TheMeanesToMakeTradeFlorish。Wherein，TheCausesoftheDecayofTradeinthisKingdome，arediscovered：
　　AndtheRemediesalsotoremoovethesame，arerepresented。
　　Propertius，nauitadeventis，detaurisnarratarator：Enumeratmilesvulnera，pastoroues。
　　London，PrintedbyJohnLegatt，forSimonWaterson，dwellinginPaulesChurch-yardattheSigneoftheCrowne。1622
　　byEdwardMisseldonTothePrince。SirYourHighnesisnolesseHappytobeetheSonneofsogreataKing，thentobetheHeireapparentofsomanyKingdomes。Intheone，rareendowmentsofMajestyandMagnanimity，areYoursbygeneration：Intheother，aRoyallMonarchybyinheritanceandsuccession。TheonedothfitYoufortheother，andYourRoyallFathersfootstepsforthemboth。InthosearePeerelesseprints：
　　YoucannotcastYourEie，buttheyarepresenttoYou，andrepresentedinYou。YouseeinHisReligion，Piety：inHisSacredPerson，Tranquility：inHisGovernment，Policy。Ineveryoneofthese，allthese：andallinYou。Inthatlast，HisMajestyhathcarriedaquickEie，overtheCommerceofthisKingdome：becauseithathrelationbothtotheRevenueoftheCrowne，andtheCommon-wealthofallHisKingdomes。ItissaidinExechielsVision，thatOnewheeleranwithintheother，whichhathandEmphasisinthattongue，{Hebrewphraseomitted}andsurelymattersofStateandofTrade，areinvolvedandwraptuptogether。Whichlatter，becauseitisatthistimeinagitation，andthereare，notwithoutcause，manyQuaere’sabouttheCausesofthegeneralldecaythereof；hathcausedmetoputmyselfeonthisEnquiry，tophilosophizeifIcould，intheseCausesandRemedies。NotthatIwouldseemewithPhormio，toreadeaLecturetoHannibal：No，IhaveonlymusteredandmarshalledthesemenintotheirRancksandOrder；itisYourstoCommandthem。GreatPhilipofMacedon，sufferedameanmusitionsayuntohim，Absit，uthaectumemeliusscias。Butformypart，Idarenotinanything，putsuchanabsit，toaPrincesoabsolute。EverythingmoovesitselfetoitsCenter。TheselittlelucubrationspresentthemselvestoyourHighnes，asuntotheirproperOrb。ForastheylookeuptotheKing，orastheylookedownetotheKingdome；InboththeylookeonYou，withadoubleaspect。YouaretheJoyoftheKing，andHopeofalltheseKingdomes。TheOnlySonneYourare，oftheOnlyKing：AnhappySeer，ofablessedSire：A
　　PrincelyConsul，ofthePrivyCouncel：Awatchman，Aworthy，ofDavidandofJacob。
　　TheseMeditationofmine，areverymeane：anunfitobjectforaPrincessight：unlesseasYouareaGodonEarth；inthisalsoYourrepresenttheGodofHeaven；toacceptinyourPrincelypardonandpatience，{Greekphraseomitted}。TheCauseisgreat，yourWisedom’sdeep，andmyLordtheKingisasanAngellofGod。
　　YourHis，HeisChrist，andChristisGods。
　　OhGod，bethoustilltheKingandChrist，ofthisChristourKing：EvangelizeuntothisAngel：doubletheSpiritofourEliah，onOurElisha：thatHemayflourishlikeourPalmeTree，andgrowuplikeourCedarofAlbion。GivethyJudgementstotheKing，andthyJusticetotheKingsSonne：AndletallthePeopleofferthesesweetOdourstoTheetheGodofHeaven，andprayforthelifeoftheKingandHisSonne。
　　Soprayeth，forHisMajestie，AndyourHighnesse，EdwardMisselden，MerchantFrommyHouseatHackneyonWhitsonEve，the8ofJuneIntheyeareofGrace，MDCXXII。AndoftheKingofPeace，XXIV。
　　Cap。I。
　　TheCausesofthewantofMoneyinEngland。
　　IthavingpleasedGodtogivemeemybirthandbeinginthisgoodLand，andunderthereigneofsogreataKing；whosepeaceandpiety，whoseprudenceandpolicy，whoserareendowmentsofNatureandliterature，absitomnisadulatio，doelendtotheChristioanandPaganworldsuchagloriouslustre，asthattheothergreatlightsintheSphearesthereofdoseemeeclipsed：I
　　couldnotbutthinkeitmyboundenduty，inallhumbleacknowledgementtoAlmightGod，anddevoutedservicetosomightyaKing，toendevourtoexpressethesame，insomepubliqueserviceforthepubliquegood。
　　Theratherforthatthereseem’stobeanecessitieimposeduponallmen，asmuchastheycan，toperformethisduety；
　　accordingtothatgnerallprecept，FeareGod，HonourtheKing：AsifamancouldnotfeareGod，unlessehehonourtheKing：norhonourtheKing，withoutthefeareofGod。
　　Andnomarvell，whenGodhimselfesetteththesedutiesinthefrontispiceortopofboththeTablesoftheDecalogue：TheoneExplicitinthefirstTable，ThoushaltlovetheLordthyGod：
　　TheotherImplicitinthesecondTable，ThoushalthonourtheKing：asifhewere{Greekphraseomitted}，ALawandanotherLaw：yeathewholeLawcomprisedinthesetwo：andthesetwotermedthegreatCommandements，togiveadeepeimpressionandalivelyexpressionofsogreatadutie。
　　Yea，hedothhonourkingswiththisowntitle，asifheewouldpartwith，&imparttothem，someofhisownehonour。I
　　havesaideyeeareGods：towhichthatofthePoetmayseeme{Greekwordomitted}tohaveanelegantallusion，DivisumimperiumcumIoueCaesarhabet。
　　AndthisisitIconfessethathathraisedandrowsedmineaffections，toseekeoutasubject，whereinImightsetmyselfatask，&asitisintheproverb，might{Greekphraseomitted}，toperformesomeacceptableservice，tosogreataKing，&sogoodakingdome。
　　ButwhatneedIseekethatwhichseekethallmen？ForwhatisatthistimemoreenquiredafterthentheCausesofthedecayofTrade？Andwhatcanbemorefitformymeditation，thenthatwhereinIhavehadeducation？AndwhathathmorerelationtomatterofState，thenCommerceofMerchants？ForwhenTradeflourisheth，theKingsrevenueisaugmented，LandsandRentsimproved，Navigationisencreased，thepooreemployed。ButifTradedecay，allthesedeclinewithit。NeverthelessewhenI
　　lookeuponthefaceofthegreatbodypolitiqueofthiswealepublique，andthereinconsiderthehighwisedomeofHissacredMajestie，astheintellectualpartofthisMicorcosme，oralterorbisasCeasarcallesit：theprudenceandprovidenceofHisNobles，astheEyesthereof；thegreatdecayofTrade，theNervesthereof：togetherwiththeparliamentationandconsultationofallthepartstogetherabouttheseCausesandRemedies：IfeareI
　　shallseeme{Greekphraseomitted}，tolightaCandleintheSunne，tooffermyserviceinthat，aboutwhichthechoicestwitsoftheKingdomearenowinconsultation。
　　ButhavinghadexperienceofHisMajestiesgraciousinterpretationofsmallservicesofhissubjectsemployedforthepublique：thoughothersmuchmoresufficientaresentbefore，yetcouldInotbutexpostulatewithmyselfe，whatifIalsorunneafter，andcastinmy{Greekphraseomitted}，intothisgreatTreasury。
　　Thereforeifherein，anyobservationsofmine，eitherForreignordomestique，mayadministeranythingworthytheinformationofthatGreatcommonandyetnotcommonSense，I
　　shallesteememypartmosthappilyacted，tohaveemployedmyprivatepainesforthepubliquegood。Therather，forthat，astherearemanyCausesdiscussedanddiscoursedofatthistime，ofthedecayofTrade；soalsoaretheremanyremedies：whereinifeithertheCausesbemistaken，ortheremediesillapplied；
　　thepresentsicknesseoftheTrade，maybebroughtfromadiseaseinfieritoanhabituatedandinfacto，asthePhisitiansSchoolehathit。
　　Tofindthecauseofthings，isaworkeofPhilosophy，andmuchfelicitie：tofindeoutafitremedy，isofhigheminency：
　　Buttoapplytheremedy，isamatterofStateandPolicy。AndthisleadethmeetotheMethodofmydiscourse：whichpartsitselfeintwaine：viz。IntoadoubleQuaere，oftheDeformationandReformationofTrade。Intheformermaybeconsidered，theCausesandEffectsthereof。IntheCauses，thematterofformeofTrade。ThemasterofTrade，iseitherNaturallorArtificial。TheNaturalmatterofCommerceisMerchandize：whichMerchantsfromtheendofTradehavestiledCommodities。TheArtificialmatterofCommerceisMoney，whichhathobtainedthetitlesinewsofwarreandofState。
　　OldJacobblessinghisGrandchildren，crosthishands；andlaidehisrighthandontheyonger，andhislefthandontheelder：AndMoney，thoughitbeinnatureandtimeafterMerchandize，yetforasmuchasitisnowinusebecomethechiefe，IwilltakeleaveofMethod，tohandleitinthefirstplace。
　　FirstthereforeforthewantofMoneyinthisKingdome，manyreasonsmaybeeassign’d。WhereofsomeareImmediate，somemediateorremote。TheImmediatereasonsofthewantofmoney，areeithersuchashindertheImportation；ofsuchascausetheexportationthereof。Andboththerseareoccasionedbytheunder-valueationofhisMajestiesCaoine，tothatofourNeighbourCountries。ForwhowilprocurelicenceinSpainetobringReallesintoEngland，tosellthemhereatteninthehundredgaine，whichislessethentheExchangefromthencewillyeeld；whenheemayhaveforthesamefiveandtwentyinthehundredinHolland？HerefiveRealsofeight，whichmaketwentyshillingssterling，willcommonlyyeeldtwoandtwentyshillingsorthereabouts：andthesameinHollandwillyeeldfortytwoshillings&sixepenceFlemish，whichisfiveandtwentyshillingssterling。AndhowcanwechoosebutwantmoneyinEngland，whentheJacobuspieces，areCurrantatsohigharateinHolland？Fortheretheygoeattwelveguilderseightstiversthepiece，whichisoneandfortieshillingsandfourpenceFlemish，whichisfourandtwentieshillings&ninepencesterling。AndafterthisrateHisMajestiesotherCoinesofgold&silverarethereofrespectivevalue。ForalthoughbythePlaccaetsorProclamationsofthoseparts，theJacobuspieces，andotherspeciesofgoldandsilver，aretheresetatindifferentratesanswerabletotheirvaluationherewithusrespectively，whichtheytherecallpermissiegelt，Proclamationmoney：yettheyhaveotherdevicestoraisemoney，anddrawitawayattheirpleasures。AseitherbytheirBanckes，whentheBanckierswillfortheiroccasionsgiveagreaterpriceformonythentheProclamationsuffereth，&thenitiscalledBanckgelt：
　　orelsebyslackepaymasters，thatfortheirowneadvantageintheraisingofmoney，willpretendnottomakepresentpaymentoftheirdebts，unlesseyoutaketheirmoneyatahigherrate，theneithertheProclamation，ortheBanckmoney。Whichbeingpaidandreceived，producethathirdkinde，whichtheycallCurrantgelt。
　　AndsobytheConnivenceoftheMagistrate，thesamegoethfrommantoman，andatlastbecommethcurrantatanexcessivevalue。
　　SotheyhavePermissionorProclamationMoney，andBanckMoney，andCurrantMoney，andalltodrawdrytheCurrantofHisMajestiesCoine。
　　AndthustheHepatitisofthisgreatBodyofourbeingopened，&suchprofusionofthelifebloodletout；andtheliverorfountaineobstructed，andweakened，whichshouldsuccourthesame；needesmustthisgreatBodylanguish，andatlengthfallintoaMarasmum。
　　IamnotignorantthattherehathbeenegreatabuseinthecullingofHisMajestiesCoyne，hereathome，andinmeltingtheheavymoneyintoplate：AndthatthereisagreatsuperfluitieofPlategenerallyinprivatemenshandsmorethenisnecessary，andfarrebeyondanyexampleofformertimes，whichmustneedesalsocausescarcitieofmoney：yetontheothersideIcannotdeny，butthatitisbettertohavethesameinPlate，asatreasureoftheKingdome；thenturnedintoCoine，&soturnedoutoftheKingdome，bytheunder-valuethereof。
　　NowtheMediatorremotereasonsofthewantofmoneyinEngland，areeitherDomestiqueorForreine。TheDomestiquearegenerall，orspecial。Thegeneralremotecauseofourwantofmoney，isthegreatexcesseofthisKingdom，inconsumingtheCommoditiesofForreineCountries，whichprovetousdiscommodities，inhinderingusofsomuchtreasure，whichotherwisewouldbeebroughtin，inlieuofthosetoyes。Fornowadayesmostmenliveabovetheircallings，andpromiscouslystepforthViceversa，intooneanothersRankes。TheCountreymansEieisupontheCitizen：theCitizenupontheGentleman：theGentlemanupontheNobleman。Andbythismeanesweedrawuntous，andconsumeamongstus，thatgreatabundanceoftheWinesofSpaine，ofFrance，oftheRhene，oftheLevant，theLawnesandCambricksofHannaultandtheNetherlands，theSilkesofItalie，theSugars&TobacooftheWestIndies，theSpicesoftheEastIndies：Allwhichareofnonecessitieuntous，&yetareboughtwithreadymony，whichotherwisewouldbebroughtoverintreasureifthesewerenot。ACommon-wealthislikeuntoafamily，thefatherormasterwhereofoughttosellmorethenhebuyethaccordingtooldCatoe’scounsell，Patremfamiliasvendacemnonemacemesseoportet。Otherwisehisexpencebeinggreaterthenhisrevenue，hemustneedscomebehindehand。EvensoaCommon-wealththatexcessivelyspendeththeforreineCommoditiesdeere，andunttereththenativefewerandcheape，shalenrichotherCommon-wealths，butbeggaritselfe。Whereonthecontrary，ifitventedfeweroftheforreine，andmoreoftheNative，theresiduemustneedsreturneintreasure。
　　Thespeciallremotecauseofourwantofmoney，isthegreatwantofourEast-Indiastockehereathome。Whichisamatterofverygreatconsequence，andcauseththebodyofthisCommon-wealthtobewoundedsore，throughthesidesofmanyparticularmembersthereof。ForthestockeoftheEastIndiaCompanybeingofgreatvalue，andcollectedandcontractedfromalltheotherparticularTradesoftheCommon-wealth；andagreatpartthereofhavingbeeneEmbarguedanddetainednowformorethenfiveyeereslastpast；andthatnotbyaprofestEnemie，againstwhomwemighthavebeenwarn’dandarm’d，butbyafriend，aneighbour，anextneighbour，oneobligedtoourKingandNationmorethentoalltheKingsonearth：thislosseIsay，isnotonleythusunkind，butisthemoreintollerable，inthattheCommon-wealthhathlosttheuseandemploymentoftheStockeitselfe，andalltheencreaseofTradewhichthesamemighthaveproduced，intheseverallTradesoftheSubjects，wherebyabundanceoftreasuremighthavebeenebroughtintothislandinallthistime。
　　ItissaidofBelisariusthatGreatandfamousCommanderoftheRomanes，thatevenRomeitselfeowedtohimtwiceherlife：
　　andyetatlastwassounkindetoBelisariusastoputoutbothhiseyes，andexposedhimtobeginalittleCotagebuiltwithoutthegates，whereheeoftenrepeatedthissentencetothosethatpassedby，DateobolumBelisario，queminuidia，nonculpcaecauit。AndcertainelyourNationmaychallengeasmuchormoreoftheseunkindefriends，theBelisariuseverdidorcouldofRome：andtheyshewthemselvesnolesseunkinde，todepriveusofthelightandlifeofthisTradeofours，andsufferthisNationtousesomucimportunitiefortheirowne。
　　HomerreportsofPatroclus，thathewouldneedsputonAchillesarmour，andrideonAchilleshorse，butAchillesspeareheedurstnottouch，andtherebywasknownetoHector，withwhomhefought，nottobeAchilles，andsolosthislife。Thesefriendsofourshavesometimesputon，sometimesputoff，Ihadalmostsaid，putouttheKingscolours：TheyhavesayledinHissubjectsshippes，butthatHistamfideitheyhavenotused，orabusedrather；wherebytheyhavebeenediscoveredtotheIndians，nottobethesubjectsofthefaith’sDefender，assometimestheywouldhavefaigned，thoughtoanevillpurpose。
　　TheRomaneswerewonttoweepe，atthesightofCaesarsbloodkeptinanhandkercher。Caesarssubjectsbloodiskept，notinhandkerchiefesbutinsheetes，writtenwithinandwithout，thememorywhereofmakeththepeoplemourne。Thecrythereofisgoneup：theKingwillrememberit，theKingofKingswillavengeit。
　　ConstantinustheGreat，thefatherofConstantius，waswontoftentoprotest，thathemademoreaccountofoneChristianthenofallhisCoffersfilledwithtreasure。AndtheComfortofthisNationis，tobeethesubjectsofsuchaSovertainge，whoasconstantlyaseverdidConstantinus，hathagaineandagaineprofest，Nottoaccounthimselfemorerichorhappie，thenintheprosperitieofhissubjects。
　　ThusmuchoftheDomestiqueremotecausesofthewantofmoneyinEngland：theforreinecausesfollow。Whichareeitherinrespectofthewarresinchristendome，ortheTradesoutofChristendome。ThewarresinChristendomeareforreineremotecausesofthewantofmoney，eitherbycausingtheexportation，asthewarresofChristians：orhinderingtheimportationthereof，asthewarresofPirates。IwilltakethewarresofGermanieforanurgentinstanceoftheformer：whichhaveraisedtheRiecksdallerfromtwoMarkesLubish，totwentiemarkesLubish，inmanyplaceofGermany：wherebyabundanceofmoneyisdrawneuntotheMintesofthoseCountries，fromalltheotherMinesandpartsofChristendome。
　　Andforthelatter，IwillinstancethewarresofthePiratsofArgierandTunis，whichhathrobbedthisCommon-wealthofaninfinitevalue：thecrueltiewhereofmanyfeelewithgriefe，othershearewithpittie，butthegrivanceremaine’s。NeedsmustChristendome，andinitEngland，feelethewantofmoney，wheneitheritisviolentlyinterceptedbyTurkishPirats，theEnimiesofGodandman；ortheinstrumentssurprised，asmen，ships，andmerchandize，whicharethechannelstoconveyittous。Andheathenishpolicieitis，orhellishrather，putuponthePrincesandpeopleofChristendomebytheGrandSeignour，toholdwiththemanoutwardformetoamitie，andinthemeanetimebyhisvassals，useacunningandcoverthostilitie。
　　Theotherforreineremotecauseofthewantofmoney，aretheTradesmaintainedoutofChristendometoTurky，PersiaandtheEastIndies。Whichtradesaremaintainedforthemostpartwithreadymoney，yetinadifferentmannerfromthetradesofChristendomewithinitselfe。ForalthoughthetradeswithinChristendomearedivenwithreadymonies，yetthosemoniesarestillcontainedandcontinuedwithintheboundsofChristendome。
　　Thereisindeedeafluxusandrefluxus，afloodandebbeofthemoniesofChristendometradedwithinitselfe：forsometimesthereismoreinonepartofChristendome，sometimesthereislesseinanother，asonecountreywanteth，andanotheraboundeth：
　　Itcommethandgoeth，andwhirlethabouttheCircleofChristendome，butisstillcontainedwiththecompassethereof。
　　butthemoneythatistradedoutofChristendomeintothepartsaforesaid，iscontinuallyissuedoutandneverreturnethagaine。
　　Itistrue，thosetradestendtoanadmirableencreaseofthestockeofChristendomeinwares：whichiftheywerepurchasedwiththewaresofChristendome，accordingtothetruenatureofCommerce，thebenefitwerefarremoreexcellent。ForCommerciumisquasiCommutatiomercium，achangeofwaresforwares，notmoneyforwares。AnditisLiberacommeandifacultas，abiisquimercesultrocitroqueconuehunt。
　　OriftheCommon-wealthofChristendomewereliketothatofUtopia，wheregoldandsilverareoflesseesteemthenIron，itwereabraveexchangetolosemoneytogetwares。Fortherichesofformeragesdidnotconsistrepecuniariabutpecuaria。Whencepecunia，asPlinieaffirmeth，wassocalledapecude，quiapecussuitpecuniaefundamentum，&antiquituspecuniapecudiseffigiesignabatur。ButwhenImmooveableandImmutablethingscamealsotobeinCommerceamongstmen，aswellasthosethingswhichweremooveableandfitforchange，thencamemoneyinuse，astheruleandsquarewherebythingsmightreceiveestimation&value。
　　ThereforetheCiviliansaffirmethatNumusest{Greekphraseomitted}dictus，quodinstiutumsitCivile。AccordingtothatofAristotle。{Greekphraseomitted}Numusnonestanaturasedalege。Andthenceitisthatmoneyinourtongueisderivedofmoneta，quasinuminota。
　　OriftherewereanecessitietoChristendome，tousethoseforreinewares：orthatthemeaneswherebytheyaretobeprocured，werewithoutthelosseoftreasure：orlastlythatthesametendedtotheencreaseofthetreasurethereoftheexchagewereexcellent。Butfirstthereisnosuchnecessitie：forthat’snecessarietodoeathingwithoutwhichitcannotbedone：Andthat’snecessarietothebeingofaCommon-wealth，withoutwhichitcannotsubsist。ButthankestoGod，Christendomeisrichlyfurnishedwithinitselfe，withallthingsfitforlifeandmaintenance：whetherwerespectvitalluse，asfoodeandraiment：
　　orphysicall，asvegetablesandmineral：orpoliticall，asgold，silver，andinfinitevarietieofmerchandize。Norarethosewaresprocuredwithoutthelosseoftreasure，nonorwithlessetreasure。Forasthosewareshavecostlesseinprice，sincesomelatediscoveries；soaretheyencreasedintheirquantities，bytheampletradeofallpartsofChristendomethither，morethenbefore：andthenwhoknowthnotthatalessequantitiedeare，andagreaterquantitiecheape，isalloneinrespectofthevalue。
　　Noristhetreasurelessenedbychangingthecourseoftradeintothoseparts。Forthenewtradesfoundout，arefurnishedwithanewsupplyofmoney，andtheoldneverthelessissueoutasmuchtreasureasbefore：byreasonthatthesameareenlargedandbecomenowasgreat，apart，asheretoforetheywere，together，whenthenewtradeswereincludedintheold。SothatnowsomuchmoreofthetreasureofChristendomeiswasted，asthoseoldandnewtradesareencreased，whichistoaninfinitevalue。
　　Notlastly，isthetreasureofChristendomeencreasedbythoseforreinetrades，forthemorethestockofChristendomeistherebyencreasedinwares，themoreitdecreasethintreasure：
　　whichthepartsofChristendomemustneedsfeelebySympathyandcompassion。
　　Andthis，thatprudentandpolitiqueEmperourCharlesthefifthperceivedinhistime，whouponaquestionbetwixttheSpaniardsandPortugallesaboutthismatter，theEmperourusedwordstothiseffect：YouPortugallesforasuretie，areEnemiestoallChristendome；foryoucarrynothingoutofitbutcoine，whichishurttoallCountries。
　　Cap。II。
　　TheCausesofthedecayofTrade，intheMerchandizeofEnglandSucharethecausesofthematteroftradeconsideredinthewantofmoney，themerchandizefolloweth。MerchandizeisthatnaturallmatterofCommerce，wherebymenbusiethemselvesinbuyingandselling，choppingandchanging，totheencreaseofArtes，andenrichingofCommon-wealths：accordingtothatofthePoet{Greekphraseomitted}，Bonalismortalibushaecest。
　　AndtotheendthereshouldbeaCommerceamongstmen，ithathpleasedGodtoinviteasitwere，oneCountreytotraffiquewithanother，bythevarietyofthingswhichtheonehath，andtheotherhathnot：thatsothatwhichiswantingtotheone，mightbesuppliedbytheother，thatallmighthavesufficient。
　　Whichthingtheverywindesandseasproclaime，ingivingpassagetoallnations：thewindesblowingsometimestowardsoneCountry，sometimestowardanother；thatsobythisdivinejustice，everyonemightbesupplyedinthingsnecessaryforlifeandmaintenance。
　　Andthis，Senecathoughttobeaprincipallbenefitofnature，Quod&ventogenteslocisdisipatasmiscuit，&suaomniainregionesitadescripsit，utnecessariummortalibusessetinteripsosCommercium。Naturebythebenefitofthewind，hathsomixedpeople，dispersedindiversplaces，andsodistributedhergiftsindiversCountries，thatthereshouldbeanecessityofCommerceamongstmen。WhichagreethwiththatofAristotle，Esttranslatiorerumomniumcaeptaabinitio，abeoquodestsecudumnaturam，cumhomineshaberentpluraquamsufficerent，partimetiampauciora，negotiationesuppleriidquodnaturadeest，quocommodeomnibussufficiat。
　　AndthatwedoenotgoeoutoftheChristianworldforanexamplehereof，letusconsiderthestateoftheNetherlands，inwhatamiserablecasethosepeoplewere，iftheyreceivednotsupplyfromallotherNations。Theyhavenothingoftheirowne，andyettheyseemetopossesseallthingsinthesupplytheyreceivefromalltheworld。
　　AndsurelyifanyKingdomeundertheSunnecansubsistofitselfe，nonehathmorecausetoblesseGod，thenthisIlandofours，whichAlmightyGodhathrichlyadorn’dwithvarietyofallthingsnecessaryformanslifeandwelfare。AswithCorne，andourWine：Cattle，Wooll，Cloth，Tynne，Iron，Lead，Saffran，Waxe，Hoppes，Hydes，Tallow，Flaxe，Fowle，Fish，andmanyothres：
　　whereby，thanksbeetoGod，thepeopleofthisLand，havenotonelysufficientfortheirownemainenance，butdoeabundantlysupplythewantsofallotherNations。
　　NowtheTradeandCommerceofthisKingdomewithinitselfe，andwithForreineNations，consistingofsomanyrichCommodities；letusconsiderthemalljoyntly，andthensomeprincipallofthemapart。
　　Jointlyconsidered，thecausesofthedecayofTradeinthem，maybesaideithertobeDeficientorEfficient。Deficient，eitherinthegenerallwantofmoneyintheKingdome；ortheparticularwantoftheEastIndiastocke。Ishewedbefore，whatwerethecausesofthewantofmoney：&thatthedisasterupontheEastIndiaTradeisaremotecausethereof：butthesearebothcausesofthedecayoftrade。Formoneyisthevitallspiritoftrade，andifthespiritsfaile，needsmustthebodyfaint。
　　Andasthebodyoftradeseemethtobedeadwithoutthelifeofmoney：sodoealsothemembersoftheCommon-wealth，withouttheirmeansoftrade。Wesay，thatanArtizanorworkeman，cannotworkewithouttoolesorinstruments：nomorecanaMerchanttradewithoutmoneyormeanes。Andinthewantofsogreatastocke，asisthatoftheEastIndiaCompany，theBodyofthisCommon-wealthhathlosttheuseofmanyofitprincipallmembers；bywhoseindustry，art，andactiontheCommercethereofmightwonderfullyhavebeenencrea’st。Thelossewhereof，tohimthatisnotwilfullyblinde，isapparentlysensibleintheDraperyofthekingdome，wherebythepoorearesetonworke：andinalltheothertradesofthekingdome，wherebythesubjectsareemployed：
　　andhathbegotthatgreatandgeneralldampeanddeadnesseinallthetradesofthekingdome，whichweunhappilyfeeleatthisday。
　　TheEfficientcausesofthedecayoftradejointlyconsidered，areeitherUsuary，orunnecessarysuitsinlaw。IntheformerIamprevented，andmylabourspared，byhimthatwrotealittletreatiseagainstusury：whichitseeme’sformodestyherefusethtoowe：thoughIcouldwish，thatthosethatdeserveofthepubliquewereknownetothepublique：leasttheybeservedassometimesBatillusservedVirgil，andsobeforc’dtoolatetoproclaime，Hosegoversiculosfeci，tulitalterHonores。
　　IhaveawordonelytoaddetohisUsury，thatitisnotanUsuryofteninthehundredonly，thatwringeththisCommon-wealth，butanextorsionalsoof20-30-40，nayofCentoperCentoperAnno，astheItaliansspeake，givenandtakenonpledgesandpawnes，andthatonpoorepeopleslabours，inLondonespecially：whichisabitingUsuryindeed，andafearefullcryingsinnebeforeGod。
　　UnnecessarysuitesofLawarealsoEfficientcausesofthedecayoftrade。WhereincertainelythisKingdomeexceedethallotherkingdomesintheworld。AstheJusticeofthiskingdomistheDiademoftheKing，anddothstabilireRegisthronum，andtribuerecuiquesuum：wherebymenmayfiveCaesarCaesar’s，andmeumandtuumonetoanother：soistheJusticeoftheKing，inthesacredpersonofHisMajestie，amongstotherHisRoyallVertues，andEmblemeandrepresationofhighestMajesty：anditisanincomparablehappinesseofthiskingdome，tohavesuchaMalchizedec，aKingofJustice，aKingofPeace。
　　NeithermayIforgetthatRoyalltestimonyhereof，whichisworthytobewritteninlettersofgold，andthankefullytoberememberedofeverytongueandpen；whereofamongstothersmoreworthy，itwasalsomyhappinessetobeoculatusandauritustestis：whenHisMajestyinaStar-chamberassembly，liftingHiseyetowardheaven，andlayingHishandonHisSonneshead，madesuchasolemneprotestationofHissincerityinJustice，asmayserveforamatterofadmirationandimitation，toalltheKingsonearth。Thosethatwentbefore，andtheythatfollowedafter：
　　Thosethathearditthen，andtheythatheardofitsince；saiditwas{Greekphraseomitted}Necvoxhominemsonat，oDeuscerte！
　　IfsuchthenbetheJusticeoftheKingandthekingdome，howisitthenthatTradeishinderedbysuitsofLaw。HereinColumellae’scounsellisremarquable，Principiprovidendumest，nelegibusfundatacivitas，legibusevertatur。TherecannotbetoomuchJustice，thermaybetoomuchLaw。FortheuseofJusticeisexcellent，inconteiningmenwithinthebondsofcivilityandhonesty：inpreservingmenfrominjurie：andinmaintainingeverymansright&propriety。ButtheabusethereofisamostpernitiousanddangeroussurfeitinthebodyofeveryCommon-wealth。
　　AndthisisourcaseinthisWeale-publike；noKingdomehathbetterLawes；nokingdomesofullfraughtwithtedious，needlesse，endlesse，suitsofLaw。FornowthisLitigandi{Greekwordomitted}，andwaxethsofast，andgrowethsogreat，thatsuitesofLawdoeseemimmortall：timedothincreasethem，andlenghtoftimewouldnotdeterminethem，ifthewisedomeofthoseGraveFathersoftheLaw，didnotputanendtothemaliceoftheLitigants：asisnow，worthilyobservedinChancery，tohishonourandmemoriethathathsohappilybegunthesame。
　　Bythegrowethandgreatnesseofwhichsuites，Isay，agreatnumberofHisMajestiesgoodandlovingsubjectsarevexed，imprisoned，impoverishedandoverthrowne：andwhilsttheLitigantsstrivetogether，anothertakethawaythefish，andasitisintheApologue，leavethtoeitherofthemanemptyshell。
　　AndthusmenstimeandmeanesbeingspentinLaw，whichshouldbeemployedinTrade，tradeisneglected，andtheCommon-wealthdeprived，ofthebenefitthatmightbepurchasedandprocuredthereby。
　　AmdthusmuchforthedecayofTradeconsideredjoyntly。Itfollowethnowtoconsiderthemapart，insomeprincipallpartsthereof。Whichmaybereduced，tosuchastendtotheFortificationoftheKingdome，orMaintenanceofTrade。TheformerareOrdinanceandMunition：thetoo-toocommonexportationwhereof，hathtaughtuswofullexperienceofaninvaluableinconveniencethereby，whicheverymanissensibleof：andthereforeIneedenotpresseit：Iwishitdidnotoppresseus。
　　Thelatter，Iwillreferretothingsessentiall，forthepreservationofmanslife，asVictusandVestitus：yetsuchofthemalsoasdoeafordwondrousvarietyofTrade，andmaybetermedtheNourceriesthereof，astheFishingandClothingofthisKingdome。Foronthesetwo，allsortsofTradesandTradesmen，havesomedependance。
　　Theinconvenienceinthisformer，isthatEncroachingofStrangers，inFishinguponourCoasts：wherebynotonelythebreadistakenoutofthesubjectsmouth，butthatinfinitewealth，whichGodhathmadeproperandpeculiaruntoUs，isbecomecommonuntothem。Wherebyalso，theirNavigationiswonderfullyencrea’sttheirMarinersaremultiplied，andexceedinggreatTradesmaintainedintoallpartsoftheChristianworld。Andvictualscommonlyyeeldingreadymoney，andtollerationofexportationthereof，thesamehathredoundedtoaninfiniteenrichingoftheirCountrieswithTreasure，exhaustedoutoftheseMinesofour’s。
　　Iamnotignorantthatalearnedmanofthatside，pressinghardinaTreatiseentituledMareliberum，theCommunityandFreedomeoftheSeaagainstthePortugallTradeintotheEastIndies：dothcunninglyandobliquely，underthecoverttermsofPopuliRomanilittus，defendandmaintaine，inthefifthchapterthereof，theirfishinguponourCoasts。Forthusheeconcludeth，NemoigiturpotestapopuloRomanoadlittusmariusaccedereprohiberi，&retiasiccare，&aliafacere，quaesemelonmeshominibusinperpetuumsibilicerevoluerunt。Andagain，Exterisiuspiscandi，ubiqueimmuneessedebet。
　　TopartofwhichTreatise，thereisananswereentituled，DeDominioMaris，towhichIreferrethosethatdesirefurthersatisfactioninthismatter。Butinmyjudgement，whichIsubmittobetterjudgement，theAuthorofMareliberum，thoughotherwiseverylearned，straynethhisArgumentsforthatpurposebeyondtheirstrength。ForJusissaidtobescriptum，orNonscriptum。
　　Andbyboththese，theproprietiesoftheSeasmaybeproved，tobelongtothosePrincesandCountries，towhichtheyarenextadjacent。
　　ForCustome，theexamplesofourNeighbourCountriesroundaboutusarefrequent。AsofCoeldine，Groeneland，Norway，andFrisland，undertheKingofDenmark。TunnyfishingundertheDukeofMedina。TheGulfeofVenicethatSeignory。AndmanyothersI
　　mightinstance：Inallwhichthereisnolibertyoffishing，butbyspeciallpriviledgehadfromthosePrincestowhomthesamebelongeth。WhichbeingsowemaywelconcludewiththePoet，Cumventumadverumest，sensusmoresquerepugnant。
　　FortheLawitselfe，itisnothardtoproducesomeofhisowneAuthorsagainsthimselfe。AstheEmperourLeo：ofwhomehethusspeaketh，Voluit{Greekwordomitted}，hocest，vestibulamaritimaeorumessepropria，quioramhabitarent；ibiqueeosiuspiscandihabere。
　　AlsoRodericusSuarius，whosetestimonybecausehewasaSpaniard，heproducethagainstthePortugalsintheendofhisfifthChapter；whom，ifheehadpleased，heemightalsohavecitedthusspeaking：Reddituspiscariarumconsueti，utestgabella，seualiudtributumsoluiconseuetum，dehisquaeinmaripiscatoresfaciunt，seuamercantoribusdehiswuaeemuntautvendunt，Principibusconceduntur。
　　TowhichIwillonelyaddethatofBartolus，whomtheCivilianscallJurisLucernam，thusspeaking：UtInsulaeinmariproximeadiacenties，sic&mareipsumadCentumusquemilliariaproterritoriodistrictuqueilliusregioniscuiproximeappropinquat，assignatur。
　　TherestthattheAuthorofMareliberumenforceth，oftheCommunityandfreedomeoftheSeatoallNations，heunderstandethofmattersinquestion，betweenethePortugalsandthoseofhisNation，concerningtheirEastIndiaTrade，andnotoftheirfishinguponourCoasts。WhichQuestioninmyjudgement，beingoutofquestion，werebetterdeterminedbyactionthendisputation：ItbeingaRoyaltyoftheKing，andaRegallpriviledgeofthisKingdome，assignedbyAlmightyGod。
　　FromtheFishingcomeweetotheClothingorDraperyofthisKingdome：theconsiderationwherofisofveryhighconsequence，andconcernethboththeSoveraigneandtheSubject，NobleandIgnoble；evenallsorts，andcallingandconditionsofmeninthisCommon-wealth。ForthisissaidtobeeaFloweroftheKingsCrowne，theDowryoftheKingdome，thechiefeRevenueoftheKing。Thisisaboundtofortifie，andabondtoknitthesubjectstogetherintheirseverallsocieties。ThisistheGoldofourOphir，theMilke&HonyofourCanaan，theIndiesofEngland：andthereforedesire’sanddeserve’stobehadinaneverlastingremembrance。
　　TheDraperiesofthisKingdomearetermedOldandNew。BytheOld；areunderstoodBroadClothes，BayesandKersies：BytheNew；
　　Perpetuanoes，Serges，Sayes，andotherManufacturesofwooll。
　　ThecausesthenofthedecayoftradeintheseDraperies，areeitherDomestiqueorForreine。TheDomestiquecauses，aresomePast，somePresent。ThosePast，areapparentinthelatedisturbanceoftheCloth-Trade，whichissoobvioustoeveryman，thatIhadratherpassebyit，thenpresseuponit，becauseitispast：andIwouldtoGodthatsoweretheeffectsofitalso。Incharitiewemaythinkeitwasgoodinthepurpose，thoughitproovedillinthepractice。FortherebytheDraperiesofthisKingdome，aremuchdiminished，andtheforreineadvancedandadvantaged。Thequantititesofwhichlast，wereformerlyfewornone，butnowtheyexceedeourhighestnumbersissuedoutoftheland：asbyacollectionthereof，whichmyselfemadeinthoseparts，byHisMajestiesspeciallparts，byHisMajestiesspeciallycommand，inthetimeofSecretaryWinwoodsservice，mayappeare。
　　Thesepresent，maybediscern’dintheCloth-trade，eitherundertheClothier，orundertheMerchant。UndertheClothier，eitherbyillmakingorfalsesealingtheCloth。
　　ForthemakingofgoodandtrueCloth，manyexcellentlaweshavebininvented&enactedbythewisdomeoftheParliamentsofthisland，fromtimetotime。AndtheStatuteof4oftheKingCap。2dothseemetobeeanEpitomeorCompendiaryofalltheformerStatutesinthiskinde。InthisStatureisprescribed，thetruebreadth，andlength，andwaight，thatmayconducetothemakingofatrueandperfectCloth，KersieorManufacture。IfaClothiermakeaClothoflessewaight，thenissetdowneinthesaidStatute，heoffendethinQuantitie：Ifoflessebreadth，orlength，orofforbiddenkindesofwooll，heeoffendethinQualitie。IfaClothieroffendinneitherofthesebyhisowneact，yethemayoffendinboth，byhisinstrumentsorworkemen：
　　EitherbytheWeavers，innotputtinginthestuffeatthemaking；orbytheTuckersinpullingoutthestuffeafterthemakingthereof。
　　AClothalsomaybewellmade，&yetfalsesealed。AClothmaybesaidtobelawfullymade，whenitistrulysealed。ForalthoughitmaybeimpossibletomakesomeClothes，justofthosequantitiesandquanlitiesprescribedbytheStatute；astheClothierstermeis，Amancannotcastaclothinamould：yetI
　　hope，theywillgivemeleavetosay，thatitispossiblethataClothmaybeetruesealed，thoughfalsemade。AndthenaClothillmade，andtruesealed，wherebythebuyermayseewhathehathforhismoney，maybeesaidtobeeagoodorlawfullClothaccordingtotheStatute。
　　NowtheexecutionoftheStatuteforSearchingandSealingofClothes，seemethtobereferredtotwosortsofmen：whichareeithertheAulnagerorSeacher。theformermayseemeoriginallytohavebeeneanOfficerappointedforthatpurpose，aswellasbytheNotationofthename，asbysomeAncientStatutes。ForAulne，andAulnage，andAulnagier，areallFrenchwords，takenfromthemeasuringofCloth。Andthenceitis，thatinthattonguetheyarewonttosayAunerdrapstomeasureClothes，byaTropetakenfromtheInstrumentbywhichtheyaremeasured。
　　ButbecausethecareoftheAulnageiscommittedtosoNobleandHonourableaPersonage，thatwillnotsufferanyabuseintheexecutionofthatoffice：andthesaidStatuteof4Jacobi，andtheformerStatutesof39and43Elizabethae，doereferretheSearchingandSealingofClothes，tocertaineOverseersorSearchers，socalledbythesaidStatutes，Iwillproceedeuntothem。
　　AndforasmuchasExecutionisthelifeofthelaw，asHisMajestieinhishighwisedomeadmonisheth：andthePrudenceandprovidenceoftheState，havebeeneverygreatindevisingandenactingsuchgoodlawesfromtimetotime，asmighttendtotheencreaeandadvancementoftheDraperyofthisKingdome：Ifthereforenowanythinkbeeamissetherein，itmustneedscomethroughthewantofexecutionofthoselawes。Hincillaelachrymae！ThisBonumaccordingtoHisMajestiesRegallrule，isnotBene。FortheseOverseersandSearchersbeeingsillyCountreymen，andgenerallynotexpertinthemysteryofmakingofCloth：intheSearchwhereof，thereisasmuchneedeofskillasinthemaking：forhowshouldtheyfindethefault，thatknownothowitiscommitted？TheseSearchersIsay，thusbeingignorantandunskilfullintheiroffices，andnegligentalso，（inwhichlast，ithathbeenagaineandagaineconfest，thattheyhavesetthesealesoftheiroffice，toClothestheyneversearch’tnorsaw）needsmusttherebeagreatabuse，intheexecutionofthosegoodlawes。
　　NayIwouldIcouldnotsay，howmuchourNationhathbeeneupbraidedbythepeopleofforreinepartswiththisabuse，thattheSearchersSealesofEnglandareboughtandsoldasinamarket，andputontheClothesbytheTuckers，andothertheservantsoftheClothiers，asifthesamehadbeenelawfullySearchedandSealedaccordingtotheStatute；whenastheSearchersEyeneversomuchasbeheldtheClothes。
　　WhereinthepeopleoftheNetherlandsaresoexact，thatyoushallneverfindanyoftheirCountreyClothesfalsesearch’torsealed。ForyousahllnaveaSealesetupontheClothwhenitcommethfromtheWeavers：anothewhenitcommethfromtheTuckers：
　　anotherwhenitcommethfromtheDyers：andthatbymenofgoodquality，appointedforthapurposeineveryCityandTownewhereClothismade，termedCuremasters：socalledfromtheCaretheyought，anddoeperforme，intheexecutionoftheiroffice：
　　whereinindeedtheyaresostrict，thatyoushallneverfindeanyofthesealesaforesaid，settoanymanneroffalseordefectiveCloth。
　　ForindeedtheSearcherbeingasworneOfficer，oughttobeaswitneswithoutexceptionbetwixtmanandman：thatwhenamanseeththeSearcherssealesetupontheCloth，itshouldserveasatrueCertificatofthetruemakingthereof。ItisagreatimpietybeforeGodandMan，tobeafalsewitnesseinanycase：
　　buttheseSearchersarefalsewitnesseipsofacto，whentheydoetestifietotheworldbytheirseales，thatthoseClothesaregoodandtrue，whichindeedeareutterlyfalse。Andwhichaggravateththematteryetmore，thattheKingsSealeofArmes，whichistestisomniexceptionemajor，shouldalsobesettoClothesthusfalselysearchedandsealed；wherebynotonlytheKingssubjects，butthestrangersalsoinforreinepartsaredeceived，isaverygrosseandgrievousabuse。
　　Amongstotherabusesofthiskinde，oneprecedentcome’stomyminde，oftenClothesboughtnotlongsincebyaMerchant，ofaClothierofWiltshire。WhichClotheswereallSealedbytheSearchersofthatplace，forgood&true，accordingtotheStatute。butbeingtriedbytheMerchantBuyer，andafterwardsbytheSwornemeasureroftheCitieofLondon，werefoundsodefectiveinlength，breadthandwaight，thatwherethesetenClothescostbut60lib。orthereabouts，thefaultsinthesetenClothescametoneere20libwhichwsonethirdpartofthevalueoftheCloth。Anditbeinganotablecomtemptofthelaw，theLordsofHisMajestiesmostHonourablePrivieCouncellwereinformedthereof；whowerepleasedtosenddownaMessengerintothatCounty，andfetch’tupboththeClothierandSearchers，whoworthilyunder-wenttheCondigneCensureoftheLords。
　　UndertheMerchantalsotheCloth-tradesufferethbothatHomeandAbroad。AtHome，byExportingtheMaterials，eitherofWoollesorWool-selsfromtheSea-coastsofEngland，andtheKingdomeofIreland：orbyOver-ladingtheCloth-trade，eitherwithanygenerallorspeciallcharge。
　　ThelatterIcannotpretermit：forasthechiefewaightoftheCloth-tradelyethontheMerchants-Adventures；soalsoistheburthenofchargemostfeltunderthattrade。FortheImpositionsandImprestmoneybythemlaidupontheCloth，fordefrayingthechargeoftheirGovernment，andpaymentoftheirDebts；hathdrivenmanygoodMerchantsoutofthetrade，andgiventheClothiersoccasiontocomplaineofwantofBuyers，andthrustthetradeitselfemoreandmoreintotheStrangershands。
　　Andabroad，bytheunfitplaceofResidence，whichtheMerchants-AdventurersarefallenuponinHolland。WhithertheygoewithgreatperillofShippeandGoods：Andwheretheycomefarreshortofthattheyhopedfor；andofthatquickeandampleventoftheirCloththeyfoundinZeeland。TheAgitationofwhichremoove；isvehementlysuspectedtohavemovedtheMerchantsofHolland，toprocurePriviledgesoftheStatesGeneralltoIncorporatethemselves，andkeepCourts，toconfronttheMerchants-Adventurers；whichtheyneverdidbefore：TohavedrawnetheTaringofClothintoHolland，wheretheBuyersareinsomesort，Judges&Parties；whichbeforewasintheMart-towne，wheretheSellerwaspresent：AndlastlytohavehastnedthegreatImpositioninHolland。Allwhicharemattersofmoment，andconcernetheCloth-tradeverymuch，andwhereoftheEnglishFactorsthereresidingdoegenerallycomplaine：YetTheseI
　　ratherinstancethenurge：leavingthefurtherOverturethereoftotheirownrelation。
　　NowtheforreinecausesofthedecayoftheDraperyofEngland：areeithergenerall，asthewarresinGermany：orspeciallasthegreatImpositionlatelylaideuponourClothinHolland。
　　Bytheformer，theCourseofTradeisstoptandhindered，thatMerchantscannotpassewithoutperillfromplacetoplace：
　　andthemoniesbecomesovariable，thatwhenaMerchanthathsoldhisCloth，andhopethtohavegainedsomethingthereby；bythattimethatthetermeforpaymentisexpired，hereceivethlesseinvaluethentheClothescost，bytheraisingandrisingofthemonies。
　　Bythelatter，theMerchantsoftheNetherlandsarediscouraged，wherbymanyofthemhavegivenovertheirtrades，whichheretoforetheyfollowedinamplemanner，untoMuscovy，theEast-Countriesandotherplaces，inourEnglishClothesboughtoftheMerchants-Adventurersfromtimetotime。
　　Cap。III。
　　OfgovernedTrade，andthereinofMonopoly。
　　HithertotheMatterofTradehathbeeneconsideredinMoneyandMerchandize：theFormefolloweth，andthateitherinrespectofGovernment，orwantofGovernmentintrade。GovernmentisarepresentationoftheMajestieandAuthoritieoftheKing。ThesubjectthatishonouredwithGovernment，isinvestedwithpartoftheKingsHonour。TheTradesofthisKingdomewhichbyHisMajestiesespeciallGraceandFavourarereducedunderOrderandGovernmentintoCorporations，Companies，andSocieties，doecertainlymuchAdvanceandAdvantagetheCommerceofthisCommon-wealth，andfarreexcellthetradesofanyotherforreineMerchantsintheirungovernedtrades。
　　ButastheUseofGovernmentisexcellentfortherestraintofunskilfullanddisorderlytrade：sotheAbusethereofisasinconvient，ifatanytimethesamebetoostrict，andcomewithinthecompasseofaMonopoly。AndbecausethenameandnatureofMonopoly，ismoretalk’tof，thenwellunderstoodofmany；andsomethinkethatthereducingoftradeintoOrderandGovernment，isakindeofMonopolizingandrestraintoftrade：I
　　havethoughtitnotunseasonabletobestowsomespecaillpainesinthediligentinvestigationthereof。NotthatIwouldhavethetradeoftheKingdome，socircumscribedorappropriatedtoany，thatothersofHisMajestiessubjectsshouldbedeprivedofthelibertiethereof；butthatuponequallandreasonabletermes，tradingunderOrderandGovernment，withoutthatilltinctureofMonopoly，theKingshighwayoftradeshouldbeopeneduntoall。
　　ThenamethereforofMonopolyinourEnglishtongue，isderived，asthelearnedknow，oftheGreekeword{Greekwordomitted}：whencealsotheLatinewordMonopoliumisborrowed。
　　Somederiveitof{Greekwordomitted}Solus，&{Greekwordomitted}Versor，toconversealone。Othersof{Greekwordomitted}Solus，and，{Greekwordomitted}Civitas，quasiunicanegotiatioinCivitate。Butalltheseagreeinonemeaningoftheword，thatisSingularisNegotiatio，adivertingofCommercefromthenaturallcourseandusethereof，intothehandsofsomefew，totheirbenefite，andothersprojudice。IalsofindmanydefinitionofMonopolies：andagreatquestionamongtheCivilans，whetheraMonopolymaybeeexercisedofonealone；andwhetheritconsistaswellinLocatioConductio，astheyspeak，asinEmptioVenditio。Whichlastisoutofquestionwithall。AndoftheformerIfindaninstanceinArtistotleofThalesMilesiushisMonopoly：whobyhisknowledgeinAstrology，foreseeingoneyeareinthewinter，thattherewouldbegreatplentieofoilesthenextyeare，hiredbeforehandalltheplacesandenginesformakingofoilethroughboththeIlandsofMelazo&Chius，andafterwardsletoutthesameagaineatthisowneplacehemakethalsomentionofanother，whoboughtupalltheIroninSicilia，whichafterwardshesoldagaine，andmadeonehundredtalentsofthatwhichcosthimbutfiftie。AmongstothersIwilltakethedefinitionofAlthusiusforalltherest。Monopolium，saithhe，EstCommerciumemendi，vendendi，permutadiue，apancisvelunoetiamusurpatum，reliquisciutbuspreceptum，quopretiaaugeturcumlucronegotiantis，&reliquorumdamno。ThatisMonopolyisakindeofCommerce，inbuying，selling，changingorbartering，usurpedbyafew，andsometimesbutbyoneperson，andfore-stalledfromallothers，totheGaineoftheMonopolist，andtotheDetrimentofothermen。
　　ThepartsthenofaMonopolyaretwaine。TherestraintofthelibertyofCommercetosomeoneorfew：andthesettingofthepriceatthepleasureoftheMonopoliantohisprivatebenefit，andtheprejudiceofthepublique。UponwhichtwohingeseveryMonopolyturneth。AndthesetwopartsarerespectivelyrepugnanttothetwofundamentalrequisitesofallgoodLawes：towith，EquityandUtility。ForitagainstEquity，thatonememberofaCommon-wealthshouldbemorefree，thenanotherofequallrankeandcondition。AndwhatcanbemorecontrarytoPubliqueUtility，thenthatsomeoneorfewpersons，shouldswaythepriceofanythingusefulltotheCommon-wealthtotheirowneenriching，andthecommonlosseofothermen？Andhereitistobeewellobserved，thatunlessethesetwopartsconcurreinaMonopoly：itcannottruelyandproperlybesocalled，noroughtitsotobeeaccounted。AndthereforeAlthusiusfollowingDecianus，saithwellofthatrestraintofthecommonliberty，whichwecallSuitofMill：whichcompellethmentousethisorthatMilltogrindecorne，andnoneother：thatitdothonlySapereMonopolium，SavourofMonopoly：butthatitisnottruelyandproperlyaMonopoly。ForthatcaseofSuitofMill，unlessetherebeagreatertolleorrecompenceexactedforgrinding，thenatotherMilles，itfallethonelywithinthefirstpartofaMonopoly，towit，oftherestraintofthepublickeliberty；butnotwithincompasseoftheotherpart，thesettingoftheprice。butforthisrestraintofthepubliquelibertyofCommerce，itmaybesoorderedbythewisedomeoftheState，thatitmaybebothLawfullandBeneficialltotheCommon-wealth。Whichassertion，becauseitmayseemestrangetosome，IwillmakeevidentbygoodAuthorityandExamples。PeterMartyrthatfamouslightoftheChurchesoftheGospell，defendeththerestraintofSolomon，thatnonesholdbuyHorsesofEgyptwithouthislicence，tobeLawfull。AndofthiskindeisthePreemptionofTinnehereinEngland，grantedbyHisMajestiesgraciouslettersPatentsdosomefew，withrestraintofallothers：whichIdareboldlyaffirmeisnotonelyLawfull，butveryBeneficiallalsotothisCommonwealth。FortherebyourThriceNoblePrincereceivethagoodrevenue，andtheTinneofthisLandissoldformanythousandpoundsayearemoreinForreinparts，thenotherwiseitwould，tothegreatincreaseoftheCommonstockeofthisKingdome。AlsotheLawofthisRealmealloweth，thatifanymaninventanewArt，beneficialltotheCommonwealth，hemayhaveaPatenttousethatArtesoley，withrestraintofallothersforsevenyears：aswellinrecompenceofhisindustry，asfortheincouragementofothers，tostudyandinventthingsprofitableforthepubliquesymbiosis。TheStatuesoftheKingdomerestrainefromtheexerciseofsundryCrafts，allsuchashavenotservedanapprentishooduntotheartwhichtheywouldexercise：totheendethatthoseartesmightbebroughttobetterperfection，andthethingsmade，mightbegoodandserviceableforthosethatbuyandusethem。
　　TherestraintofthePubliqueLiberty，issometimesexercisedbyPrivateAuthority：sometimesbyPublique。WhichdistinctionismadebytheEmperourZeno。Iubemusnequisprosuaauthoritate，velsacroelicitorescripto，etc。Monopoliumaudeatexercere。
　　Theformer，ispractisedwhenanyoneormore，havebytheirowneprivatecontracts，gottenanyCommoditieormatterofCommerce，whollyintotheirownehands。OfthiskindearetheexamplesabovecitedoutofAristotle。
　　Thelatter，iswhenbyPubliqueAuthority，thelibertyofthesubjectisrestrained：whichisdone，sometimesbythePrerogativeoftheKing：sometimesbyActofParliament。
　　Theformer，bydispensingwithagenerallLawinsomepoint，andapplyingthedispensationtosomeoneorfewe，withrestraintofothers。Thelatter，byprohibitingall，butsomeoneorfewpersonstousethebenefitoftheLawinsomepointorother。
　　FordispensingwiththeLawes，itiswithoutquestion，thattheKinghathpowertodispencewithaPenallLaw，whenitprohibiteththatwhichisnotMaluminse。FortheParliamenthavingmadeaStatutewithintentofthePubliquegood：yetthesamebyreasonofsomethingnotforeseenatthemakingoftheLaw，mayproveveryprejudiciallintheExecution。AndthentheMalumprohibitum，astheLawyersspeake，maybedispencedwithbytheKing。ThustheParliamenthavingprohibitedtheexportationofwhiteClothesundre’stabovethepriceoffourpoundtheCloth：theobservationofthatStatutewasfoundbyexperiencetobeveryprejudicialltotheTrade，andfreeventoftheClothinforreineparts。WhereuponQ。Elizabeth，grantedaSpeciallLicencetotheFellowshipoftheMerchantAdventurers，totransportallsortsofwhiteClothesundre’st，withaNonobstantetothatStatute。AndalthoughallothermenstoodlyabletotheStatutestil，andwererestrained，yettheUtilitythatherebyarosetotheCommon-wealth，didfarreexceedtherestraintofthePubliqueLiberty。ForwithinfewyearesafterthegrantingofthisLicence，theventofClothinforreinepartsincreasedtotwiceasmuch，asformerlyitwasduringthestrictobservationoftheStatute。OtherlikedispensationsofStatutes，Imightinstance：asthatofthe28H。8。concerningtheretailingofGasgoigneWinesattwopenceaquart：whichisdispencedwith，byalicencetotheCompanyoftheVintners：butthesemaysufficeforeverymansunderstandingofthiskindeofrestraint。
　　ForProhibitionbyActofParliament：suchistheActwherebyallthesubjectsofthisRealme，exceptingsuchasareoftheCorporationoftheMuscovyCompany，areforbiddentotradeintoanypartofRussia。Alsothatof3JacobconcerningArtizanSkinnes，wherebyallbuttheCompany，areforbiddentobuyandretailsomesortsofSkinnes。Intheseandthelike，theParliamentmakethrestraintoftheCommonlibertyofCommerce，andthesamerestraintisagainereleased，notuntoall，buttosomepersonsorCorporationsbySpeciallexceptionandprovisooftheActofParliament。