweinours。Ianswer，thatifitbegranted，thattheyhavenosuchCompaniesnorrestraintsofany，andthattheythrivebetterintheirtradesthenwe；yetitwillnotfollow，thatthistheirbetterthrivingisbecauseeverymanisatlibertietobeaMerchantathispleasure。ThisisthefallacywhichtheLogicianscall{Greekphraseomitted}，Noncausaprocausa。Forifthatwerethecause，whythenshouldnotourSpanishTrade，thathathnoCompanynorrestraint，prosperbetterthentheotherTradeswhichareGovernedinCompanies；whereastospeakasthetruthis，ThisTrade&TheseMerchants，arethemostmiserableofalltheotherTradesandTradesmenofthisKingdome，andallthroughwantofGovernment：thoroughwhosesidestheCommon-wealthsuffereth，andhathalreadylostmanyMillionsinvalueofthewealthoftheWeale-publique，asIshallshewanone。
　　ButtotheAssumption，IdenythattheMerchantsofthoseforreineCountries，tradewithoutGovernment。ForGermanyhathancietlyhadoneSociety，orCorporationofMerchantsinalltheirSea-townes，calledtheSociety，orCorporationoftheHansbeforenoted：astheirhousesofStapleyetstandingatBridgesinFlanders，AntwerpeinBrabant，NovogrodeinRussia，BergeninNorway，andtheSteelyardinLondoncanwitnes。WhichTradeoftheirsflourished，aslongasitcontinuedunderGovernment：buthavinglosttheirPriviledes，partlybytheirowneStragling，andpartlybeingovertop’tbytheflourishingoftheMerchants-AdventurersTrade，theirTradeisnowalmostquitefallentotheground。
　　ForSpaineandPortugall：allmenknowthattheirSeaTradeislittle，savingtotheEastandWestIndies。AndthoseTradesarecarriedwithGovernment，andfarremorerestraintthenours。
　　ForFrance，therearenot（thatIknow）anyCompaniesofMerchantsforforreineparts。WhichItaketobethecause，whythoseMerchantsshipping，isofsosmallburthen，andofaslittlesufficiencyforservice。WhichisaneffectofastraglingungovernedTrade。
　　ForItaly，thatconsisethofsomanyseverallJurisdictions，thatitwereimpossibletomakeagenerallCorporationforanyonekindeofSea-Trade。Forexample，wereitnotinvaineforGenoatomakeaCorporation&OrdersforTrade，whilestFlorenceheldacontrarycourse？Itwerecertainlyallone，astohaveaCompanyofMerchantsforSpaineatLondon，andtheWest-partsleftloosetoTradewithoutOrderorGovernment，whichwereameeremockery。ButtheTradeinmanypartsofItaly，beingcarriedbyFamilies，andeveryFamilybeingasitwereonePerson，thereisakindofGovernmentintheirTrades，andthesameperformedwithmerveilouscredite，policie，andjudgement。
　　TheLoweCountries，bythatUnionwhichisoftheseveralTownesandProvincesuntotheStatesGenerall（whichneverthelesseisasmuch，andendurethaslong，aseveryseverallProvinceandTownelisteth，）haveoflateyeareserectedtheirEastIndiaCompany，andthelikeforGuiny，andareinhandwiththelikefortheWestIndies。AlsotheCloth-buyers，theprincipallMerchantsofHolland，havelatelyobtainedOctroysotermed，whichisPriviledgesandImmunitiesoftheStates，toassemblethemselves，andtokeepeCourts，andmakeOrdersfortheirTrade；andprincipallytoconfront&opposetheMerchants-AdventurersTrade，uponsomedifferences，latelyfallenoutbetwixtthoseCloth-buyersandthesaidCompanyabouttheresidencebeforenoted。FortheirotherTradesofGermany，Poland，England，GranceandSpaine，theyratherwiththenfindeitpossible，tojoinetheseverallTownesinoneRuleandOrder。
　　AndwhosoconversethwiththatNation，shalfindethattheyverymuchcomplaineofthedisordersoftheirTrades，forwantofthatkindeofGovernment，whichmanyofthemtakenoticeofhereinEngland：andsomeofthemoflatehavedesiredinstructionsfromhenceinthatbehalfe。Besidesallthis，thesepeopleastheyareborneandbredinanUnitedCountry，sodoththeirnatureanddispositionenclinemuchtoanUnionandCommunioninTrade。
　　InsomuchasoftentimestheyareabletoworketheirfeatesbyConfederacyandCombination，againstanIncorporationinourNation。Fortheywiselyconsider，thattheirinterestisinvolvedinthePublique：where，inourNation，mencommonlypreferretheirParticular，totheCommongood。
　　AndthushavingandansweringtheobjectionsagainstCorporations，ofMerchantsandGovernedTrades，andshewedthemanyandmanifoldbenefitsarisingtotheCommon-wealththereby：
　　ItisnoweasietoshewtheInjuryandIncoveniencetothisCommon-wealthbythewantofGovernmentinTrade。ThosethatTradewithoutOrderandGovernment，arelikeuntomen，thatmakesHolesinthebottomeofthatShip，whereinthemselvesarePassengers。ForwantofGovernmentinTrade，openethagapandlettethinallsortsofunskilfullanddisorderlypersons：andthesenotonlysinkethemselvesandotherswiththem；butalsomarretheMerchandizeoftheland，bothinestimationandgoodnesse：thenwhichtherecanbeenothinginTrademorerejudicialltothePubliqueUtility。Andtomakegoodtheseparticulars，Itakethisforaground：Nemonasciturartifex。
　　WhichasitistrueintheoccupaitonsofArtizans：soisitmuchmoretrueintheTradesofMerchants：whereinthereissogreatvarietyofdifficultpointstobeelearned，beforeamancanlearnehisStucke，astheDutch-menspeak，orbehisCraftsmaster。AndhowcantheMerchant，thathathnoskillinhisCommodity，looketoit，thattheMakerperformehispart？OrhowcanafalsifiedCommodity，holdhisestimationanduse？Theillexperiencewhereof，isnotmoreremarqueableinanyofHisMajestiessubjects，theninthosethattradeintotheDominionsoftheKingofSpaine，withoutOrderorGovernmentinTrade。ForatthebeginningofHisMajestiesmosthappyRaigneoverthisKingdome，thisTradebyHisMajestiesPrincelyfavour，wasmadeaCorporationandSocietyofMerchants，andflourishedunderGovernment。AndthenthenewDraperies，andothertheNativeCommoditiesoftheKingdomeweremaintainedintheirestimationandgoodnesseatHomeandAbroad：Butsooneafterbytheclamourofsomewhopreferredtheirowneliberty，totheutilityofthepublique，andbysomemisinformationgiventheParliamentofthattime，thisCompanyafterithadflourishedtwoyears，wasdissolved，andeversinceexposedtoconfusionanddisorderinTrade，andisbecomeareceptacleandRendes-vousforeveryShopkeeper，Stragler，andUnskilfulperson：andmayserveforalivelyrepresentationofthehopesthatmaybeexpected，bysuchaloosetrade，asmanynowadaiessomuchdesire，notrightlyconceivingorconsideringthebenefitsofGovernment，northeInconvenienciesthatdoeperpetuallyaccompanytradeinthewantthereof。WhichintheEffectswillbemoreperspicious，towhichintheirOrderwenowproceede。
　　Cap。V。
　　OftheEffectsoftheformerCausesastheyconcernetheKingSuchweretheCausesconsideredintheMatterandFormeoftrade。TheEffectsfollow：whichdoeeitherconcernetheKingortheCommon-wealth。
　　SuchasaretheCauses，suchalsomustneedsbetheEffectsarisingfromthesame：andthosedoeeitherrespecttheKinginpointofHonour，orinpointofRevenue：andbothintheMatterandFormeofTrade。
　　InpointofHonour，thereisarelationtotheKingfromtheMatterofTrade，consideredGenerally，orSpecially。
　　Generally，inthegeneralneglectofalltrades，bytemerous，rash，andlitigioussuitesoflaw：wherebythePeaceoftheKingdomeisdisturbed，theJusticethereofabused，andinboththeKingdishonoured。
　　OrSpeciallyinsomespeciallCommerceofthisKingdome，abusedbytheKingsSubjects，orStrangers。BytheKingsSubjects，intheDraperyoftheKingdome，whenHisMajestiesSealeofArmes，which，asIsaid，shallbedishonouredbyfalseClothandotherManufactures，thatareunworthilyhonouredtherewith：andwhereby，thosethatbuythesamebothwithinandwithouttheLand，areperswadedthesameisgoodandtrue，whenthesameisutterlyfalse：whichisagreatindignityofferedtotheKing。
　　ByStrangers，intheEastIndiaAction，andthematterofFishing。IntheEastIndiaActioncertainelytheKingsHonourisinteressed；notonelytoprotecthissubjectsagainsttheInjuriesdonethembytheDutchintheEastIndies；butalsotomaintainetheGloryandRevowne，ofHisSacredFame，whichhathheretoforebeeneIllustriousevenuntotheHeathen：whichsomehavedaredtodoewhattheycouldtoobscure。TheFishinghathasloreferencetotheKingsHonour：foritisaRoyaltyoftheCrowne，whichtheKinginHonourcannotbutprotect。
　　ThereisalsoanEffectthatextendethitselfetotheKingsHonourintheFormeofTrade，asitistoostrict，ortooloose。
　　Toostrict，inrespectofMonopolies，whereinthePrerogativeoftheKingisabused，andthereinHisHonouralso，bythosethattherebyseeketopriviledgeandPatronizethingsunlawfull。
　　Tooloose，inthedisorderlyTradeofthesubjectsoutofGovernment。ForthoseStrangersthathavenotbeeneinourCountrey，norseenetheOrderofHisMajestiesGovernment，mustneedesExUngueLeonem，guesseattheSoveraignebytheSubject：
　　AndliketoArchimedeswhodrewthewholepourtraitureofHerculesbody，byhisfootsteponleyfoundinMountOlympus，proportiontheRoyallandRegallGovernmentofHisMajestieathome，bythedeportmentofhissubjectsabroad。AndastheOrderlyTradeofMerchantsisanHonourtotheKing，whenthesameiscontainedwithinthelistesofGovernment；sothecontrarycannotchoosebutproduceaquitecontraryeffect。
　　InpointofRevenuetheKingstreasureisdiminished，intheMateralsoandFormeofTrade。IntheMatterofTrade，eitherintheGenerallcourseofTrade，orinsomeParticulars。IntheGenerall，thegreatwantofmoney，anddecayofTradethroughoutallcallingsandconditionsofmen，mustneedescauseagreatdiminutionofHisMajestiesRevenue，bothinHisCustomesandSupplies。FortheCustomes，thoseperpetuallyriseandfallwithTrade：AndforSupplies，thesubjectsbeingimpoverishedthroughwantofMoneyanddecayofTrade，aredisabledtodoethatservicetoHisMajestie，whichotherwisetheywouldbewilling，andheretoforehavebeeneabletoperforme，inflourishingtimesofTrade。Andifourexperiencehereofhadbeeneinthe{Greekwordomitted}andnotinthe{Greekwordomitted}，intheContemplationonly，andnotinAction：wehadbeenmuchmorehappyinthisKingdomandNation。
　　IntheparticularcourseofTrade，itshallcontentmetoinstanceonelytheEastIndiaAction，andtheFishing，beforereferredtotheKingsHonour，heretohisRevenue。BytheEastIndiaActionthereisaverygreatlossetotheKinginHisCustomes，bythelosseofalltheCustomeswhichthatTradewouldhaveproducedinallthistime：andoftheEncreasealsoofTrade，whichthatemploymenthadbroughtwithit，whichwouldhaveyeeldedtoHisMajestyagreatIncreaseofCustomesanswerabletothesame。Ofbothwhichifwehadnotbeenedeprived，certainlyHisMajestiesFermeofHisCustomeshadyeeldedManyThousandpoundsayeare，morethennowtheyhavedone。
　　BytheFishing，theCustomesandTolleswhichareundoubtedlyduetoHisMajestyfortheStrangersFishinguponourCoasts，togetherwiththeencreaseofTrade，andconsequentlyofCustomestherebyalso，woldamounttosogreatavalue，thatIcannotwonderenough，thatthesamehathbeeneneglectedallthiswhile。
　　AndlastlyintheFormeofTrade，theKingsRevenueismightilydiminished，whenbythedisorderofTrade，theverycourseofTradeinverted，andthereintheKingsCustomesandSubsidiesalso。
　　Cap。VI。
　　OftheEffectsoftheformerCausesastheyconcernetheCommon-wealth。
　　FromtheKing，cometotheKingdome。WhereintherearealsomanifoldEffectsoftheprecedentCauses，bothintheMatterandFormeofTrade。
　　Andalthoughintheverysamethings，whereintheHonourandRevenueoftheKingareinvested，theWealthoftheCommon-wealthisalsointeressed；yetthesamemayotherwisebedistinguished，thatsotheymaybemadethemoreperspicuousandcleeretoeverymansjudgement。
　　TheEffectsthenthatariseoutoftheMatterofTradeandfallupontheKingdome，maybesaidetobeeitherActiveorPassive。Active，whentheyaredonebyourSelves：Passive，whentheyaredonetousbyothers。Active，intheuseofLaw，eitherToomuch，orToolittle。Toomuch，inSuitsofLaw，wherebyonesubjectvexethanother：whichmakethispeaceableKingdomeseemetobeeatWarrewithinitselfe。ForwhilestmenarethusatDeadlyfeudeinLaw，bythelosseoftheirTimes，andTrades，andStates，thethriftoftheCommonwealthmustneedesbeneglected。
　　Toolittle，IntheNon-executionofLawes，whichtendeithertotheenlargementofClothing，ortherestraintoftheExcesseoftheKingdome。theformeris，eitherinrespectoftheIllsearchngandSealingofCloth，orintheTransportationoftheMaterialsofourClothbeforementioned。Intheformerofthese，theMerchantsAdventurerscangiveyouanaccountofTenthousandpoundsayearatleastlossetothisCommon-wealth，bytheTareorabatementsupontheClothinforreineparts，forthefalsemakingandsealingthereof：BesidestheotherEffectsofthedecayoftheDraperyitselfe，andotherTradesdependingthereon，thelossewhereofisunvaluable。Inthelatter，everymanissensibleofthelossetotheCommon-wealth，inrobbingitoftheMaterials：wherebynotonelyourDraperiesareImpaired，buttheForreinealsoaretherebymuchImproved。
　　AlsothewantofrestraintoftheExcesseoftheKingdome，inUsuaryandProdigality：theonebeingaViperinaKingdomethatgnaweththroughthebowelsthereof：theotheraCankerthatfrettethandwasteththestocke，inspendingtheforreinewares，morethenitventethofourowne：bothandeitherdoeproduceintollerableeffectsinawelorderedKingdomeandCommon-wealth。
　　OrPassive，intheillEffectsthatfallupontheKingdome，inthingsdonetousbyothers。AndthateitherbyFriendsorFoes。theformerisdonebyImposition，orUsurpation。ByImposition，intheMerchantsAdventurersTradeinHolland：wherethereislatelytaxeduponaPackCloth9Gilders，anduponalongCloth18Gilders，anduponafineCloth14Gilders，whichis18，36and48shillingsofourmoney。AndyetneverthelessetheyfreetheirownCountreyClothofallmannerofcharge；nay，theygiveencouragementtothemakersthereofbymanyPriviledgedandImmunities：wherebyitismorethenmanifestthattheydowhatinthemlyeth，toPlanttheirowneDraperies，andtosupplantours，totheinfinitdisadvantageofthisKingdome。
　　ByUsurpation，thoseFriendsofours，depriveusofourEastIndiaTradeandFishing，whichhereagainoccurre，andofferthemselvesforthispurposealso。Bytheformer，theCommon-wealthhathnotonleybeendispossestallthiswhileofsogreatastock，asisthatoftheEastIndiaCompany，butoftheemploymentandexcreaseofTradealso，thattherebyinallthistimewouldhaveaccreweduntothisKingdome。Anditistobefeared，thattheirpolicyisnotonelytoderpivetheCompanyoftheirStocke，buttheKingdomealsooftheTrade：whichtheythinketoogreatandgloriousaFortuneforthisCommon-welathtoenjoy，andtheonleyhopeoftheir’s。AndhenceitisthattheRestituionissohardtobehad，becausetheythinkbydetainingit，andspinningoutthetime，theyshallintimewearyandweareusoutofthatTrade：Andsointhemeanewhile，byPlowinguphtoseIndianSeasandSoylewithourHeifers，theymayatlastReapealltheHarvest，andpossesseanddispossesseattheirownepleasure，tothewonderfullenrichingoftheirCommon-wealth，andtheimpoverishingofours。
　　Bythelatter，towit，theirFishinguponourCoasts，theCommon-wealthlooseththatwhichtheygaine：whichismerveilousincreaseofTrade，ofShippes，andMarriners。WherebytheirNavigationismightilyStrengthened，theirMarrinersmultiplyed，andtheirTradeencreased：OfallwhichthisCommon-wealthisdeprived，andtheir’senriched。
　　ByFoesalsothisCommon-wealthislamentablyPassive，inthecrueltydonebyTurkishPiratsuponMenandShippes，andGoods。
　　Thegriefeislamentable，thelosseintollerable。
　　Lastly，thereareillEffectsthatfalupontheCommon-wealthintheFormeofTrade：andthatinrespectofMonopolies，orUngovernedTrade。Byttheformer，thisCommon-wealthisdeprivedofthattruelibertyofTrade，whichbelongethtoallthesubjects：whentheCommodityofsomefew，ispreferredtothepubliquegood。
　　Bythelatter，whichismostremarquableintheTradeofHisMajestiessubjectsintotheDomminosoftheKingofSpaine，andtheMediterreanSea；theTradeofthisKingdomeconsistinginBayes，Perpetuanoes，Kersies，Waxe，Tinne，Lead，andothertheNativeCommoditiesofthisKingdome，isbetrayedintothehands，bothofthosewithwhomweareinAmitie，andothersthatarewithusinEnmity。Theonetakethadvantageofourunmerchant-likecoursesforlackeofOrder：Theother，ofourShippessentfoorthstraglingforlackeofFleets：andboththroughwantofGovernmentinTrade。WherebythePerpetuanoesandothernewDraperieshavebylittleandlittlebinmadeworseandworse，sothatnowtheyarebecomequiteoutofuse，theTradelost，theTradersruinated，theManufacturesbyotherNationssupplied，theNavigationhindered，bythelosseofmanyworthymen，andServiceableShippes：Inallwhich，theDecayofTradeisexceedingGreat，theCommon-wealth’slosseInfinite。
　　Cap。VII。
　　OftheRemedyforalltheformerCausesofdecayofTrade。
　　HavingshewedthemanyandmanifoldCausesofthedecayofTradeintheMatterandFormethereof：ItremainethnowtopresenttheRemedy。WhichaccordingtotheprecedentMethod，I
　　willapplyuntoalltheparticulersintheirorder。OnelytheRemediesfortheEffects，IshallpresentintheCauses：fortheCausesbeingremoved，theEffectsmustneedscease，accordingtothecommonMaximeinPhilosophy，Sublatacausatollitureffectus。
　　InmyformerdistributionIconsideredtheCausesofthedecayofTrade，intheMatterandFormethereof：andintheMatterIinsistedonMoneyandMerchandize。TheCausesofthewantofmoney，IshewedsometobeImmediat；someMediatorremote。theImmediatCauses，Inotedtobesuch，aseitherhindertheImportation；orsuchascausetheExportation；andbothintheUnder-valuationofHisMajestiesCoine。TheRemedyoffer’sitselfe，whichisdouble。First，howitmaybegot：andnexthowitmaybekept。Theformermaybedonetwowayes：ByRaisingoftheKingsCoine；andbymakingcurrentForreineCoinesatequallvalue。Thelatter，alsomaybedonetwowayes：ByanothermannerofExecutionoftheStatuteforEmploymentsthenheretofore：
　　whereinthereissomereasonnottoexpressemyselfeasImight：
　　AndbyHisMajestiesPrincelyandPrudentNegotiation，withthePrincesofourNeighbourCountries，theStatesoftheunitedProvincesespecially，tokeepeamoreconstantcourseinthevaluesoftheirCoines。NeitherofwhichcanbedonebytheParofExchange，whichisnowagaininagitation，andhathtakenmorethentwentyyeerestobringittoperfection。Wherein，absitinvidiaverbo，thatIsay，thereisneitherParity，norPurity。ForitisnottherateofExchanges，butthevalueofmonies，herelowe，elsewherehigh，whichcausetheirExportation：
　　nordoetheExchanges，buttheplentyorscarcityofmoniescausetheirvalues。OrifIshouldgrantthattobethecausewhichisnot：yetitdothnotfollow，thatbecausetheStranger，likeenough，wouldbeadelivererheereofmoneyatahighrate，thatthereforetheEnglishmusttakeit。Andthentheconsequencewillbeill：foriftheratebesuchastheTakerlikenot，thentheDelivererisyetmorethrustupontheexportation。ButthisI
　　leavetothosetowhomthisprojectiscommitted，withthis，thatthisopinionseemestobeciusdenfarinae，withanotherofhis，inhisCankerofEnglandsCommonwealth，inthesewords："Anditweretobewished，thatourClothweresoldatsodearearate，andaccordingtothepriceofforreineCommodities，thattherebyothernationswouldtakeuponthemtomakeourClothesthemselves：whichmighteasilybeeremedied，bysellingourwoollesthedearer，whereoftheymustmakethem。"WhichseemestohaveinitmuchmoreDutchthenEnglish，todeprivethisKingdomeofsoRoyallaManufacture，wherebysomanythousandsofpoorefamilies，aemaintainedinthesame：asifheewouldcureoneCankerwithanother，contrarytoourSavioursArgument，thatSatancannotcastoutSatan。ButIreturnetomineowneStation：
　　andthereintoanswertheobjectionsthatdoeoccurretheraisingofMoney：whicharewonttobeprincipally，eitherthecontinuallRaisingofit，tofollowtheRisingofforreineCoine；orelsetheinevitablelossethattherebywillfall，Generallyuponallmenintheendearingofallthings；andParticularlyuponLandlordsandCreditors，intheirrentsandcontracts。
　　ForthecontinuallRaisingoftheCoine，thatwillbeneedlesse，ifthemeanesbesufficientforexecutingtheStatuteforemployments，wherebytheMoneymaybekeptwithinthelandwhenwehaveit。Andforthedearnesseofthings，whichtheRaisingofMoneybringethwithit，thatwillbeabundantlyrecompenseduntoallintheplentyofMoney，andquickningofTradeineverymanshand。Andthatwhichisequalltoall，whenheethatbuye’sdeareshallselldeare，cannotbeesaidtobeinjuriusuntoany。AnditismuchbetterfortheKingdome，tohavethingsdearewithplentyofMoney，wherebymenmayliveintheirseverallcallings：thentohavethingscheapewithwantofMoney，whichnowmakeseverymancomplaine。
　　Lastly，forLandlordsandCreditors，theirlosseiseasietobepreventedbyProviso，thattheContractsmadebeforetheraisingoftheMoniesshallbepaideatthevaluetheMoneywentat，whentheContractsweremade：accordingtothedispositionoftheCivillLawinthiscase：Valormonetaeconsiderandus&
　　inspiciendusestatemporecontractus，nonautematemporesolutionis。
　　TheraisingalsooftheCoine，wouldraisethepriceofPlate：wherebyeithertherewouldbeelessesuperfluitythatway，orelsemoreoldPlate，whichperhapsinsomemenshandsiskeptupforTreasure，wouldbebroughtout，tobemoltenintoCoine。
　　TheMediateorRemoteCausesofthewantofMoney，IobservedtobeeeitherDomestiqueorForreine。TheDomestique，GenerallorSpeciall。TheGenerall，thegreatExcesseoftheKingdome，inconsumingtheCommoditiesofforreineCountriesinsuchabundance，toourownlosse。Andamongstthose，thegreatexcesseinTobaccoisnoneoftheleast：whichifitmightseemegoodtotheHighWisdomeofHisMajestie，torestraine，oratleasttogiveatollerationoftheVirginiaandBarmudo’sonly：theremightbeagreatdealeofPietieandPolicyshewedinthisRemedy。Forintheonerespect，itwouldtendtoagreatenrichingofthatplantation，whichsohappilysucceedeththroughGodsblessing：andintheotheritwouldadvantagetheKingandtheKingdome，intheredresseofthedisorderoftheSpanishTrade，andinbringinginTreasureinsteadofthatToye，morethentheRentthatisnowraisedtoHisMajestieforthesame。
　　TheSuperfluityofotherCommoditiesmaybeerestrainedbylawesVestiaryandSumptuary，accordingtotheexampleofGermany&otherourNeighborCountries。
　　TheSpeciallRemoteCauseofourwantofMoney，InotedtobeethewantofourEastIndiaStockeintheCommon-wealth。theRemedywhereof，isinthePrincelyPowerandGratiousFavourofHisMajestietoapplyatHispleasuretothisLanguishingbody。
　　AndifHIsSacredMajestiewillvouchsafetoapplyHisGratiousMouth，tothisMount：HiswakingEye，tothisEye：HispowerfullHandtothisHand：thensurelythisfaintedBodywillreceiveBreathandLife，fromthepowerfullinfluenceofsoGreataMajestie，andrevivealsothemanyotherfaintingTrades，thatarefalleninit。TheForreineRemoteCauses，IobservedtobetheWarresinChristendome，ortheTradesmaintainedwithreadyMoneyOutofChristendome。Theformer，eithercausetheExportationofMoney，asdotheWarresofChristians：orhindertheImportationthereof，asdoetheWarresofPirats。ARemedyintheformeroftheseIknownone，besidesthatblesseddispositioninHisMajestytosparenoCosttomakePeace：whichhathmadeHisFameshineasfarreastheSunneshineth，andshalllastaslongastheSunneandMooneendureth：andassureastheLordisfaithfull，willberemembredonHisPosterityforever：BesidesthisIsay，Iknownone，butPatienceandPrayer：thatGodwouldaverttheheavyJudgmentsatthisdayontheChristianworld，andgiveusgracetocnsiderOurpeace，inthisOurdaythereof。A
　　Remedyinthelatter，maybeeitherbyreducingofthestraglingtradeofHisMajestiessubjectsintotheDominionsoftheKingofSpaine，intoGovernment；wherebytheyalsomightgoeinFleetes，asothergovernedCompaniesdoe，andthebetterdefendthemselvesagainstsoCommonandCruelanenimy：orelsebyseekingrestitutionofourwrongsinthiskinde，whereitmaybehad：sofarreasitmayconcurrewiththeHonouroftheKng，towhoseGreatandPrincesjudgement，Isubmitthesame。
　　TheRemedyfortheExportationofMoneyoutofChristendomebytheTradesbeforementioned，dependethmuchonthegoodConclusionhopedfor，betweenetheDutchandourNation。WherebynotonlytheIndianCommodities，whichinthoseTradesaretheprincipall，maybeboughtmuchbettercheape，andconsequentlyspareagreatdealeoftheTreasurenowissuedoutforthesame：
　　butalso，theNativeCommoditiesofeitherCountry，andasmuchasmaybeeofeveryCountry，maybebroughtintoTradeandTrainewiththeIndians，andadvancedintheiruseandprice：thatsoatlastinsteadofMoneyforWares，wemaygiveWaresforWaresaccordingtotheLawandnatureofCommerce。AndthisgoodconclusionbetweenetheDutchandUs，istherathertobeewished，andthemoretobehastened，becausethesubtiltyoftheIndiansisgreat，intakingadvantageofthisunhappyFaction，orratherFraction，thatisfallenbetwixtus。ForthosethathavetravelledtheIndies，andobservedthosepeoplecantell，thattheIndiansdoeascribesomuchtothelightoftheirunderstanding，thattheydoeaccounttherestoftheworldblindeinComparisonofthem。OnlytheyvouchsafetothepeopleofEuropethishonour，tocallthemOneEyedMen。WhichasloMasseiustakethnoticeof，inhisHistoryoftheIndies，thatthosepeopledarebeyondmodestythustobrag；Chinesesduoshabereoculos；Europeaosunum；&quodhominumestreliquum，caecutire。ThattheChineseshavetwoEies，theEuropeansone，andalltherestofthepeopleoftheworldareblinde。AndindeedtheydoeapproovethemselvestobeQuicke-sightedenough：
　　fortheyaretheAntipodesofChristians，andareinscituationfarthestremotefromthem，andyetcanfindetheMeanes，topryintotheminesandTreasrueoftheChristianworld。AndthereforeIsay，itishightimethattheDutchandWelestDartingatoneanother，andsojoinetogether，thataswithoneHand，andoneHeart，andiftheywillneedshaveitso，withthatoneEie，wemaycollectandcontractoursharpestsence&fightintoit；thatasitissaid，someMonoculists，bythesharpnesseofthesencedrawnetooneEie，seebetterwiththat，thenboth：wemayatlastputthisremedyinpractise，thatweseemnolongerblindmen，tothoseIndianpeople。Buthereinonbothparts，arewehumblytoimporeHisMajestiesRegallIntercession，thatthesedifferences，betwixttheDutchandUs，maynolongerHanginSuspence，butatlastbedrawnetothathappyandhopefullPeriodweehavesolonglooked&longedfor。ThatsotheMajestyoftheKing，arisingliketheGloryoftheSun-risinguponthisourHorizon，maydispellanddisperseallthetempestuousMistsandFogges，thathaveobscuredthesame；andlendsuchagloriousLightandLifeuntothisOrbeofours，thatThey&We，likeloversandfriendsfallenatoddes，mayberedintegrated，renewed，andreunited，inunfaignedAmitieandUnity，thathenameofHostilitiebetwixtThemandUs，beneverhereaftertoldinGath，norpublish’tintheStreetsofAshcalon：AndthatthePublikecomplaintsaswelloftheirOwnepeople，asOurs，maynolongercomeundertheviewandcensureoftheworld。
　　AnotherRemedyofthiskinde，maybeeHisMajestiesgratiousprotectionofthePersianTradenowsohappilysetonfoote：thatsoneithertheEnvyofany，atHome；northePowerorPolicyofanyabroad，supplantusinthesame。WherebytheClothandTinne，andothertheNativeCommoditiesofthisKingdome，maybebroughtintoUseandCommerceamongstthePersiansalso。WhichthroughGodsblessing，andhisMajestiesRoyallAssistance，maybeameanstodrawthewholeTradeofthePersiansilkeintothisKingdom，andmakeittheMagazinthereof，forthesupplyofotherNations：totheweakningoftheTurkespower，theincreaseofTradeinthisCommon-wealth，andwithitHisMajestiesCustomes，theNavigation，andemploymentofthepoore：totheGreatHonouroftheKing，andenrichingofallHisKingdomes。
　　AndsomuchfortheRemediesaboutthematterofTradeinMoney，theMerchandizefolloweth。WhichIconsideredJointlyorApart。ThethingsthathindredthewholeTrade，InotedtobeDeficient，asthewantofMoney，ortheEastIndiaStocke，whichhavetheirRemedybefore：orEfficient，asUsuryandLitigiousSuitsoflaw，totheRemedieswhereofwenowproceede。TheRemedyforUsury，maybeplentyofMoney。Forthen，menwillhavenosuchcausetotakeMoneyatinterest，aswhenMoneyisscant。ForasitisthescarcitieofMoneythatmakeththehighratesofinterest：sotheplentieofMoneywillmaketheratesLow，betterthenanyStatuteforthatpurpose。ForalthoughintheNetherlands，itislawfullforamantotaketwentyinthehundredifhecangetit（whereinitseemestheAuthoroftheTractagainstUsuarywasmisinformed）yetthere，commonlymoneyisletat6and7inthehundred，byreasonoftheplentyofMoney。
　　OrthereisanotherRemedyforUsury，ingivinglibertytothesubjectsifsoitmayseemegoodtoHisMajestiesHighWisedome）tobuyandsell，andtotransportBillesofdebtfrommantoman：accordingtotheCustomeofGermanyandtheLowCountries。Whichisfoundtobeanexcellentmeanestosupplymenswantsincourseoftrade；andtendethalsototheenlargingthereof。AndfortheExtorsionuponthepooreabovenoted：ifastockeofMoneywereraisedinmannerofaLumbard，orotherwiseinLondon，andintheCountrieswhremuchpooredependonClothing；andelse-wherewherethereiscause，wherebythemultitudesofpoorewherewiththeKingdomswarmeth，mightbefromtimetotimesuppliedforasmallconsideration；itwouldcertainlygivegreatencouragementtothepooretolabour，itwouldsetonworkemanyfatherlesschildrenthatarereadytosterve，itwouldbenefittheCommon-wealthbytheirlabours，anditwouldbeanacceptableworketoAlmightyGod，sotosupplytheirwants，andnottosufferthefacesofthepooretobegroundbytheextorsionofany。AndIamperswaded，thateverygoodmanwouldbewilling，eithertogive，ortolend，towardtheraisingofastockeofMoneyforthispurpose。
　　ForLitigioussuitsofLaw，ifmenbestowedhalfethatstudyandcostintrade，whichnowadiesisspentintemerousandrashsuitsofLaw；surelythebenefitethatthencewouldarisetotheCommon-wealth，wouldequallorexceedeinvalue，thatwhichisspentinLaw，whichIthinkecannotbevalued。TheRemedyrequirethgreatconsiderationforsuchistheCause。
　　ThatthesuitesofLawinthisKingdomearenowinfinitelyincreast，tothattheywereineldertimes，Ithinkeitisoutofquestion：theQuaereisaboutthecausethereof。LitigioussuitsofLaw，mayseemeancientlytohavebeenerestrained，eitherbySureties，orFines，orboth。OftheFormerthereisyetadefacedprintintheCommon-PledgesofDoeandRoe。Whichwereofoldthenamesoftrueandreallsureties，butarenowbecomeformallonly，andsaignednamesofCourseandSolemnity。Whencealsoitis，thatinstaedofReallsuretiesinLondon，saignedsuretiesaredevisedfromthedwellingofthepartyPlaintife：Asforexample：iftheplaintifedwellinCheape-side：theyenterforhisSuretiesupontheRecordofCourt，JohnCheape，andRichardSide。AndinlikemannerwhresoeverelsethePlaintifedwelleth。
　　OftheLatter，towitofFines，theuseofthembothintheKingsBench&Common-Pleas，continuethuntothisday。IntheKingsBenchtheFinesarenotsoancientforthosebeganinthe8
　　yeareofHisMajestiesHappyraigneoverthisKingdome：neitheraretheyoflikevaluetothoseoftheCommon-Pleas。WhereofHisMajestiesmadethenaGraunttocertainePatenteesfortermeofyeares。ButintheCommon-Pleas，theFinesuponOriginallWrits，areheldbythelearnedintheLaw，tobeeasancientastheCommon-Lawitselfe。
　　NowwhethertheuseofSureties，ortheInstitutionofFines，wereinventedfortherestraintofLigitioussuitsofLaw：ortheDisuseandinequalityofthem，tendethtotheencreasethereof；I
　　humblyleavethat，tothewisedomeandjudgementoftheReverendJudges，andotherslearnedintheLaw：leastIseeme{Greekphraseomitted}。Neverthelessethereseemstome，tobeaprintofthem，intheLawesandCustomesofForreineNations。Forwhich，ifyouplease，letusheareMaimonagreatRabbi。Hebraei，litigiosumhominumgenus，saithhe，duplumrependerecoegerunt，quidebitumscienterdenegaret。
　　AlsoFestusPomeius，citedbyBodin。Romani，decimampartemeiusrei，quaeincontroversiamveniretinprivatis，auttrouersiamveniretinprivatis，autquintaminpublicisiudiciis，imperiabant，AclicetRomanieinRepublicalibera，Vectigalia&
　　tributaimperarefibidifficilimepaterentur，VectigaliatamenIudiciariapatientertulerunt。
　　AlsoHootoman。RomaniSacramentumconstituerunt，certamviz。
　　pecuniaesummanm，utquiindiciovicisset，suumsacramentumauferret，victiauteadaerariumrediret。
　　AndlastlyBodin。CarolusIX。VectigalIudiciariumadcohibendamlitigatorumhominumindomitamatqueeffrenatamlicentiamimperauit。Quovixullumafflictisaerariiopibusutilius，&GalliaeImperiolitiuminnumerabilimultitudineappresso，splendidiuscogitaripoterat。
　　ThereisalsoinFranceanexcellentrestraineofLawsuits，byaLawMerchant，establihsedinRoan，Lions，andTholosa：
　　wherebytheotherhigherCourtsofJusticeareeasedofthoseKnottyquestionsthatoftenfalloutinmattersofCommerce，whicharehardertobeedeterminedbythelearnedintheLaw，andnotsohardforMerchantsandmenofTrade。
　　Liketowhich，isthatoftheCourtofConscience，andtheofficeforPolliciesofAssuranceinLondon。TheonegrantedbyanActofParliament，inthe3yeareofHisMajestieshappyRaigne，theotherbytheStatureof43Eliz。AndbothareexecutedbyMerchantsandmenofTrade：thoughinthelattertheStatutejoinethcertaineCivillandCommonLawyerswiththeminCommission，toassistthemwhenthereiscause：becausesuchAssurancesaregroundedontheCivillLaw。BywhichmeanesHisMajestiesotherCourtsofJusticeareeasedofthemultiplicitieofQuestionsthatmightarisebysuitsofLawofthiskinde。
　　Andthushavingbeenboldtomakethisshortrelationofmypooreobservationherein，ImosthumblysubmitthisRemedytotheHighwisedomeofHisMajestie，todisposethereofinsuchMannerandMeasure，astheNatureandNumberofthesuitsofLaw，atthisdayinthisKingdomedoerequire。IntherestraintwhereofHisMajestieshallhavegreatHonour：HisKingdomePeace：theJudgesEase：theSubjectsquietnesse，andtheCommon-wealthincreaseofTrade。
　　TheTradesconsideredapart，Ireducedtosuch，astendtotheFortificationoftheKingdome，orMaintenanceofTrade。TheformerInotedtobeOrdinanceorMunition。InwhichcasethePhilosophergivethgoodCounsell，{Greekphraseomitted}。Sicamandumtanquamsisosurus，sicoportetedissetanquqamsisamaturus。
　　ThelatterIreducedtoFishingandClothing，astheNurseriesofTrade。FortheFishing，theinfinitetreasurethatStrangerssearchoutofourSeas，thevarietyofTradethattherebytheypurchase，themultitudeofMarinerstheybreed，theFleetsofShippingtheymaintaine，methinkesshouldeveryofthemapart，orallofthemtogether，beuntousassomanyprovocationstorouzeusuptotheexercisethereof：WherebyHisMajestiemightreceivesuchaTolleorCustomeofthem，asotherPrincesdoeinlikecase，andbeonceagainLordandMasteroftheSeas，forallthedisputeoftheAuthorofMareliberum：andtheNativesubjectencouragedbysomeImmunityorPriviledge，tolayholdonthatbenefit，whichGodandNaturehathbroughthometoourdoores。
　　FortheClothing，thatalsoisapointofStateandgreatconsequence。TheCausesofthedecaywhereof，IobservedtobeeeitherDomestiqueorForreine。TheDomestiquesomepast，somepresent。Inwhichformer，itmayperhapsseemestrangetospeakeofaRemedyforathingpast。WhereinthebestRemedyIcanthinkeof，is，tobewarnedbythoseharmes，nottodisturbeordistractTradeuponanysuggestion，thoughneversospecious。Itisasaferule，thatinRebusnouisconstituendiseuidensessedebetutilitas。AndinProjects，thoughtheypromisemuch，yettheutilityiscommonlyContingent，whichmaybe，ormaynotbe。
　　ButinthemutationofthenaturallcourseofTrade，thereoughttobePerspicuityandapparencyofevidentutility：ElseaBreachmaybesoonermadeinTradethencanberepaired：andtheCurrentoncediverted，willhardlybeerevolved，intoitgenuineSourceandCourseagaine。
　　ThepresentDomestiqueCausesoftheDecayofClothing，I
　　consideredintheTradeundertheClothier，orundertheMerchant。UndertheClothier，InotedtheIllmakingandFalsesealingofCloth：andboththroughtheNon-executionoftheStatuteof4oftheKing。theabusewherofisgrownetobeverygreat，andthereformationhathbeenebyHisMajestiesProclamationsandotherwise，somuchandsooftattemptedoflateyears，andnothingthereineffected，thatitseemethaverydifficultmattertoreformethesame。NeverthlesseifitmaypleaseHisMajestie，tocommitthecareoftheexecutionoftheStatute，tosomeofthePrincipallCitiesandTownesintheClothingCounties，whereBroadClothes，Kersies，andPerpetuanoesaremade；andtomakethemtheOverseersmentionedintheStatute，insteadofthoseignorantandnegligentSearchers，withreasonableallowancefortheirpaines；IamconfidentitwouldproveasingularRemedy。ForwehavenotonlytheexampleoftheLowCountries，wherethiscourseistaken，butalsoherewithus：
　　asWorcesterforthatsortofClothes，ColchesterforBayes，andCanterburyforSayes。Inallwhichplacestheformerabusesareremovedbythismeans；andtheClothes，andBayes，andManufacturesofthoseCities，triumphingreatcreditandestimation。WhichexecutionofthesaideStatute，istherathertobecommittedtothecareandchargeoftheprincipallCitiesandTownesintheClothingCounties；becausebyancientStatutesnotrepealed，allClothesandKersiesoughttobeebroughttothenextCity，Borough，orTowneCorporate，tobesealed，beforetheybeputtosale。AndifsuchClothessosealed，provedefective，thatCorporationorTowneshipthatsohathsealedthem，shallforfeitthewholevaluethereof。
　　ThereformationofwhichabusewillredoundtothebenefitoftheClothier，aswellastheMerchant。FornoneismorehurtwithfalseCloth，thenthatClothierwhichmakethtrueCloth：becausehismarketsarealwayeshurtbythecheapnessethatfalseClothmaybeaffordedat。ThereforetofacilitatethisRemedy，IhavemadeacollectionofalltheprincipallCitiesandTownesintheClothingCountiesforthispurpose，asbyalistthereof，fixedtotheendofthisdiscoursemayappeare，thatsoaworkeofthisnaturebenolongerdeferred，whereintheHonouroftheKing，andtheBenefitofthePubliquearesomuchinvolved。
　　UndertheMerchantIobservedtheCloth-TradetosufferatHomeandAbroad：AtHome，eitherbyexportingtheMaterialsofClothing，orbyOre-ladingtheCloth-Tradewithcharge。TheRemedyintheformer，weretolayarestraintofexportationofWoolsandWool-felsoutofIreland，andtoquickentheexecutionoftheStatuteforthatpurposeinEngland，byencouragingthediscoverersofsuchabuses。
　　ThelatteristheSur-chargingoftheClothTrade，eithergenerallyorspecially：thislast，intheImpositionsandImpressmoniesimposedbytheMerchantAdventurers：whichasitisachargelaidupontheDraperyoftheKingdome，Iconceive，underfavour，isamatterthattrenchethintotheSuprmemepoweranddignityoftheKing，andispeculiartoHimalone。AndifforGovernment，orotherjustcausesinSocietiesandCorporation，therebeanecessityofpayingofdebts，ordefrayingofnecessarycharge；IshouldthinkeitbetterpolicytosparetheCloth，andothertheNativeCommoditiesoftheKingdom，andtoimploreHisMajestiesfavour，tolevysuchchargeupontheForreineCommodities：accordingtotheCounsellofStephanus，SiVectigalnouumeuitarinonpotest，tuneonerenturinercesperigrinae，auaeadluxummagisquamadnecessitatemfaciunt。AndthisIconceivewouldbeagoodremedyforeasingtheClothTradeofthepresentchargeundertheMerchants：whichwouldalsobeeameanesforpayingoftheirdebts，withalittlemorelengthoftime，andagreatdealeofencouragement，bothtoClothiersandMerchantsintheClothTrade。
　　AndAbroad，ifitappeareuponexamination，thattheResidenceoftheMerchantAdventurersatDelftinHollandbeinconvenientfortheTrade：AsHisMajestiewasgraciouslypleasedtofivethemthatlibertyforatryall，soitmaypleaseHisMajestietodisposethereof，insomemorefitplacefortheir’sandthePubliquegood。
　　TheForreinceCausesoftheDecayoftheDrapery，InotedtobeeGenerall，astheWarres；orSpeciall，asthegreatImpositioninHolland。TheoneistheworkeofGod，theotheroftheKing，toremovethesame。TowhomIrecommendthemboth。
　　AndthusfarrefortheRemediesintheMatterofTrade，consideredinMoneyandMerchandize：theFormefollowethinGovernedandUngovernedTrade。IntheFormerIobservedatoostrict，andinthelatteratoolooseformeofTrade。TheRemedyintheOne，ifitseemegoodtothehighwisedomeofHisMajestie，maybePrivative，inracingandrootingoutthenameanduseofMonopoliesfromamongstthisNation，asHisMajestiehathroyallybeguninthatHisGraciousProclamationbeforementioned。AndtofreeandopenthecourseofTrade，wherenowitisunequallystopt，totheencouragementofthesubjects，andthebenefitofthePublique。
　　IntheotherPositive，bydisposingtheTradesofHisMajestiessubjectsthatarenowdistracted；intoOrderandGovernment。Whereofnonehathmoreneed，ashathbeenshewed，thenthosethatTradeintotheDominionsoftheKingofSpaine。
　　WhoseTradetherathercallethforredresse，becauseitexportethClothandothertheManufacturesoftheKingdome，andimportethTreasure，thelifeofTrade：Inbothwhichthreisnowamarveilousgreatdefect，andTradeinallmenshandsbecomesopooreandleane，thatitdothscarce，haerereossibus。ForwhereTradeisdisordred，andtheTradersungoverned，theretheyarelikeahousedevided，whichcannotlongsubsist：accordingtothatoftheOrator，Necdomusulla，necCivitas，necSocietas，neeGens，nechominumuniversumgenusstare，necrerumnaturaomnis，necfineimperiomundusipsepotest。
　　{Greekphraseomitted}
　　ThePrincipallCitiesandTownsforexecutionoftheStatuteforsearchingandSealingofCloth，areinCounties，ThreeGreater：
　　Wiltshire：Salisbury，Wilton，Westbury，Trubigde，Wooton-Basset，Deuizes，Malmsbury，Chipnam，Castlecomb，Calne，Bradford，Bromhil，Beckinton，Warminster。
　　Somersetsh。：Bath，Wells，Freshfor，Tauton，Philips-Norton，Frome，Somerton，Wellington，Bridgewater，Ilmister，Axbridge，Glastonbury。
　　Glocestersh。：Glocester，Tedbury，Sttowdwater，Dursley，Wotten-underhedge，Ebley，Witcomb，Winchcomb，Thornbury，Teuxbury，Cirencester。
　　Sixless：
　　Oxfordshire：Burford，Witney。
　　Worcesters。：Worcester，Kidderminster。
　　Herefordshire：Hereford，Lidbury。
　　Warwickshire：Watwicke，Coventry。
　　Devonshire：Exceter，Tanton。
　　Hampsh。：Southampton，Portsmouth。