Butourcreators，consideringwhethertheyshouldmakea
　　longer—livedracewhichwasworse，orashorter—livedracewhichwas
　　better，cametotheconclusionthateveryoneoughttoprefera
　　shorterspanoflife，whichwasbetter，toalongerone，whichwas
　　worse；andthereforetheycoveredtheheadwiththinbone，butnot
　　withfleshandsinews，sinceithadnojoints；andthustheheadwas
　　added，havingmorewisdomandsensationthantherestofthebody，but
　　alsobeingineverymanfarweaker。Forthesereasonsandafterthis
　　mannerGodplacedthesinewsattheextremityofthehead，inacircle
　　roundtheneck，andgluedthemtogetherbytheprincipleoflikeness
　　andfastenedtheextremitiesofthejawbonestothembelowtheface，
　　andtheothersinewshedispersedthroughoutthebody，fastening
　　limbtolimb。Theframersofusframedthemouth，asnowarranged，
　　havingteethandtongueandlips，withaviewtothenecessaryandthe
　　good，contrivingthewayinfornecessarypurposes，thewayoutfor
　　thebestpurposes；forthatisnecessarywhichentersinandgives
　　foodtothebody；buttheriverofspeech，whichflowsoutofaman
　　andministerstotheintelligence，isthefairestandnoblestofall
　　streams。Stilltheheadcouldneitherbeleftabareframeofbones，
　　onaccountoftheextremesofheatandcoldinthedifferent
　　seasons，noryetbeallowedtobewhollycovered，andsobecomedull
　　andsenselessbyreasonofanovergrowthofflesh。Thefleshynature
　　wasnotthereforewhollydriedup，butalargesortofpeelwasparted
　　offandremainedover，whichisnowcalledtheskin。Thismetandgrew
　　bythehelpofthecerebralmoisture，andbecamethecircular
　　envelopmentofthehead。Andthemoisture，risingupunderthe
　　sutures，wateredandclosedintheskinuponthecrown，formingasort
　　ofknot。Thediversityofthesutureswascausedbythepowerofthe
　　coursesofthesoulandofthefood，andthemorethesestruggled
　　againstoneanotherthemorenumeroustheybecame，andfewerifthe
　　strugglewerelessviolent。Thisskinthedivinepowerpiercedall
　　roundwithfire，andoutofthepunctureswhichwerethusmadethe
　　moistureissuedforth，andtheliquidandheatwhichwaspurecame
　　away，andamixedpartwhichwascomposedofthesamematerialas
　　theskin，andhadafinenessequaltothepunctures，wasborneupby
　　itsownimpulseandextendedfaroutsidethehead，butbeingtoo
　　slowtoescape，wasthrustbackbytheexternalair，androlledup
　　underneaththeskin，whereittookroot。Thusthehairsprangupin
　　theskin，beingakintoitbecauseitislikethreadsofleather，
　　butrenderedharderandcloserthroughthepressureofthecold，by
　　whicheachhair，whileinprocessofseparationfromtheskin，is
　　compressedandcooled。Whereforethecreatorformedtheheadhairy，
　　makinguseofthecauseswhichIhavementioned，andreflectingalso
　　thatinsteadoffleshthebrainneededthehairtobealightcovering
　　orguard，whichwouldgiveshadeinsummerandshelterinwinter，
　　andatthesametimewouldnotimpedeourquicknessofperception。
　　Fromthecombinationofsinew，skin，andbone，inthestructureofthe
　　finger，therearisesatriplecompound，which，whendriedup，takes
　　theformofonehardskinpartakingofallthreenatures，andwas
　　fabricatedbythesesecondcauses，butdesignedbymindwhichisthe
　　principalcausewithaneyetothefuture。Forourcreatorswell
　　knewthatwomenandotheranimalswouldsomedaybeframedoutofmen，
　　andtheyfurtherknewthatmanyanimalswouldrequiretheuseofnails
　　formanypurposes；whereforetheyfashionedinmenattheirfirst
　　creationtherudimentsofnails。Forthispurposeandforthese
　　reasonstheycausedskin，hair，andnailstogrowattheextremities
　　ofthelimbs。Andnowthatallthepartsandmembersofthemortal
　　animalhadcometogether，sinceitslifeofnecessityconsistedof
　　fireandbreath，anditthereforewastedawaybydissolutionand
　　depletion，thegodscontrivedthefollowingremedy：Theymingleda
　　natureakintothatofmanwithotherformsandperceptions，and
　　thuscreatedanotherkindofanimal。Thesearethetreesandplants
　　andseedswhichhavebeenimprovedbycultivationandarenow
　　domesticatedamongus；ancientlytherewereonlythewillkinds，which
　　areolderthanthecultivated。Foreverythingthatpartakesoflife
　　maybetrulycalledalivingbeing，andtheanimalofwhichwearenow
　　speakingpartakesofthethirdkindofsoul，whichissaidtobe
　　seatedbetweenthemidriffandthenavel，havingnopartinopinionor
　　reasonormind，butonlyinfeelingsofpleasureandpainandthe
　　desireswhichaccompanythem。Forthisnatureisalwaysinapassive
　　state，revolvinginandaboutitself，repellingthemotionfrom
　　withoutandusingitsown，andaccordinglyisnotendowedbynature
　　withthepowerofobservingorreflectingonitsownconcerns。
　　Whereforeitlivesanddoesnotdifferfromalivingbeing，butis
　　fixedandrootedinthesamespot，havingnopowerofself—motion。
　　Nowafterthesuperiorpowershadcreatedallthesenaturestobe
　　foodforuswhoareoftheinferiornature，theycutvarious
　　channelsthroughthebodyasthroughagarden，thatitmightbe
　　wateredasfromarunningstream。Inthefirstplace，theycuttwo
　　hiddenchannelsorveinsdownthebackwheretheskinandtheflesh
　　join，whichansweredseverallytotherightandleftsideofthebody。
　　Thesetheyletdownalongthebackbone，soastohavethemarrowof
　　generationbetweenthem，whereitwasmostlikelytoflourish，and
　　inorderthatthestreamcomingdownfromabovemightflowfreelyto
　　theotherparts，andequalisetheirrigation。Inthenextplace，
　　theydividedtheveinsaboutthehead，andinterlacingthem，theysent
　　theminoppositedirections；thosecomingfromtherightsidethey
　　senttotheleftofthebody，andthosefromthelefttheydiverted
　　towardstheright，sothattheyandtheskinmighttogetherforma
　　bondwhichshouldfastentheheadtothebody，sincethecrownof
　　theheadwasnotencircledbysinews；andalsoinorderthatthe
　　sensationsfrombothsidesmightbedistributedoverthewholebody。
　　Andnext，theyorderedthewater—coursesofthebodyinamannerwhich
　　Iwilldescribe，andwhichwillbemoreeasilyunderstoodifwe
　　beginbyadmittingthatallthingswhichhavelesserpartsretain
　　thegreater，butthegreatercannotretainthelesser。Nowofall
　　naturesfirehasthesmallestparts，andthereforepenetrates
　　throughearthandwaterandairandtheircompounds，norcan
　　anythingholdit。Andasimilarprincipleappliestothehuman
　　belly；forwhenmeatsanddrinksenterit，itholdsthem，butit
　　cannotholdairandfire，becausetheparticlesofwhichthey
　　consistaresmallerthanitsownstructure。
　　Theseelements，therefore，Godemployedforthesakeofdistributing
　　moisturefromthebellyintotheveins，weavingtogethernetworkof
　　fireandairlikeaweel，havingattheentrancetwolesserweels；
　　furtherheconstructedoneofthesewithtwoopenings，andfromthe
　　lesserweelsheextendedcordsreachingallroundtotheextremities
　　ofthenetwork。Alltheinteriorofthenethemadeoffire，butthe
　　lesserweelsandtheircavity，ofair。Thenetworkhetookand
　　spreadoverthenewly—formedanimalinthefollowingmanner：—Helet
　　thelesserweelspassintothemouth；thereweretwoofthem，and
　　oneheletdownbytheair—pipesintothelungs，theotherbytheside
　　oftheair—pipesintothebelly。Theformerhedividedintotwo
　　branches，bothofwhichhemadetomeetatthechannelsofthenose，
　　sothatwhenthewaythroughthemouthdidnotact，thestreamsofthe
　　mouthaswellwerereplenishedthroughthenose。Withtheothercavity
　　（i。e。ofthegreaterweel）heenvelopedthehollowpartsofthe
　　body，andatonetimehemadeallthistoflowintothelesser
　　weels，quitegently，fortheyarecomposedofair，andatanothertime
　　hecausedthelesserweelstoflowbackagain；andthenethemade
　　tofindawayinandoutthroughtheporesofthebody，andtherays
　　offirewhichareboundfastwithinfollowedthepassageoftheair
　　eitherway，neveratanytimeceasingsolongasthemortalbeing
　　holdstogether。Thisprocess，asweaffirm，thename—givernamed
　　inspirationandexpiration。Andallthismovement，activeaswellas
　　passive，takesplaceinorderthatthebody，beingwateredandcooled，
　　mayreceivenourishmentandlife；forwhentherespirationisgoingin
　　andout，andthefire，whichisfastboundwithin，followsit，and
　　everandanonmovingtoandfro，entersthroughthebellyand
　　reachesthemeatanddrink，itdissolvesthem，anddividingthem
　　intosmallportionsandguidingthemthroughthepassageswhereit
　　goes，pumpsthemasfromafountainintothechannelsoftheveins，
　　andmakesthestreamoftheveinsflowthroughthebodyasthrougha
　　conduit。
　　Letusoncemoreconsiderthephenomenaofrespiration，and
　　enquireintothecauseswhichhavemadeitwhatitis。Theyareas
　　follows：—Seeingthatthereisnosuchthingasavacuumintowhichany
　　ofthosethingswhicharemovedcanenter，andthebreathiscarried
　　fromusintotheexternalair，thenextpointis，aswillbedearto
　　everyone，thatitdoesnotgointoavacantspace，butpushesits
　　neighbouroutofitsplace，andthatwhichisthrustoutinturn
　　drivesoutitsneighbour；andinthiseverythingofnecessityat
　　lastcomesroundtothatplacefromwhencethebreathcameforth，
　　andentersinthere，andfollowingthebreath，fillsupthevacant
　　space；andthisgoesonliketherotationofawheel，becausethere
　　canbenosuchthingasavacuum。Whereforealsothebreastandthe
　　lungs，whentheyemitthebreath，arereplenishedbytheairwhich
　　surroundsthebodyandwhichentersinthroughtheporesofthe
　　fleshandisdrivenroundinacircle；andagain，theairwhichis
　　sentawayandpassesoutthroughthebodyforcesthebreathinwards
　　throughthepassageofthemouthandthenostrils。Nowtheoriginof
　　thismovementmaybesupposedtobeasfollows。Intheinteriorof
　　everyanimalthehottestpartisthatwhichisaroundthebloodand
　　veins；itisinamanneroninternalfountainoffire，whichwe
　　comparetothenetworkofacreel，beingwovenalloffireand
　　extendedthroughthecentreofthebody，whilethe—outerpartsare
　　composedofair。Nowwemustadmitthatheatnaturallyproceeds
　　outwardtoitsownplaceandtoitskindredelement；andasthere
　　aretwoexitsfortheheat，theoutthroughthebody，andtheother
　　throughthemouthandnostrils，whenitmovestowardstheone，it
　　drivesroundtheairattheother，andthatwhichisdrivenround
　　fallsintothefireandbecomeswarm，andthatwhichgoesforthis
　　cooled。Butwhentheheatchangesitsplace，andtheparticlesat
　　theotherexitgrowwarmer，thehotterairinclininginthatdirection
　　andcarriedtowardsitsnativeelement，fire，pushesroundtheair
　　attheother；andthisbeingaffectedinthesamewayand
　　communicatingthesameimpulse，acircularmotionswayingtoand
　　fromisproducedbythedoubleprocess，whichwecallinspiration
　　andexpiration。
　　Thephenomenaofmedicalcupping—glassesandoftheswallowingof
　　drinkandoftheprojectionofbodies，whetherdischargedintheair
　　orbowledalongtheground，aretobeinvestigatedonasimilar
　　principle；andswiftandslowsounds，whichappeartobehighandlow，
　　andaresometimesdiscordantonaccountoftheirinequality，and
　　thenagainharmonicalonaccountoftheequalityofthemotionwhich
　　theyexciteinus。Forwhenthemotionsoftheantecedentswifter
　　soundsbegintopauseandthetwoareequalised，theslowersounds
　　overtaketheswifterandthenpropelthem。Whentheyovertakethem
　　theydonotintrudeanewanddiscordantmotion，butintroducethe
　　beginningsofaslower，whichanswerstotheswifterasitdies
　　away，thusproducingasinglemixedexpressionoutofhighandlow，
　　whencearisesapleasurewhicheventheunwisefeel，andwhichto
　　thewisebecomesahighersortofdelight，beinganimitationof
　　divineharmonyinmortalmotions。Moreover，astotheflowingof
　　water，thefallofthethunderbolt，andthemarvelsthatare
　　observedabouttheattractionofamberandtheHeracleanstones，—in
　　noneofthesecasesisthereanyattraction；buthewhoinvestigates
　　rightly，willfindthatsuchwonderfulphenomenaareattributableto
　　thecombinationofcertainconditions—thenon—existenceofavacuum，
　　thefactthatobjectspushoneanotherround，andthattheychange
　　places，passingseverallyintotheirproperpositionsastheyare
　　dividedorcombined
　　Suchaswehaveseen，isthenatureandsucharethecausesof
　　respiration—thesubjectinwhichthisdiscussionoriginated。Forthe
　　firecutsthefoodandfollowingthebreathsurgesupwithin，fireand
　　breathrisingtogetherandfillingtheveinsbydrawingupoutof
　　thebellyandpouringintothemthecutportionsofthefood；andso
　　thestreamsoffoodarekeptflowingthroughthewholebodyinall
　　animals。Andfreshcuttingsfromkindredsubstances，whetherthe
　　fruitsoftheearthorherbofthefield，whichGodplantedtobe
　　ourdailyfood，acquireallsortsofcoloursbytheirinter—mixture；
　　butredisthemostpervadingofthem，beingcreatedbythecutting
　　actionoffireandbytheimpressionwhichitmakesonamoist
　　substance；andhencetheliquidwhichcirculatesinthebodyhasa
　　coloursuchaswehavedescribed。Theliquiditselfwecallblood，
　　whichnourishesthefleshandthewholebody，whenceallpartsare
　　wateredandemptyplacesfilled。
　　Nowtheprocessofrepletionandevacuationiseffectedafterthe
　　manneroftheuniversalmotionbywhichallkindredsubstancesare
　　drawntowardsoneanother。Fortheexternalelementswhichsurroundus
　　arealwayscausingustoconsumeaway，anddistributingandsending
　　offliketolike；theparticlesofblood，too，whicharedividedand
　　containedwithintheframeoftheanimalasinasortofheaven，are
　　compelledtoimitatethemotionoftheuniverse。Each，therefore，of
　　thedividedpartswithinus，beingcarriedtoitskindrednature，
　　replenishesthevoid。Whenmoreistakenawaythanflowsin，thenwe
　　decay，andwhenless，wegrowandincrease。
　　Theframeoftheentirecreaturewhenyounghasthetrianglesof
　　eachkindnew，andmaybecomparedtothekeelofavesselwhichis
　　justoffthestocks；theyarelockedfirmlytogetherandyetthewhole
　　massissoftanddelicate，beingfreshlyformedofmarrowandnurtured
　　onmilk。Nowwhenthetrianglesoutofwhichmeatsanddrinksare
　　composedcomeinfromwithout，andarecomprehendedinthebody，being
　　olderandweakerthanthetrianglesalreadythere，theframeofthe
　　bodygetsthebetterofthemanditsnewertrianglescutthemup，
　　andsotheanimalgrowsgreat，beingnourishedbyamultitudeof
　　similarparticles。Butwhentherootsofthetrianglesareloosenedby
　　havingundergonemanyconflictswithmanythingsinthecourseof
　　time，theyarenolongerabletocutorassimilatethefoodwhich
　　enters，butarethemselveseasilydividedbythebodieswhichcome
　　infromwithout。Inthiswayeveryanimalisovercomeanddecays，
　　andthisaffectioniscalledoldage。Andatlast，whenthebondsby
　　whichthetrianglesofthemarrowareunitednolongerhold，andare
　　partedbythestrainofexistence，theyinturnloosenthebondsof
　　thesoul，andshe，obtaininganaturalrelease，fliesawaywithjoy。
　　Forthatwhichtakesplaceaccordingtonatureispleasant，butthat
　　whichiscontrarytonatureispainful。Andthusdeath，ifcausedby
　　diseaseorproducedbywounds，ispainfulandviolent；butthatsort
　　ofdeathwhichcomeswitholdageandfulfilsthedebtofnatureis
　　theeasiestofdeaths，andisaccompaniedwithpleasureratherthan
　　withpain。
　　Noweveryonecanseewhencediseasesarise。Therearefour
　　naturesoutofwhichthebodyiscompacted，earthandfireandwater
　　andair，andtheunnaturalexcessordefectofthese，orthechangeof
　　anyofthemfromitsownnaturalplaceintoanother，or—sincethere
　　aremorekindsthanoneoffireandoftheotherelements—the
　　assumptionbyanyoftheseofawrongkind，oranysimilar
　　irregularity，producesdisordersanddiseases；forwhenanyofthemis
　　producedorchangedinamannercontrarytonature，thepartswhich
　　werepreviouslycoolgrowwarm，andthosewhichweredrybecomemoist，
　　andthelightbecomeheavy，andtheheavylight；allsortsof
　　changesoccur。For，asweaffirm，athingcanonlyremainthesame
　　withitself，wholeandsound，whenthesameisaddedtoit，or
　　subtractedfromit，inthesamerespectandinthesamemannerand
　　indueproportion；andwhatevercomesorgoesawayinviolationof
　　theselawscausesallmannerofchangesandinfinitediseasesand
　　corruptions。Nowthereisasecondclassofstructureswhichare
　　alsonatural，andthisaffordsasecondopportunityofobserving
　　diseasestohimwhowouldunderstandthem。Forwhereasmarrowandbone
　　andfleshandsinewsarecomposedofthefourelements，andtheblood，
　　thoughafteranothermanner，islikewiseformedoutofthem，most
　　diseasesoriginateinthewaywhichIhavedescribed；buttheworstof
　　allowetheirseveritytothefactthatthegenerationofthese
　　substancesstancesinawrongorder；theyarethendestroyed。For
　　thenaturalorderisthatthefleshandsinewsshouldbemadeof
　　blood，thesinewsoutofthefibrestowhichtheyareakin，andthe
　　fleshoutofthedotswhichareformedwhenthefibresare
　　separated。Andtheglutinousandrichmatterwhichcomesawayfromthe
　　sinewsandtheflesh，notonlygluesthefleshtothebones，but
　　nourishesandimpartsgrowthtothebonewhichsurroundsthemarrow；
　　andbyreasonofthesolidityofthebones，thatwhichfiltersthrough
　　consistsofthepurestandsmoothestandoiliestsortoftriangles，
　　droppinglikedewfromthebonesandwateringthemarrow。
　　Nowwheneachprocesstakesplaceinthisorder，healthcommonly
　　results；whenintheoppositeorder，disease。Forwhentheflesh
　　becomesdecomposedandsendsbackthewastingsubstanceintothe
　　veins，thenanover—supplyofbloodofdiversekinds，minglingwith
　　airintheveins，havingvariegatedcoloursandbitterproperties，
　　aswellasacidandsalinequalities，containsallsortsofbileand
　　serumandphlegm。Forallthingsgothewrongway，andhavingbecome
　　corrupted，firsttheytainttheblooditself，andthenceasingtogive
　　nourishmentthebodytheyarecarriedalongtheveinsinall
　　directions，nolongerpreservingtheorderoftheirnaturalcourses，
　　butatwarwiththemselves，becausetheyreceivenogoodfromone
　　another，andarehostiletotheabidingconstitutionofthebody，
　　whichtheycorruptanddissolve。Theoldestpartofthefleshwhichis
　　corrupted，beinghardtodecompose，fromlongburninggrowsblack，and
　　frombeingeverywherecorrodedbecomesbitter，andisinjuriousto
　　everypartofthebodywhichisstilluncorrupted。Sometimes，whenthe
　　bitterelementisrefinedaway，theblackpartassumesanacidity
　　whichtakestheplaceofthebitterness；atothertimesthebitterness
　　beingtingedwithbloodhasareddercolour；andthis，whenmixedwith
　　black，takesthehueofgrass；andagain，anauburncolourmingles
　　withthebittermatterwhennewfleshisdecomposedbythefire
　　whichsurroundstheinternalflame—toallwhichsymptomssome
　　physicianperhaps，orrathersomephilosopher，whohadthepowerof
　　seeinginmanydissimilarthingsonenaturedeservingofaname，has
　　assignedthecommonnameofbile。Buttheotherkindsofbileare
　　variouslydistinguishedbytheircolours。Asforserum，thatsort
　　whichisthewaterypartofbloodisinnocent，butthatwhichisa
　　secretionofblackandacidbileismalignantwhenmingledbythe
　　powerofheatwithanysaltsubstance，andisthencalledacidphlegm。
　　Again，thesubstancewhichisformedbytheliquefactionofnewand
　　tenderfleshwhenairispresent，ifinflatedandencasedinliquidso
　　astoformbubbles，whichseparatelyareinvisibleowingtotheir
　　smallsize，butwhencollectedareofabulkwhichisvisible，and
　　haveawhitecolourarisingoutofthegenerationoffoam—allthis
　　decompositionoftenderfleshwheninter—mingledwithairistermedby
　　uswhitephlegm。Andthewheyorsedimentofnewly—formedphlegmis
　　sweatandtears，andincludesthevariousdailydischargesbywhich
　　thebodyispurified。Nowallthesebecomecausesofdiseasewhen
　　thebloodisnotreplenishedinanaturalmannerbyfoodanddrinkbut
　　gainsbulkfromoppositesourcesinviolationofthelawsofnature。
　　Whentheseveralpartsofthefleshareseparatedbydisease，ifthe
　　foundationremains，thepowerofthedisorderisonlyhalfasgreat，
　　andthereisstillaprospectofaneasyrecovery；butwhenthatwhich
　　bindsthefleshtothebonesisdiseased，andnolongerbeing
　　separatedfromthemusclesandsinews，ceasestogivenourishmentto
　　theboneandtounitefleshandbone，andfrombeingoilyandsmooth
　　andglutinousbecomesroughandsaltanddry，owingtobadregimen，
　　thenallthesubstancethuscorruptedcrumblesawayundertheflesh
　　andthesinews，andseparatesfromthebone，andthefleshypartsfall
　　awayfromtheirfoundationandleavethesinewsbareandfullof
　　brine，andthefleshagaingetsintothecirculationoftheblood
　　andmakesthepreviously—mentioneddisordersstillgreater。Andif
　　thesebodilyaffectionsbesevere，stillworsearetheprior
　　disorders；aswhentheboneitself，byreasonofthedensityofthe
　　flesh，doesnotobtainsufficientair，butbecomesmouldyandhot
　　andgangrenedandreceivesnonutriment，andthenaturalprocessis
　　inverted，andthebonecrumblingpassesintothefood，andthefood
　　intotheflesh，andthefleshagainfallingintothebloodmakesall
　　maladiesthatmayoccurmorevirulentthanthosealreadymentioned。
　　Buttheworstcaseofalliswhenthemarrowisdiseased，either
　　fromexcessordefect；andthisisthecauseoftheverygreatest
　　andmostfataldisorders，inwhichthewholecourseofthebodyis
　　reversed。
　　Thereisathirdclassofdiseaseswhichmaybeconceivedofas
　　arisinginthreeways；fortheyareproducedsometimesbywind，and
　　sometimesbyphlegm，andsometimesbybile。Whenthelung，whichis
　　thedispenseroftheairtothebody，isobstructedbyrheumsand
　　itspassagesarenotfree，someofthemnotacting，whilethrough
　　otherstoomuchairenters，thenthepartswhichareunrefreshedby
　　aircorrode，whileinotherpartstheexcessofairforcingitsway
　　throughtheveinsdistortsthemanddecomposingthebodyisenclosed
　　inthemidstofitandoccupiesthemidriffthusnumberlesspainful
　　diseasesareproduced，accompaniedbycopioussweats。Andoftentimes
　　whenthefleshisdissolvedinthebody，wind，generatedwithinand
　　unabletoescape，isthesourceofquiteasmuchpainastheair
　　cominginfromwithout；butthegreatestpainisfeltwhenthewind
　　getsaboutthesinewsandtheveinsoftheshoulders，andswells
　　themup，sotwistsbackthegreattendonsandthesinewswhichare
　　connectedwiththem。Thesedisordersarecalledtetanusand
　　opisthotonus，byreasonofthetensionwhichaccompaniesthem。The
　　cureofthemisdifficult；reliefisinmostcasesgivenbyfever
　　supervening。Thewhitephlegm，thoughdangerouswhendetainedwithin
　　byreasonoftheair—bubbles，yetifitcancommunicatewiththe
　　outsideair，islesssevere，andonlydiscoloursthebody，
　　generatingleprouseruptionsandsimilardiseases。Whenitis
　　mingledwithblackbileanddispersedaboutthecoursesofthehead，
　　whicharethedivinestpartofus，theattackifcomingoninsleep，
　　isnotsosevere；butwhenassailingthosewhoareawakeitishardto
　　begotridof，andbeinganaffectionofasacredpart，ismostjustly
　　calledsacred。Anacidandsaltphlegm，again，isthesourceofall
　　thosediseaseswhichtaketheformofcatarrh，buttheyhavemany
　　namesbecausetheplacesintowhichtheyflowaremanifold。
　　Inflammationsofthebodycomefromburningsandinflamings，andall
　　ofthemoriginateinbile。Whenbilefindsameansofdischarge，it
　　boilsupandsendsforthallsortsoftumours；butwhenimprisoned
　　within，itgeneratesmanyinflammatorydiseases，aboveallwhen
　　mingledwithpureblood；sinceitthendisplacesthefibreswhich
　　arescatteredaboutinthebloodandaredesignedtomaintainthe
　　balanceofrareanddense，inorderthatthebloodmaynotbeso
　　liquefiedbyheatastoexudefromtheporesofthebody，noragain
　　becometoodenseandthusfindadifficultyincirculatingthroughthe
　　veins。Thefibresaresoconstitutedastomaintainthisbalance；
　　andifanyonebringsthemalltogetherwhenthebloodisdeadand
　　inprocessofcooling，thenthebloodwhichremainsbecomesfluid，but
　　iftheyareleftalone，theysooncongealbyreasonofthesurrounding
　　cold。Thefibreshavingthispowerovertheblood，bile，whichisonly
　　staleblood，andwhichfrombeingfleshisdissolvedagainintoblood，
　　atthefirstinfluxcominginlittlebylittle，hotandliquid，is
　　congealedbythepowerofthefibres；andsocongealingandmadeto
　　cool，itproducesinternalcoldandshuddering。Whenitenterswith
　　moreofafloodandovercomesthefibresbyitsheat，andboilingup
　　throwsthemintodisorder，ifithavepowerenoughtomaintainits
　　supremacy，itpenetratesthemarrowandburnsupwhatmaybetermed
　　thecablesofthesoul，andsetsherfree；butwhenthereisnotso
　　muchofit，andthebodythoughwastedstillholdsout，thebileis
　　itselfmastered，andiseitherutterlybanished，oristhrust
　　throughtheveinsintothelowerorupper—belly，andisdrivenout
　　ofthebodylikeanexilefromastateinwhichtherehasbeencivil
　　war；whencearisediarrhoeasanddysenteries，andallsuch
　　disorders。Whentheconstitutionisdisorderedbyexcessoffire，
　　continuousheatandfeveraretheresult；whenexcessofairisthe
　　cause，thenthefeverisquotidian；whenofwater，whichisamore
　　sluggishelementthaneitherfireorair，thenthefeverisatertian；
　　whenofearth，whichisthemostsluggishofthefour，andisonly
　　purgedawayinafour—foldperiod，theresultisaquartanfever，
　　whichcanwithdifficultybeshakenoff。
　　Suchisthemannerinwhichdiseasesofthebodyarise；the
　　disordersofthesoul，whichdependuponthebody，originateas
　　follows。Wemustacknowledgediseaseofthemindtobeawantof
　　intelligence；andofthistherearetwokinds；towit，madnessand
　　ignorance。Inwhateverstateamanexperienceseitherofthem，that
　　statemaybecalleddisease；andexcessivepainsandpleasuresare
　　justlytoberegardedasthegreatestdiseasestowhichthesoulis
　　liable。Foramanwhoisingreatjoyoringreatpain，inhis
　　unseasonableeagernesstoattaintheoneandtoavoidtheother，is
　　notabletoseeortohearanythingrightly；butheismad，andis
　　atthetimeutterlyincapableofanyparticipationinreason。Hewho
　　hastheseedaboutthespinalmarrowtooplentifulandoverflowing，
　　likeatreeoverladenwithfruit，hasmanythroes，andalsoobtains
　　manypleasuresinhisdesiresandtheiroffspring，andisforthemost
　　partofhislifederanged，becausehispleasuresandpainsaresovery
　　great；hissoulisrenderedfoolishanddisorderedbyhisbody；yethe
　　isregardednotasonediseased，butasonewhoisvoluntarilybad，
　　whichisamistake。Thetruthisthattheintemperanceofloveisa
　　diseaseofthesoulduechieflytothemoistureandfluiditywhich
　　isproducedinoneoftheelementsbythelooseconsistencyofthe
　　bones。Andingeneral，allthatwhichistermedtheincontinenceof
　　pleasureandisdeemedareproachundertheideathatthewicked
　　voluntarilydowrongisnotjustlyamatterforreproach。Fornoman
　　isvoluntarilybad；butthebadbecomebadbyreasonofanill
　　dispositionofthebodyandbadeducation，thingswhicharehatefulto
　　everymanandhappentohimagainsthiswill。Andinthecaseof
　　paintooinlikemannerthesoulsuffersmuchevilfromthebody。
　　Forwheretheacidandbrinyphlegmandotherbitterandbilious
　　humourswanderaboutinthebody，andfindnoexitorescape，but
　　arepentupwithinandmingletheirownvapourswiththemotionsof
　　thesoul，andareblended，withthem，theyproduceallsortsof
　　diseases，moreorfewer，andineverydegreeofintensity；andbeing
　　carriedtothethreeplacesofthesoul，whichevertheymay
　　severallyassail，theycreateinfinitevarietiesofill—temperand
　　melancholy，ofrashnessandcowardice，andalsoofforgetfulnessand
　　stupidity。Further，whentothisevilconstitutionofbodyevil
　　formsofgovernmentareaddedandevildiscoursesareutteredin
　　privateaswellasinpublic，andnosortofinstructionisgivenin
　　youthtocuretheseevils，thenallofuswhoarebadbecomebad
　　fromtwocauseswhichareentirelybeyondourcontrol。Insuchcases
　　theplantersaretoblameratherthantheplants，theeducatorsrather
　　thantheeducated。Buthoweverthatmaybe，weshouldendeavourasfar
　　aswecanbyeducation，andstudies，andlearning，toavoidviceand
　　attainvirtue；this，however，ispartofanothersubject。
　　Thereisacorrespondingenquiryconcerningthemodeoftreatmentby
　　whichthemindandthebodyaretobepreserved，aboutwhichitis
　　meetandrightthatIshouldsayawordinturn；foritismoreour
　　dutytospeakofthegoodthanoftheevil。Everythingthatisgoodis
　　fair，andtheanimalfairisnotwithoutproportion，andtheanimal
　　whichistobefairmusthavedueproportion。Nowweperceivelesser
　　symmetriesorproportionsandreasonaboutthem，butofthehighest
　　andgreatestwetakenoheed；forthereisnoproportionor
　　disproportionmoreproductiveofhealthanddisease，andvirtueand
　　vice，thanthatbetweensoulandbody。Thishoweverwedonot
　　perceive，nordowereflectthatwhenaweakorsmallframeisthe
　　vehicleofagreatandmightysoul，orconversely，whenalittle
　　soulisencasedinalargebody，thenthewholeanimalisnotfair，
　　foritlacksthemostimportantofallsymmetries；butthedue
　　proportionofmindandbodyisthefairestandloveliestofallsights
　　tohimwhohastheseeingeye。Justasabodywhichhasalegtoo
　　long，orwhichisunsymmetricalinsomeotherrespect，isan
　　unpleasantsight，andalso，whendoingitsshareofwork，ismuch
　　distressedandmakesconvulsiveefforts，andoftenstumblesthrough
　　awkwardness，andisthecauseofinfiniteeviltoitsownself—inlike
　　mannerweshouldconceiveofthedoublenaturewhichwecallthe
　　livingbeing；andwheninthiscompoundthereisanimpassionedsoul
　　morepowerfulthanthebody，thatsoul，Isay，convulsesandfills
　　withdisordersthewholeinnernatureofman；andwheneagerinthe
　　pursuitofsomesortoflearningorstudy，causeswasting；oragain，
　　whenteachingordisputinginprivateorinpublic，andstrifesand
　　controversiesarise，inflamesanddissolvesthecompositeframeofman
　　andintroducesrheums；andthenatureofthisphenomenonisnot
　　understoodbymostprofessorsofmedicine，whoascribeittothe
　　oppositeoftherealcause。Andoncemore，whenbodylargeandtoo
　　strongforthesoulisunitedtoasmallandweakintelligence，then
　　inasmuchastherearetwodesiresnaturaltoman，—oneoffoodfor
　　thesakeofthebody，andoneofwisdomforthesakeofthediviner
　　partofus—then，Isay，themotionsofthestronger，gettingthe
　　betterandincreasingtheirownpower，butmakingthesouldull，and
　　stupid，andforgetful，engenderignorance，whichisthegreatestof
　　diseases。Thereisoneprotectionagainstbothkindsof
　　disproportion：—thatweshouldnotmovethebodywithoutthesoulor
　　thesoulwithoutthebody，andthustheywillbeontheirguard
　　againsteachother，andbehealthyandwellbalanced。Andtherefore
　　themathematicianoranyoneelsewhosethoughtsaremuchabsorbed
　　insomeintellectualpursuit，mustallowhisbodyalsotohavedue
　　exercise，andpractisegymnastic；andhewhoiscarefultofashionthe
　　body，shouldinturnimparttothesoulitspropermotions，andshould
　　cultivatemusicandallphilosophy，ifhewoulddeservetobecalled
　　trulyfairandtrulygood。Andtheseparatepartsshouldbetreatedin
　　thesamemanner，inimitationofthepatternoftheuniverse；foras
　　thebodyisheatedandalsocooledwithinbytheelementswhich
　　enterintoit，andisagaindriedupandmoistenedbyexternalthings，
　　andexperiencestheseandthelikeaffectionsfrombothkindsof
　　motions，theresultisthatthebodyifgivenuptomotionwhenina
　　stateofquiescenceisovermasteredandperishes；butifanyone，in
　　imitationofthatwhichwecallthefoster—motherandnurseofthe
　　universe，willnotallowthebodyevertobeinactive，butisalways
　　producingmotionsandagitationsthroughitswholeextent，which
　　formthenaturaldefenceagainstothermotionsbothinternaland
　　external，andbymoderateexercisereducestoorderaccordingtotheir
　　affinitiestheparticlesandaffectionswhicharewanderingabout
　　thebody，aswehavealreadysaidwhenspeakingoftheuniverse，he
　　willnotallowenemyplacedbythesideofenemytostirupwarsand
　　disordersinthebody，buthewillplacefriendbythesideoffriend，
　　soastocreatehealth。
　　Nowofallmotionsthatisthebestwhichisproducedinathing
　　byitself，foritismostakintothemotionofthoughtandofthe
　　universe；butthatmotionwhichiscausedbyothersisnotsogood，
　　andworstofallisthatwhichmovesthebody，whenatrest，in
　　partsonlyandbysomeexternalagency。Whereforeofallmodesof
　　purifyingandreunitingthebodythebestisgymnastic；thenext
　　bestisasurgingmotion，asinsailingoranyothermodeof
　　conveyancewhichisnotfatiguing；thethirdsortofmotionmaybe
　　ofuseinacaseofextremenecessity，butinanyotherwillbe
　　adoptedbynomanofsense：Imeanthepurgativetreatmentof
　　physicians；fordiseasesunlesstheyareverydangerousshouldnot
　　beirritatedbymedicines，sinceeveryformofdiseaseisina
　　mannerakintothelivingbeing，whosecomplexframehasan
　　appointedtermoflife。Fornotthewholeraceonly，buteach
　　individual—barringinevitableaccidents—comesintotheworldhaving
　　afixedspan，andthetrianglesinusareoriginallyframedwithpower
　　tolastforacertaintime，beyondwhichnomanprolonghislife。
　　Andthisholdsalsooftheconstitutionofdiseases；ifanyone
　　regardlessoftheappointedtimetriestosubduethembymedicine，
　　heonlyaggravatesandmultipliesthem。Whereforeweoughtalwaysto
　　managethembyregimen，asfarasamancansparethetime，andnot
　　provokeadisagreeableenemybymedicines。
　　Enoughofthecompositeanimal，andofthebodywhichisapartof
　　him，andofthemannerinwhichamanmaytrainandbetrainedby
　　himselfsoastolivemostaccordingtoreason：andwemustabove
　　andbeforeallprovidethattheelementwhichistotrainhimshallbe
　　thefairestandbestadaptedtothatpurpose。Aminutediscussionof
　　thissubjectwouldbeaserioustask；butif，asbefore，Iamto
　　giveonlyanoutline，thesubjectmaynotunfitlybesummedupas
　　follows。
　　Ihaveoftenremarkedthattherearethreekindsofsoullocated
　　withinus，havingeachofthemmotions，andImustnowrepeatinthe
　　fewestwordspossible，thatonepart，ifremaininginactiveand
　　ceasingfromitsnaturalmotion，mustnecessarilybecomeveryweak，
　　butthatwhichistrainedandexercised，verystrong。Whereforewe
　　shouldtakecarethatthemovementsofthedifferentpartsofthesoul
　　shouldbeindueproportion。
　　AndweshouldconsiderthatGodgavethesovereignpartofthehuman
　　soultobethedivinityofeachone，beingthatpartwhich，aswesay，
　　dwellsatthetopofthebody，inasmuchasweareaplantnotofan
　　earthlybutofaheavenlygrowth，raisesusfromearthtoour
　　kindredwhoareinheaven。Andinthiswesaytruly；forthedivine
　　powersuspendedtheheadandrootofusfromthatplacewherethe
　　generationofthesoulfirstbegan，andthusmadethewholebody
　　upright。Whenamanisalwaysoccupiedwiththecravingsofdesireand
　　ambition，andiseagerlystrivingtosatisfythem，allhisthoughts
　　mustbemortal，and，asfarasitispossiblealtogethertobecome
　　such，hemustbemortaleverywhit，becausehehascherishedhis
　　mortalpart。Buthewhohasbeenearnestintheloveofknowledge
　　andoftruewisdom，andhasexercisedhisintellectmorethanany
　　otherpartofhim，musthavethoughtsimmortalanddivine，ifhe
　　attaintruth，andinsofarashumannatureiscapableofsharingin
　　immortality，hemustaltogetherbeimmortal；andsinceheisever
　　cherishingthedivinepower，andhasthedivinitywithinhimin
　　perfectorder，hewillbeperfectlyhappy。Nowthereisonlyoneway
　　oftakingcareofthings，andthisistogivetoeachthefoodand
　　motionwhicharenaturaltoit。Andthemotionswhicharenaturally
　　akintothedivineprinciplewithinusarethethoughtsand
　　revolutionsoftheuniverse。Theseeachmanshouldfollow，andcorrect
　　thecoursesoftheheadwhichwerecorruptedatourbirth，andby
　　learningtheharmoniesandrevolutionsoftheuniverse，should
　　assimilatethethinkingbeingtothethought，renewinghisoriginal
　　nature，andhavingassimilatedthemshouldattaintothatperfectlife
　　whichthegodshavesetbeforemankind，bothforthepresentandthe
　　future。
　　Thusouroriginaldesignofdiscoursingabouttheuniversedownto
　　thecreationofmanisnearlycompleted。Abriefmentionmaybemade
　　ofthegenerationofotheranimals，sofarasthesubjectadmitsof
　　brevity；inthismannerourargumentwillbestattainadue
　　proportion。Onthesubjectofanimals，then，thefollowingremarksmay
　　beoffered。Ofthemenwhocameintotheworld，thosewhowerecowards
　　orledunrighteouslivesmaywithreasonbesupposedtohavechanged
　　intothenatureofwomeninthesecondgeneration。Andthiswasthe
　　reasonwhyatthattimethegodscreatedinusthedesireofsexual
　　intercourse，contrivinginmanoneanimatedsubstance，andinwoman
　　another，whichtheyformedrespectivelyinthefollowingmanner。The
　　outletfordrinkbywhichliquidspassthroughthelungunderthe
　　kidneysandintothebladder，whichreceivesthenbythepressureof
　　theairemitsthem，wassofashionedbythemastopenetratealsointo
　　thebodyofthemarrow，whichpassesfromtheheadalongtheneck
　　andthroughtheback，andwhichintheprecedingdiscoursewehave
　　namedtheseed。Andtheseedhavinglife，andbecomingendowedwith
　　respiration，producesinthatpartinwhichitrespiresalively
　　desireofemission，andthuscreatesinustheloveofprocreation。
　　Whereforealsoinmentheorganofgenerationbecomingrebellious
　　andmasterful，likeananimaldisobedienttoreason，andmaddenedwith
　　thestingoflust，seekstogainabsolutesway；andthesameisthe
　　casewiththeso—calledwombormatrixofwomen；theanimalwithin
　　themisdesirousofprocreatingchildren，andwhenremaining
　　unfruitfullongbeyonditspropertime，getsdiscontentedandangry，
　　andwanderingineverydirectionthroughthebody，closesupthe
　　passagesofthebreath，and，byobstructingrespiration，drivesthem
　　toextremity，causingallvarietiesofdisease，untilatlengththe
　　desireandloveofthemanandthewoman，bringingthemtogetherand
　　asitwerepluckingthefruitfromthetree，sowinthewomb，asin
　　afield，animalsunseenbyreasonoftheirsmallnessandwithoutform；
　　theseagainareseparatedandmaturedwithin；theyarethenfinally
　　broughtoutintothelight，andthusthegenerationofanimalsis
　　completed。
　　Thuswerecreatedwomenandthefemalesexingeneral。Butthe
　　raceofbirdswascreatedoutofinnocentlight—mindedmen，who，
　　althoughtheirmindsweredirectedtowardheaven，imagined，intheir
　　simplicity，thattheclearestdemonstrationofthethingsabovewasto
　　beobtainedbysight；thesewereremodelledandtransformedinto
　　birds，andtheygrewfeathersinsteadofhair。Theraceofwild
　　pedestriananimals，again，camefromthosewhohadnophilosophyin
　　anyoftheirthoughts，andneverconsideredatallaboutthenatureof
　　theheavens，becausetheyhadceasedtousethecoursesofthehead，
　　butfollowedtheguidanceofthosepartsofthesoulwhicharein
　　thebreast。Inconsequenceofthesehabitsoftheirstheyhadtheir
　　front—legsandtheirheadsrestingupontheearthtowhichtheywere
　　drawnbynaturalaffinity；andthecrownsoftheirheadswere
　　elongatedandofallsortsofshapes，intowhichthecoursesofthe
　　soulwerecrushedbyreasonofdisuse。Andthiswasthereasonwhy
　　theywerecreatedquadrupedsandpolypods：Godgavethemoresenseless
　　ofthemthemoresupportthattheymightbemoreattractedtothe
　　earth。Andthemostfoolishofthem，whotrailtheirbodiesentirely
　　uponthegroundandhavenolongeranyneedoffeet，hemadewithout
　　feettocrawlupontheearth。Thefourthclassweretheinhabitantsof
　　thewater：theseweremadeoutofthemostentirelysenselessand
　　ignorantofall，whomthetransformersdidnotthinkanylongerworthy
　　ofpurerespiration，becausetheypossessedasoulwhichwasmade
　　impurebyallsortsoftransgression；andinsteadofthesubtleand
　　puremediumofair，theygavethemthedeepandmuddyseatobe
　　theirelementofrespiration；andhencearosetheraceoffishesand
　　oysters，andotheraquaticanimals，whichhavereceivedthemost
　　remotehabitationsasapunishmentoftheiroutlandishignorance。
　　Thesearethelawsbywhichanimalspassintooneanother，now，as
　　ever，changingastheyloseorgainwisdomandfolly。
　　Wemaynowsaythatourdiscourseaboutthenatureoftheuniverse
　　hasanend。Theworldhasreceivedanimals，mortalandimmortal，and
　　isfulfilledwiththem，andhasbecomeavisibleanimalcontainingthe
　　visible—thesensibleGodwhoistheimageoftheintellectual，the
　　greatest，best，fairest，mostperfect—theoneonlybegottenheaven。