Toearth，then，letusassignthecubicalform；forearthisthe
　　mostimmoveableofthefourandthemostplasticofallbodies，and
　　thatwhichhasthemoststablebasesmustofnecessitybeofsucha
　　nature。Now，ofthetriangleswhichweassumedatfirst，thatwhich
　　hastwoequalsidesisbynaturemorefirmlybasedthanthatwhichhas
　　unequalsides；andofthecompoundfigureswhichareformedoutof
　　either，theplaneequilateralquadranglehasnecessarily，amore
　　stablebasisthantheequilateraltriangle，bothinthewholeandin
　　theparts。Wherefore，inassigningthisfiguretoearth，weadhere
　　toprobability；andtowaterweassignthatoneoftheremainingforms
　　whichistheleastmoveable；andthemostmoveableofthemtofire；
　　andtoairthatwhichisintermediate。Alsoweassignthesmallest
　　bodytofire，andthegreatesttowater，andtheintermediatein
　　sizetoair；and，again，theacutestbodytofire，andthenextin
　　acutenessto，air，andthethirdtowater。Ofalltheseelements，that
　　whichhasthefewestbasesmustnecessarilybethemostmoveable，
　　foritmustbetheacutestandmostpenetratingineveryway，andalso
　　thelightestasbeingcomposedofthesmallestnumberofsimilar
　　particles：andthesecondbodyhassimilarpropertiesinasecond
　　degree，andthethirdbodyinthethirddegree。Letitbeagreed，
　　then，bothaccordingtostrictreasonandaccordingtoprobability，
　　thatthepyramidisthesolidwhichistheoriginalelementandseed
　　offire；andletusassigntheelementwhichwasnextintheorder
　　ofgenerationtoair，andthethirdtowater。Wemustimagineall
　　thesetobesosmallthatnosingleparticleofanyofthefour
　　kindsisseenbyusonaccountoftheirsmallness：butwhenmanyof
　　themarecollectedtogethertheiraggregatesareseen。Andthe
　　ratiosoftheirnumbers，motions，andotherproperties，everywhere
　　God，asfarasnecessityallowedorgaveconsent，hasexactly
　　perfected，andharmonisedindueproportion。
　　Fromallthatwehavejustbeensayingabouttheelementsor
　　kinds，themostprobableconclusionisasfollows：—earth，whenmeeting
　　withfireanddissolvedbyitssharpness，whetherthedissolutiontake
　　placeinthefireitselforperhapsinsomemassofairorwater，is
　　bornehitherandthither，untilitsparts，meetingtogetherand
　　mutuallyharmonising，againbecomeearth；fortheycannevertake
　　anyotherform。Butwater，whendividedbyfireorbyair，on
　　reforming，maybecomeonepartfireandtwopartsair；andasingle
　　volumeofairdividedbecomestwooffire。Again，whenasmallbodyof
　　fireiscontainedinalargerbodyofairorwaterorearth，and
　　botharemoving，andthefirestrugglingisovercomeandbrokenup，
　　thentwovolumesoffireformonevolumeofair；andwhenairis
　　overcomeandcutupintosmallpieces，twoandahalfpartsofairare
　　condensedintoonepartofwater。Letusconsiderthematterin
　　anotherway。Whenoneoftheotherelementsisfasteneduponby
　　fire，andiscutbythesharpnessofitsanglesandsides，it
　　coalesceswiththefire，andthenceasestobecutbythemanylonger。
　　Fornoelementwhichisoneandthesamewithitselfcanbechangedby
　　orchangeanotherofthesamekindandinthesamestate。Butso
　　longasintheprocessoftransitiontheweakerisfightingagainst
　　thestronger，thedissolutioncontinues。Again，whenafewsmall
　　particles，enclosedinmanylargerones，areinprocessof
　　decompositionandextinction，theyonlyceasefromtheirtendencyto
　　extinctionwhentheyconsenttopassintotheconqueringnature，and
　　firebecomesairandairwater。Butifbodiesofanotherkindgoand
　　attackthem[i。e。thesmallparticles]，thelattercontinuetobe
　　dissolveduntil，beingcompletelyforcedbackanddispersed，theymake
　　theirescapetotheirownkindred，orelse，beingovercomeand
　　assimilatedtotheconqueringpower，theyremainwheretheyareand
　　dwellwiththeirvictors，andfrombeingmanybecomeone。Andowingto
　　theseaffections，allthingsarechangingtheirplace，forbythe
　　motionofthereceivingvesselthebulkofeachclassisdistributed
　　intoitsproperplace；butthosethingswhichbecomeunlikethemselves
　　andlikeotherthings，arehurriedbytheshakingintotheplaceof
　　thethingstowhichtheygrowlike。
　　Nowallunmixedandprimarybodiesareproducedbysuchcausesas
　　these。Astothesubordinatespecieswhichareincludedinthegreater
　　kinds，theyaretobeattributedtothevarietiesinthestructure
　　ofthetwooriginaltriangles。Foreitherstructuredidnotoriginally
　　producethetriangleofonesizeonly，butsomelargerandsome
　　smaller，andthereareasmanysizesastherearespeciesofthe
　　fourelements。Hencewhentheyaremingledwiththemselvesandwith
　　oneanotherthereisanendlessvarietyofthem，whichthosewhowould
　　arriveattheprobabletruthofnatureoughtdulytoconsider。
　　Unlessapersoncomestoanunderstandingaboutthenatureand
　　conditionsofrestandmotion，hewillmeetwithmanydifficulties
　　inthediscussionwhichfollows。Somethinghasbeensaidofthis
　　matteralready，andsomethingmoreremainstobesaid，whichis，
　　thatmotionneverexistsinwhatisuniform。Fortoconceivethat
　　anythingcanbemovedwithoutamoverishardorindeedimpossible，
　　andequallyimpossibletoconceivethattherecanbeamoverunless
　　therebesomethingwhichcanbemoved—motioncannotexistwhereeither
　　ofthesearewanting，andforthesetobeuniformisimpossible；
　　whereforewemustassignresttouniformityandmotiontothewant
　　ofuniformity。Nowinequalityisthecauseofthenaturewhichis
　　wantinginuniformity；andofthiswehavealreadydescribedthe
　　origin。Buttherestillremainsthefurtherpoint—whythingswhen
　　dividedaftertheirkindsdonotceasetopassthroughoneanotherand
　　tochangetheirplace—whichwewillnowproceedtoexplain。Inthe
　　revolutionoftheuniversearecomprehendedallthefourelements，and
　　thisbeingcircularandhavingatendencytocometogether，compresses
　　everythingandwillnotallowanyplacetobeleftvoid。Wherefore，
　　also，fireaboveallthingspenetrateseverywhere，andairnext，as
　　beingnextinrarityoftheelements；andthetwootherelementsin
　　likemannerpenetrateaccordingtotheirdegreesofrarity。For
　　thosethingswhicharecomposedofthelargestparticleshavethe
　　largestvoidleftintheircompositions，andthosewhichare
　　composedofthesmallestparticleshavetheleast。Andthecontraction
　　causedbythecompressionthruststhesmallerparticlesintothe
　　intersticesofthelarger。Andthus，whenthesmallpartsareplaced
　　sidebysidewiththelarger，andthelesserdividethegreaterand
　　thegreaterunitethelesser，alltheelementsareborneupanddown
　　andhitherandthithertowardstheirownplaces；forthechangeinthe
　　sizeofeachchangesitspositioninspace。Andthesecauses
　　generateaninequalitywhichisalwaysmaintained，andis
　　continuallycreatingaperpetualmotionoftheelementsinalltime。
　　Inthenextplacewehavetoconsiderthattherearediverskindsof
　　fire。Thereare，forexample，first，flame；andsecondly，those
　　emanationsofflamewhichdonotburnbutonlygivelighttotheeyes；
　　thirdly，theremainsoffire，whichareseeninred—hotembersafter
　　theflamehasbeenextinguished。Therearesimilardifferencesin
　　theair；ofwhichthebrightestpartiscalledtheaether，andthe
　　mostturbidsortmistanddarkness；andtherearevariousother
　　namelesskindswhicharisefromtheinequalityofthetriangles。
　　Water，again，admitsinthefirstplaceofadivisionintotwo
　　kinds；theoneliquidandtheotherfusile。Theliquidkindis
　　composedofthesmallandunequalparticlesofwater；andmovesitself
　　andismovedbyotherbodiesowingtothewantofuniformityandthe
　　shapeofitsparticles；whereasthefusilekind，beingformedoflarge
　　anduniformparticles，ismorestablethantheother，andisheavyand
　　compactbyreasonofitsuniformity。Butwhenfiregetsinand
　　dissolvestheparticlesanddestroystheuniformity，ithasgreater
　　mobility，andbecomingfluidisthrustforthbytheneighbouringair
　　andspreadsupontheearth；andthisdissolutionofthesolidmasses
　　iscalledmelting，andtheirspreadingoutupontheearthflowing。
　　Again，whenthefiregoesoutofthefusilesubstance，itdoesnot
　　passintovacuum，butintotheneighbouringair；andtheairwhich
　　isdisplacedforcestogethertheliquidandstillmoveablemassinto
　　theplacewhichwasoccupiedbythefire，andunitesitwithitself。
　　Thuscompressedthemassresumesitsequability，andisagainatunity
　　withitself，becausethefirewhichwastheauthoroftheinequality
　　hasretreated；andthisdepartureofthefireiscalledcooling，and
　　thecomingtogetherwhichfollowsuponitistermedcongealment。Of
　　allthekindstermedfusile，thatwhichisthedensestandisformed
　　outofthefinestandmostuniformpartsisthatmostprecious
　　possessioncalledgold，whichishardenedbyfiltrationthrough
　　rock；thisisuniqueinkind，andhasbothaglitteringandayellow
　　colour。Ashootofgold，whichissodenseastobeveryhard，and
　　takesablackcolour，istermedadamant。Thereisalsoanotherkind
　　whichhaspartsnearlylikegold，andofwhichthereareseveral
　　species；itisdenserthangold，anditcontainsasmallandfine
　　portionofearth，andisthereforeharder，yetalsolighterbecauseof
　　thegreatintersticeswhichithaswithinitself；andthis
　　substance，whichisoneofthebrightanddenserkindsofwater，
　　whensolidifiediscalledcopper。Thereisanalloyofearthmingled
　　withit，which，whenthetwopartsgrowoldandaredisunited，shows
　　itselfseparatelyandiscalledrust。Theremainingphenomenaofthe
　　samekindtherewillbenodifficultyinreasoningoutbythemethod
　　ofprobabilities。Amanmaysometimessetasidemeditationsabout
　　eternalthings，andforrecreationturntoconsiderthetruthsof
　　generationwhichareprobableonly；hewillthusgainapleasurenot
　　toberepentedof，andsecureforhimselfwhilehelivesawiseand
　　moderatepastime。Letusgrantourselvesthisindulgence，andgo
　　throughtheprobabilitiesrelatingtothesamesubjectswhichfollow
　　nextinorder。
　　Waterwhichismingledwithfire，somuchasisfineandliquid
　　（beingsocalledbyreasonofitsmotionandthewayinwhichitrolls
　　alongtheground），andsoft，becauseitsbasesgivewayareless
　　stablethanthoseofearth，whenseparatedfromfireandairand
　　isolated，becomesmoreuniform，andbytheirretirementis
　　compressedintoitself；andifthecondensationbeverygreat，the
　　waterabovetheearthbecomeshail，butontheearth，ice；andthat
　　whichiscongealedinalessdegreeandisonlyhalfsolid，whenabove
　　theearthiscalledsnow，andwhenupontheearth，andcondensed
　　fromdew，hoarfrost。Then，again，therearethenumerouskindsof
　　waterwhichhavebeenmingledwithoneanother，andaredistilled
　　throughplantswhichgrowintheearth；andthiswholeclassiscalled
　　bythenameofjuicesorsaps。Theunequaladmixtureofthesefluids
　　createsavarietyofspecies；mostofthemarenameless，butfour
　　whichareofafierynatureareclearlydistinguishedandhave
　　names。Firstthereiswine，whichwarmsthesoulaswellasthe
　　body：secondly，thereistheoilynature，whichissmoothand
　　dividesthevisualray，andforthisreasonisbrightandshining
　　andofaglisteningappearance，includingpitch，thejuiceofthe
　　castorberry，oilitself，andotherthingsofalikekind：thirdly，
　　thereistheclassofsubstanceswhichexpandthecontractedparts
　　ofthemouth，untiltheyreturntotheirnaturalstate，andby
　　reasonofthispropertycreatesweetness；—theseareincludedunderthe
　　generalnameofhoney：and，lastly，thereisafrothynature，which
　　differsfromalljuices，havingaburningqualitywhichdissolves
　　theflesh；itiscalledopos（avegetableacid）。
　　Astothekindsofearth，thatwhichisfilteredthroughwater
　　passesintostoneinthefollowingmanner：—Thewaterwhichmixes
　　withtheearthandisbrokenupintheprocesschangesintoair，and
　　takingthisformmountsintoitsownplace。Butasthereisno
　　surroundingvacuumitthrustsawaytheneighbouringair，andthis
　　beingrenderedheavy，and，whenitisdisplaced，havingbeenpoured
　　aroundthemassofearth，forciblycompressesitanddrivesitinto
　　thevacantspacewhencethenewairhadcomeup；andtheearthwhen
　　compressedbytheairintoanindissolubleunionwithwaterbecomes
　　rock。Thefairersortisthatwhichismadeupofequalandsimilar
　　partsandistransparent；thatwhichhastheoppositequalitiesis
　　inferior。Butwhenallthewaterypartissuddenlydrawnoutby
　　fire，amorebrittlesubstanceisformed，towhichwegivethenameof
　　pottery。Sometimesalsomoisturemayremain，andtheearthwhichhas
　　beenfusedbyfirebecomes，whencool，acertainstoneofablack
　　colour。Alikeseparationofthewaterwhichhadbeencopiously
　　mingledwiththemmayoccurintwosubstancescomposedoffiner
　　particlesofearthandofabrinynature；outofeitherofthemahalf
　　solidbodyisthenformed，solubleinwater—theone，soda，whichis
　　usedforpurgingawayoilandearth，andother，salt，whichharmonizes
　　sowellincombinationspleasingtothepalate，andis，asthelaw
　　testifies，asubstancedeartothegods。Thecompoundsofearthand
　　waterarenotsolublebywater，butbyfireonly，andforthis
　　reason：—Neitherfirenorairmeltmassesofearth；fortheir
　　particles，beingsmallerthantheintersticesinitsstructure，have
　　plentyofroomtomovewithoutforcingtheirway，andsotheyleave
　　theearthunmeltedandundissolved；butparticlesofwater，which
　　arelarger，forceapassage，anddissolveandmelttheearth。
　　Whereforeearthwhennotconsolidatedbyforceisdissolvedbywater
　　only；whenconsolidated，bynothingbutfire；forthisistheonly
　　bodywhichcanfindanentrance。Thecohesionofwateragain，when
　　verystrong，isdissolvedbyfireonly—whenweaker，theneitherbyair
　　orfire—theformerenteringtheinterstices，andthelatter
　　penetratingeventhetriangles。Butnothingcandissolveair，when
　　stronglycondensed，whichdoesnotreachtheelementsortriangles；or
　　ifnotstronglycondensed，thenonlyfirecandissolveit。Asto
　　bodiescomposedofearthandwater，whilethewateroccupiesthe
　　vacantintersticesoftheearthinthemwhicharecompressedbyforce，
　　theparticlesofwaterwhichapproachthemfromwithout，findingno
　　entrance，flowaroundtheentiremassandleaveitundissolved；but
　　theparticlesoffire，enteringintotheintersticesofthewater，
　　dotothewaterwhatwaterdoestoearthandfiretoair，andare
　　thesolecausesofthecompoundbodyofearthandwaterliquefyingand
　　becomingfluid。Nowthesebodiesareoftwokinds；someofthem，
　　suchasglassandthefusiblesortofstones，havelesswaterthan
　　theyhaveearth；ontheotherhand，substancesofthenatureofwax
　　andincensehavemoreofwaterenteringintotheircomposition。
　　Ihavethusshownthevariousclassesofbodiesastheyare
　　diversifiedbytheirformsandcombinationsandchangesintoone
　　another，andnowImustendeavourtosetforththeiraffectionsand
　　thecausesofthem。Inthefirstplace，thebodieswhichIhavebeen
　　describingarenecessarilyobjectsofsense。Butwehavenotyet
　　consideredtheoriginofflesh，orwhatbelongstoflesh，orofthat
　　partofthesoulwhichismortal。Andthesethingscannotbe
　　adequatelyexplainedwithoutalsoexplainingtheaffectionswhich
　　areconcernedwithsensation，northelatterwithouttheformer：and
　　yettoexplainthemtogetherishardlypossible；forwhichreasonwe
　　mustassumefirstoneortheotherandafterwardsexaminethenature
　　ofourhypothesis。Inorder，then，thattheaffectionsmayfollow
　　regularlyaftertheelements，letuspresupposetheexistenceof
　　bodyandsoul。
　　First，letusenquirewhatwemeanbysayingthatfireishot；and
　　aboutthiswemayreasonfromthedividingorcuttingpowerwhichit
　　exercisesonourbodies。Weallofusfeelthatfireissharp；and
　　wemayfurtherconsiderthefinenessofthesides，andthesharpness
　　oftheangles，andthesmallnessoftheparticles，andtheswiftness
　　ofthemotion—allthismakestheactionoffireviolentandsharp，
　　sothatitcutswhateveritmeets。Andwemustnotforgetthatthe
　　originalfigureoffire[i。e。thepyramid]，morethananyother
　　form，hasadividingpowerwhichcutsourbodiesintosmallpieces
　　（Kepmatizei），andthusnaturallyproducesthataffectionwhichwecall
　　heat；andhencetheoriginofthename（thepmos，Kepma）。Now，the
　　oppositeofthisissufficientlymanifest；neverthelesswewillnot
　　failtodescribeit。Forthelargerparticlesofmoisturewhich
　　surroundthebody，enteringinanddrivingoutthelesser，butnot
　　beingabletotaketheirplaces，compressthemoistprincipleinus；
　　andthisfrombeingunequalanddisturbed，isforcedbythemintoa
　　stateofrest，whichisduetoequabilityandcompression。But
　　thingswhicharecontractedcontrarytonaturearebynatureatwar，
　　andforcethemselvesapart；andtothiswarandconvulsionthenameof
　　shiveringandtremblingisgiven；andthewholeaffectionandthe
　　causeoftheaffectionarebothtermedcold。Thatiscalledhardto
　　whichourfleshyields，andsoftwhichyieldstoourflesh；andthings
　　arealsotermedhardandsoftrelativelytooneanother。Thatwhich
　　yieldshasasmallbase；butthatwhichrestsonquadrangularbasesis
　　firmlyposedandbelongstotheclasswhichoffersthegreatest
　　resistance；sotoodoesthatwhichisthemostcompactandtherefore
　　mostrepellent。Thenatureofthelightandtheheavywillbebest
　　understoodwhenexaminedinconnexionwithournotionsofaboveand
　　below；foritisquiteamistaketosupposethattheuniverseis
　　partedintotworegions，separatefromandoppositetoeachother，the
　　onealowertowhichallthingstendwhichhaveanybulk，andanupper
　　towhichthingsonlyascendagainsttheirwill。Forastheuniverseis
　　intheformofasphere，alltheextremities，beingequidistantfrom
　　thecentre，areequallyextremities，andthecentre，whichis
　　equidistantfromthem，isequallytoberegardedastheoppositeof
　　themall。Suchbeingthenatureoftheworld，whenapersonsays
　　thatanyofthesepointsisaboveorbelow，mayhenotbejustly
　　chargedwithusinganimproperexpression？Forthecentreoftheworld
　　cannotberightlycalledeitheraboveorbelow，butisthecentre
　　andnothingelse；andthecircumferenceisnotthecentre，andhas
　　innoonepartofitselfadifferentrelationtothecentrefrom
　　whatithasinanyoftheoppositeparts。Indeed，whenitisin
　　everydirectionsimilar，howcanonerightlygivetoitnameswhich
　　implyopposition？Foriftherewereanysolidbodyinequipoiseatthe
　　centreoftheuniverse，therewouldbenothingtodrawittothis
　　extremeratherthantothat，fortheyareallperfectlysimilar；and
　　ifapersonweretogoroundtheworldinacircle，hewouldoften，
　　whenstandingattheantipodesofhisformerposition，speakofthe
　　samepointasaboveandbelow；for，asIwassayingjustnow，tospeak
　　ofthewholewhichisintheformofaglobeashavingonepart
　　aboveandanotherbelowisnotlikeasensibleman。
　　Thereasonwhythesenamesareused，andthecircumstancesunder
　　whichtheyareordinarilyappliedbyustothedivisionofthe
　　heavens，maybeelucidatedbythefollowingsupposition：—ifaperson
　　weretostandinthatpartoftheuniversewhichistheappointed
　　placeoffire，andwherethereisthegreatmassoffiretowhich
　　fierybodiesgather—if，Isay，heweretoascendthither，and，
　　havingthepowertodothis，weretoabstractparticlesoffireand
　　puttheminscalesandweighthem，andthen，raisingthebalance，were
　　todrawthefirebyforcetowardstheuncongenialelementofthe
　　air，itwouldbeveryevidentthathecouldcompelthesmallermass
　　morereadilythanthelarger；forwhentwothingsaresimultaneously
　　raisedbyoneandthesamepower，thesmallerbodymustnecessarily
　　yieldtothesuperiorpowerwithlessreluctancethanthelarger；
　　andthelargerbodyiscalledheavyandsaidtotenddownwards，and
　　thesmallerbodyiscalledlightandsaidtotendupwards。Andwe
　　maydetectourselveswhoareupontheearthdoingpreciselythesame
　　thing。Forweofseparateearthynatures，andsometimesearth
　　itself，anddrawthemintotheuncongenialelementofairbyforceand
　　contrarytonature，bothclingingtotheirkindredelements。But
　　thatwhichissmalleryieldstotheimpulsegivenbyustowardsthe
　　dissimilarelementmoreeasilythanthelarger；andsowecallthe
　　formerlight，andtheplacetowardswhichitisimpelledwecall
　　above，andthecontrarystateandplacewecallheavyandbelow
　　respectively。Nowtherelationsofthesemustnecessarilyvary，
　　becausetheprincipalmassesofthedifferentelementsholdopposite
　　positions；forthatwhichislight，heavy，beloworaboveinoneplace
　　willbefoundtobeandbecomecontraryandtransverseandeveryway
　　diverseinrelationtothatwhichislight，heavy，beloworabovein
　　anoppositeplace。Andaboutallofthemthishastobe
　　considered：—thatthetendencyofeachtowardsitskindredelement
　　makesthebodywhichismovedheavy，andtheplacetowardswhichthe
　　motiontendsbelow，butthingswhichhaveanoppositetendencywecall
　　byanoppositename。Sucharethecauseswhichweassigntothese
　　phenomena。Astothesmoothandtherough，anyonewhoseesthemcan
　　explainthereasonofthemtoanother。Forroughnessishardness
　　mingledwithirregularity，andsmoothnessisproducedbythejoint
　　effectofuniformityanddensity。
　　Themostimportantoftheaffectionswhichconcernthewholebody
　　remainstobeconsidered—thatis，thecauseofpleasureandpainin
　　theperceptionsofwhichIhavebeenspeaking，andinallotherthings
　　whichareperceivedbysensethroughthepartsofthebody，andhave
　　bothpainsandpleasuresattendantonthem。Letusimaginethe
　　causesofeveryaffection，whetherofsenseornot，tobeofthe
　　followingnature，rememberingthatwehavealreadydistinguished
　　betweenthenaturewhichiseasyandwhichishardtomove；forthis
　　isthedirectioninwhichwemusthuntthepreywhichwemeantotake。
　　Abodywhichisofanaturetobeeasilymoved，onreceivingan
　　impressionhoweverslight，spreadsabroadthemotioninacircle，
　　thepartscommunicatingwitheachother，untilatlast，reachingthe
　　principleofmind，theyannouncethequalityoftheagent。Buta
　　bodyoftheoppositekind，beingimmobile，andnotextendingtothe
　　surroundingregion，merelyreceivestheimpression，anddoesnot
　　stiranyoftheneighbouringparts；andsincethepartsdonot
　　distributetheoriginalimpressiontootherparts，ithasnoeffectof
　　motiononthewholeanimal，andthereforeproducesnoeffectonthe
　　patient。Thisistrueofthebonesandhairandothermoreearthy
　　partsofthehumanbody；whereaswhatwassaidaboverelatesmainlyto
　　sightandhearing，becausetheyhaveinthemthegreatestamountof
　　fireandair。Nowwemustconceiveofpleasureandpaininthisway。
　　Animpressionproducedinuscontrarytonatureandviolent，if
　　sudden，ispainful；and，again，thesuddenreturntonatureis
　　pleasant；butagentleandgradualreturnisimperceptibleandvice
　　versa。Ontheotherhandtheimpressionofsensewhichismost
　　easilyproducedismostreadilyfelt，butisnotaccompaniedby
　　Pleasureorpain；such，forexample，aretheaffectionsofthe
　　sight，which，aswesaidabove，isabodynaturallyunitingwithour
　　bodyintheday—time；forcuttingsandburningsandother
　　affectionswhichhappentothesightdonotgivepain，noristhere
　　pleasurewhenthesightreturnstoitsnaturalstate；butthe
　　sensationsaredearestandstrongestaccordingtothemannerin
　　whichtheeyeisaffectedbytheobject，anditselfstrikesand
　　touchesit；thereisnoviolenceeitherinthecontractionordilation
　　oftheeye。Butbodiesformedoflargerparticlesyieldtotheagent
　　onlywithastruggle；andthentheyimparttheirmotionstothe
　　wholeandcausepleasureandpain—painwhenalienatedfromtheir
　　naturalconditions，andpleasurewhenrestoredtothem。Thingswhich
　　experiencegradualwithdrawingsandemptyingsoftheirnature，and
　　greatandsuddenreplenishments，failtoperceivetheemptying，but
　　aresensibleofthereplenishment；andsotheyoccasionnopain，but
　　thegreatestpleasure，tothemortalpartofthesoul，asis
　　manifestinthecaseofperfumes。Butthingswhicharechangedallof
　　asudden，andonlygraduallyandwithdifficultyreturntotheirown
　　nature，haveeffectsineverywayoppositetotheformer，asis
　　evidentinthecaseofburningsandcuttingsofthebody。
　　Thushavewediscussedthegeneralaffectionsofthewholebody，and
　　thenamesoftheagentswhichproducethem。AndnowIwillendeavour
　　tospeakoftheaffectionsofparticularparts，andthecausesand
　　agentsofthem，asfarasIamable。Inthefirstplaceletusset
　　forthwhatwasomittedwhenwewerespeakingofjuices，concerningthe
　　affectionspeculiartothetongue。Thesetoo，likemostoftheother
　　affections，appeartobecausedbycertaincontractionsanddilations，
　　buttheyhavebesidesmoreofroughnessandsmoothnessthanisfound
　　inotheraffections；forwheneverearthyparticlesenterintothe
　　smallveinswhicharethetestingofthetongue，reachingtothe
　　heart，andfalluponthemoist，delicateportionsofflesh—when，as
　　theyaredissolved，theycontractanddryupthelittleveins，they
　　areastringentiftheyarerougher，butifnotsorough，thenonly
　　harsh。Thoseofthemwhichareofanabstergentnature，andpurge
　　thewholesurfaceofthetongue，iftheydoitinexcess，andso
　　encroachastoconsumesomepartofthefleshitself，likepotash
　　andsoda，arealltermedbitter。Buttheparticleswhicharedeficient
　　inthealkalinequality，andwhichcleanseonlymoderately，arecalled
　　salt，andhavingnobitternessorroughness，areregardedasrather
　　agreeablethanotherwise。Bodieswhichshareinandaremadesmoothby
　　theheatofthemouth，andwhichareinflamed，andagaininturn
　　inflamethatwhichheatsthem，andwhicharesolightthattheyare
　　carriedupwardstothesensationsofthehead，andcutallthat
　　comesintheirway，byreasonofthesequalitiesinthem，areall
　　termedpungent。Butwhenthesesameparticles，refinedby
　　putrefaction，enterintothenarrowveins，andaredulyproportioned
　　totheparticlesofearthandairwhicharethere，theysetthem
　　whirlingaboutoneanother，andwhiletheyareinawhirlcausethem
　　todashagainstandenterintooneanother，andsoformhollows
　　surroundingtheparticlesthatenter—whichwateryvesselsofair
　　（forafilmofmoisture，sometimesearthy，sometimespure，isspread
　　aroundtheair）arehollowspheresofwater；andthoseofthemwhich
　　arepure，aretransparent，andarecalledbubbles，whilethose
　　composedoftheearthyliquid，whichisinastateofgeneral
　　agitationandeffervescence，aresaidtoboilorferment—ofall
　　theseaffectionsthecauseistermedacid。Andthereistheopposite
　　affectionarisingfromanoppositecause，whenthemassofentering
　　particles，immersedinthemoistureofthemouth，iscongenialto
　　thetongue，andsmoothsandoilsovertheroughness，andrelaxesthe
　　partswhichareunnaturallycontracted，andcontractstheparts
　　whicharerelaxed，anddisposesthemallaccordingtotheir
　　nature—thatsortofremedyofviolentaffectionsispleasantand
　　agreeabletoeveryman，andhasthenamesweet。Butenoughofthis。
　　Thefacultyofsmelldoesnotadmitofdifferencesofkind；for
　　allsmellsareofahalfformednature，andnoelementisso
　　proportionedastohaveanysmell。Theveinsaboutthenosearetoo
　　narrowtoadmitearthandwater，andtoowidetodetainfireand
　　air；andforthisreasonnooneeverperceivesthesmellofanyof
　　them；butsmellsalwaysproceedfrombodiesthataredamp，or
　　putrefying，orliquefying，orevaporating，andareperceptibleonlyin
　　theintermediatestate，whenwaterischangingintoairandairinto
　　water；andallofthemareeithervaporormist。Thatwhichispassing
　　outofairintowaterismist，andthatwhichispassingfromwater
　　intoairisvapour；andhenceallsmellsarethinnerthanwaterand
　　thickerthanair。Theproofofthisis，thatwhenthereisany
　　obstructiontotherespiration，andamandrawsinhisbreathby
　　force，thennosmellfiltersthrough，buttheairwithoutthesmell
　　alonepenetrates。Whereforethevarietiesofsmellhavenoname，and
　　theyhavenotmany，ordefiniteandsimplekinds；buttheyare
　　distinguishedonlypainfulandpleasant，theonesortirritatingand
　　disturbingthewholecavitywhichissituatedbetweentheheadandthe
　　navel，theotherhavingasoothinginfluence，andrestoringthis
　　sameregiontoanagreeableandnaturalcondition。
　　Inconsideringthethirdkindofsense，hearing，wemustspeakof
　　thecausesinwhichitoriginates。Wemayingeneralassumesoundto
　　beablowwhichpassesthroughtheears，andistransmittedbymeans
　　oftheair，thebrain，andtheblood，tothesoul，andthathearingis
　　thevibrationofthisblow，whichbeginsintheheadandendsinthe
　　regionoftheliver。Thesoundwhichmovesswiftlyisacute，andthe
　　soundwhichmovesslowlyisgrave，andthatwhichisregularis
　　equableandsmooth，andthereverseisharsh。Agreatbodyofsoundis
　　loud，andasmallbodyofsoundthereverse。Respectingthe
　　harmoniesofsoundImusthereafterspeak。
　　Thereisafourthclassofsensiblethings，havingmanyintricate
　　varieties，whichmustnowbedistinguished。Theyarecalledbythe
　　generalnameofcolours，andareaflamewhichemanatesfromevery
　　sortofbody，andhasparticlescorrespondingtothesenseofsight。I
　　havespokenalready，inwhathaspreceded，ofthecauseswhich
　　generatesight，andinthisplaceitwillbenaturalandsuitableto
　　givearationaltheoryofcolours。
　　Oftheparticlescomingfromotherbodieswhichfalluponthesight，
　　somearesmallerandsomearelarger，andsomeareequaltothe
　　partsofthesightitself。Thosewhichareequalareimperceptible，
　　andwecallthemtransparent。Thelargerproducecontraction，the
　　smallerdilation，inthesight，exercisingapowerakintothatofhot
　　andcoldbodiesontheflesh，orofastringentbodiesonthetongue，
　　orofthoseheatingbodieswhichwetermedpungent。Whiteandblack
　　aresimilareffectsofcontractionanddilationinanothersphere，and
　　forthisreasonhaveadifferentappearance。Wherefore，weoughtto
　　termwhitethatwhichdilatesthevisualray，andtheoppositeofthis
　　isblack。Thereisalsoaswiftermotionofadifferentsortoffire
　　whichstrikesanddilatestherayofsightuntilitreachesthe
　　eyes，forcingawaythroughtheirpassagesandmeltingthem，and
　　elicitingfromthemaunionoffireandwaterwhichwecalltears，
　　beingitselfanoppositefirewhichcomestothemfromanopposite
　　direction—theinnerfireflashesforthlikelightning，andtheouter
　　findsawayinandisextinguishedinthemoisture，andallsortsof
　　coloursaregeneratedbythemixture。Thisaffectionistermed
　　dazzling，andtheobjectwhichproducesitiscalledbrightand
　　flashing。Thereisanothersortoffirewhichisintermediate，and
　　whichreachesandmingleswiththemoistureoftheeyewithout
　　flashing；andinthis，thefireminglingwiththerayofthemoisture，
　　producesacolourlikeblood，towhichwegivethenameofred。A
　　brighthuemingledwithredandwhitegivesthecolourcalled
　　auburn。Thelawofproportion，however，accordingtowhichtheseveral
　　coloursareformed，evenifamanknewhewouldbefoolishintelling，
　　forhecouldnotgiveanynecessaryreason，norindeedanytolerable
　　orprobableexplanationofthem。Again，red，whenmingledwithblack
　　andwhite，becomespurple，butitbecomesumberwhenthecoloursare
　　burntaswellasmingledandtheblackismorethoroughlymixedwith
　　them。Flamecolourisproducedbyaunionofauburnanddun，anddun
　　byanadmixtureofblackandwhite；paleyellow，byanadmixtureof
　　whiteandauburn。Whiteandbrightmeeting，andfallinguponafull
　　black，becomedarkblue，andwhendarkbluemingleswithwhite，a
　　lightbluecolourisformed，asflame—colourwithblackmakesleek
　　green。Therewillbenodifficultyinseeinghowandbywhat
　　mixturesthecoloursderivedfromthesearemadeaccordingtothe
　　rulesofprobability。He，however，whoshouldattempttoverifyall
　　thisbyexperiment，wouldforgetthedifferenceofthehumanand
　　divinenature。ForGodonlyhastheknowledgeandalsothepowerwhich
　　areabletocombinemanythingsintooneandagainresolvetheone
　　intomany。Butnomaneitherisoreverwillbeabletoaccomplish
　　eithertheoneortheotheroperation。
　　Thesearetheelements，thusofnecessitythensubsisting，whichthe
　　creatorofthefairestandbestofcreatedthingsassociatedwith
　　himself，whenhemadetheself—sufficingandmostperfectGod，using
　　thenecessarycausesashisministersintheaccomplishmentofhis
　　work，buthimselfcontrivingthegoodinallhiscreations。
　　Whereforewemaydistinguishtwosortsofcauses，theonedivineand
　　theothernecessary，andmayseekforthedivineinallthings，asfar
　　asournatureadmits，withaviewtotheblessedlife；butthe
　　necessarykindonlyforthesakeofthedivine，consideringthat
　　withoutthemandwhenisolatedfromthem，thesehigherthingsfor
　　whichwelookcannotbeapprehendedorreceivedorinanywayshared
　　byus。
　　Seeing，then，thatwehavenowpreparedforourusethevarious
　　classesofcauseswhicharethematerialoutofwhichtheremainderof
　　ourdiscoursemustbewoven，justaswoodisthematerialofthe
　　carpenter，letusrevertinafewwordstothepointatwhichwe
　　began，andthenendeavourtoaddonasuitableendingtothebeginning
　　ofourtale。
　　AsIsaidatfirst，whenallthingswereindisorderGodcreated
　　ineachthinginrelationtoitself，andinallthingsinrelation
　　toeachother，allthemeasuresandharmonieswhichtheycould
　　possiblyreceive。Forinthosedaysnothinghadanyproportion
　　exceptbyaccident；nordidanyofthethingswhichnowhavenames
　　deservetobenamedatall—as，forexample，fire，water，andthe
　　restoftheelements。Allthesethecreatorfirstsetinorder，and
　　outofthemheconstructedtheuniverse，whichwasasingleanimal
　　comprehendinginitselfallotheranimals，mortalandimmortal。Nowof
　　thedivine，hehimselfwasthecreator，butthecreationofthemortal
　　hecommittedtohisoffspring。Andthey，imitatinghim，received
　　fromhimtheimmortalprincipleofthesoul；andaroundthisthey
　　proceededtofashionamortalbody，and。madeittobethevehicle
　　ofthesoandconstructedwithinthebodyasoulofanothernature
　　whichwasmortal，subjecttoterribleandirresistible
　　affections—firstofall，pleasure，thegreatestincitementtoevil；
　　then，pain，whichdetersfromgood；alsorashnessandfear，two
　　foolishcounsellors，angerhardtobeappeased，andhopeeasilyled
　　astray—thesetheymingledwithirrationalsenseandwithall—daring
　　loveaccordingtonecessarylaws，andsoframedman。Wherefore，
　　fearingtopollutethedivineanymorethanwasabsolutely
　　unavoidable，theygavetothemortalnatureaseparatehabitationin
　　anotherpartofthebody，placingtheneckbetweenthemtobethe
　　isthmusandboundary，whichtheyconstructedbetweentheheadand
　　breast，tokeepthemapart。Andinthebreast，andinwhatistermed
　　thethorax，theyencasedthemortalsoul；andastheonepartof
　　thiswassuperiorandtheotherinferiortheydividedthecavityof
　　thethoraxintotwoparts，asthewomen’sandmen’sapartmentsare
　　dividedinhouses，andplacedthemidrifftobeawallofpartition
　　betweenthem。Thatpartoftheinferiorsoulwhichisendowedwith
　　courageandpassionandlovescontentiontheysettlednearerthehead，
　　midwaybetweenthemidriffandtheneck，inorderthatitmightbe
　　undertheruleofreasonandmightjoinwithitincontrollingand
　　restrainingthedesireswhentheyarenolongerwillingoftheirown
　　accordtoobeythewordofcommandissuingfromthecitadel。
　　Theheart，theknotoftheveinsandthefountainofthebloodwhich
　　racesthroughallthelimbswassetintheplaceofguard，thatwhen
　　themightofpassionwasrousedbyreasonmakingproclamationofany
　　wrongassailingthemfromwithoutorbeingperpetratedbythe
　　desireswithin，quicklythewholepoweroffeelinginthebody，
　　perceivingthesecommandsandthreats，mightobeyandfollowthrough
　　everyturnandalley，andthusallowtheprincipleofthebesttohave
　　thecommandinallofthem。Butthegods，foreknowingthatthe
　　palpitationoftheheartintheexpectationofdangerandtheswelling
　　andexcitementofpassionwascausedbyfire，formedandimplanted
　　asasupportertotheheartthelung，whichwas，inthefirstplace，
　　softandbloodless，andalsohadwithinhollowsliketheporesofa
　　sponge，inorderthatbyreceivingthebreathandthedrink，it
　　mightgivecoolnessandthepowerofrespirationandalleviatethe
　　heat。Whereforetheycuttheair—channelsleadingtothelung，and
　　placedthelungabouttheheartasasoftspring，that，whenpassion
　　wasrifewithin，theheart，beatingagainstayieldingbody，might
　　becooledandsufferless，andmightthusbecomemorereadytojoin
　　withpassionintheserviceofreason。
　　Thepartofthesoulwhichdesiresmeatsanddrinksandtheother
　　thingsofwhichithasneedbyreasonofthebodilynature，they
　　placedbetweenthemidriffandtheboundaryofthenavel，contriving
　　inallthisregionasortofmangerforthefoodofthebody；and
　　theretheybounditdownlikeawildanimalwhichwaschainedup
　　withman，andmustbenourishedifmanwastoexist。Theyappointed
　　thislowercreationhisplacehereinorderthathemightbealways
　　feedingatthemanger，andhavehisdwellingasfarasmightbefrom
　　thecouncil—chamber，makingaslittlenoiseanddisturbanceas
　　possible，andpermittingthebestparttoadvisequietlyforthe
　　goodofthewhole。Andknowingthatthislowerprincipleinman
　　wouldnotcomprehendreason，andevenifattainingtosomedegreeof
　　perceptionwouldnevernaturallycareforrationalnotions，butthat
　　itwouldbeledawaybyphantomsandvisionsnightandday—tobea
　　remedyforthis，Godcombinedwithittheliver，andplaceditin
　　thehouseofthelowernature，contrivingthatitshouldbesolid
　　andsmooth，andbrightandsweet，andshouldalsohaveabitter
　　quality，inorderthatthepowerofthought，whichproceedsfromthe
　　mind，mightbereflectedasinamirrorwhichreceiveslikenessesof
　　objectsandgivesbackimagesofthemtothesight；andsomight
　　striketerrorintothedesires，when，makinguseofthebitterpartof
　　theliver，towhichitisakin，itcomesthreateningandinvading，and
　　diffusingthisbitterelementswiftlythroughthewholeliverproduces
　　colourslikebile，andcontractingeverypartmakesitwrinkledand
　　rough；andtwistingoutofitsrightplaceandcontortingthelobeand
　　closingandshuttingupthevesselsandgates，causespainand
　　loathing。Andtheconversehappenswhensomegentleinspirationofthe
　　understandingpicturesimagesofanoppositecharacter，andallaysthe
　　bileandbitternessbyrefusingtostirortouchthenatureopposedto
　　itself，butbymakinguseofthenaturalsweetnessoftheliver，
　　correctsallthingsandmakesthemtoberightandsmoothandfree，
　　andrenderstheportionofthesoulwhichresidesabouttheliver
　　happyandjoyful，enablingittopassthenightinpeace，andto
　　practisedivinationinsleep，inasmuchasithasnoshareinmind
　　andreason。Fortheauthorsofourbeing，rememberingthecommandof
　　theirfatherwhenhebadethemcreatethehumanraceasgoodasthey
　　could，thattheymightcorrectourinferiorpartsandmakethemto
　　attainameasureoftruth，placedinthelivertheseatofdivination。
　　AndhereinisaproofthatGodhasgiventheartofdivinationnot
　　tothewisdom，buttothefoolishnessofman。Noman，wheninhis
　　wits，attainsprophetictruthandinspiration；butwhenhereceives
　　theinspiredword，eitherhisintelligenceisenthralledinsleep，
　　orheisdementedbysomedistemperorpossession。Andhewhowould
　　understandwhatherememberstohavebeensaid，whetherinadream
　　orwhenhewasawake，bythepropheticandinspirednature，orwould
　　determinebyreasonthemeaningoftheapparitionswhichhehas
　　seen，andwhatindicationstheyaffordtothismanorthat，ofpast，
　　presentorfuturegoodandevil，mustfirstrecoverhiswits。But，
　　whilehecontinuesdemented，hecannotjudgeofthevisionswhichhe
　　seesorthewordswhichheutters；theancientsayingisverytrue，
　　that"onlyamanwhohashiswitscanactorjudgeabouthimselfand
　　hisownaffairs。"Andforthisreasonitiscustomarytoappoint
　　interpreterstobejudgesofthetrueinspiration。Somepersonscall
　　themprophets；theyarequiteunawarethattheyareonlythe
　　expositorsofdarksayingsandvisions，andarenottobecalled
　　prophetsatall，butonlyinterpretersofprophecy。
　　Suchisthenatureoftheliver，whichisplacedaswehave
　　describedinorderthatitmaygivepropheticintimations。During
　　thelifeofeachindividualtheseintimationsareplainer，butafter
　　hisdeaththeliverbecomesblind，anddeliversoraclestooobscureto
　　beintelligible。Theneighbouringorgan[thespleen]issituatedon
　　theleft—handside，andisconstructedwithaviewofkeepingthe
　　liverbrightandpure—likeanapkin，alwaysreadypreparedandathand
　　tocleanthemirror。Andhence，whenanyimpuritiesariseinthe
　　regionoftheliverbyreasonofdisordersofthebody，theloose
　　natureofthespleen，whichiscomposedofahollowandbloodless
　　tissue，receivesthemallanddearsthemaway，andwhenfilledwith
　　theuncleanmatter，swellsandfesters，but，again，whenthebodyis
　　purged，settlesdownintothesameplaceasbefore，andishumbled。
　　Concerningthesoul，astowhichpartismortalandwhichdivine，
　　andhowandwhytheyareseparated，andwherelocated，ifGod
　　acknowledgesthatwehavespokenthetruth，then，andthenonly，can
　　webeconfident；still，wemayventuretoassertthatwhathasbeen
　　saidbyusisprobable，andwillberenderedmoreprobableby
　　investigation。Letusassumethusmuch。
　　Thecreationoftherestoffollowsnextinorder，andthiswemay
　　investigateinasimilarmanner。Anditappearstobeverymeetthat
　　thebodyshouldbeframedonthefollowingprinciples：—
　　Theauthorsofourracewereawarethatweshouldbeintemperate
　　ineatinganddrinking，andtakeagooddealmorethanwasnecessary
　　orproper，byreasonofgluttony。Inorderthenthatdiseasemightnot
　　quicklydestroyus，andlestourmortalraceshouldperishwithout
　　fulfillingitsend—intendingtoprovideagainstthis，thegodsmade
　　whatiscalledthelowerbelly，tobeareceptacleforthesuperfluous
　　meatanddrink，andformedtheconvolutionofthebowels，sothat
　　thefoodmightbepreventedfrompassingquicklythroughand
　　compellingthebodytorequiremorefood，thusproducinginsatiable
　　gluttony，andmakingthewholeraceanenemytophilosophyand
　　music，andrebelliousagainstthedivinestelementwithinus。
　　Thebonesandflesh，andothersimilarpartsofus，weremadeas
　　follows。Thefirstprincipleofallofthemwasthegenerationof
　　themarrow。Forthebondsoflifewhichunitethesoulwiththebody
　　aremadefastthere，andtheyaretherootandfoundationofthehuman
　　race。Themarrowitselfiscreatedoutofothermaterials：Godtook
　　suchoftheprimarytrianglesaswerestraightandsmooth，andwere
　　adaptedbytheirperfectiontoproducefireandwater，andairand
　　earth—these，Isay，heseparatedfromtheirkinds，andminglingthem
　　indueproportionswithoneanother，madethemarrowoutofthemtobe
　　auniversalseedofthewholeraceofmankind；andinthisseedhe
　　thenplantedandenclosedthesouls，andintheoriginal
　　distributiongavetothemarrowasmanyandvariousformsasthe
　　differentkindsofsoulswerehereaftertoreceive。Thatwhich，likea
　　field，wastoreceivethedivineseed，hemaderoundeveryway，and
　　calledthatportionofthemarrow，brain，intendingthat，whenan
　　animalwasperfected，thevesselcontainingthissubstanceshouldbe
　　thehead；butthatwhichwasintendedtocontaintheremainingand
　　mortalpartofthesoulhedistributedintofiguresatoncearoundand
　　elongated，andhecalledthemallbythename"marrow"；andto
　　these，astoanchors，fasteningthebondsofthewholesoul，he
　　proceededtofashionaroundthemtheentireframeworkofourbody，
　　constructingforthemarrow，firstofallacompletecoveringofbone。
　　Bonewascomposedbyhiminthefollowingmanner。Havingsiftedpure
　　andsmoothearthhekneadeditandwetteditwithmarrow，andafter
　　thatheputitintofireandthenintowater，andoncemoreinto
　　fireandagainintowater—inthiswaybyfrequenttransfersfromone
　　totheotherhemadeitinsolublebyeither。Outofthishefashioned，
　　asinalathe，aglobemadeofbone，whichheplacedaroundthebrain，
　　andinthisheleftanarrowopening；andaroundthemarrowofthe
　　neckandbackheformedvertebraewhichheplacedunderoneanother
　　likepivots，beginningattheheadandextendingthroughthewhole
　　ofthetrunk。Thuswishingtopreservetheentireseed，heenclosedit
　　inastone—likecasing，insertingjoints，andusingintheformation
　　ofthemthepoweroftheotherordiverseasanintermediatenature，
　　thattheymighthavemotionandflexure。Thenagain，considering
　　thatthebonewouldbetoobrittleandinflexible，andwhenheatedand
　　againcooledwouldsoonmortifyanddestroytheseedwithin—having
　　thisinview，hecontrivedthesinewsandtheflesh，thatsobinding
　　allthememberstogetherbythesinews，whichadmittedofbeing
　　stretchedandrelaxedaboutthevertebrae，hemightthusmakethebody
　　capableofflexionandextension，whilethefleshwouldserveasa
　　protectionagainstthesummerheatandagainstthewintercold，and
　　alsoagainstfalls，softlyandeasilyyieldingtoexternalbodies，
　　likearticlesmadeoffelt；andcontaininginitselfawarmmoisture
　　whichinsummerexudesandmakesthesurfacedamp，wouldimparta
　　naturecoolnesstothewholebody；andagaininwinterbythehelp
　　ofthisinternalwarmthwouldformaverytolerabledefenceagainst
　　thefrostwhichsurroundsitandattacksitfromwithout。Hewho
　　modelledus，consideringthesethings，mixedearthwithfireandwater
　　andblendedthem；andmakingafermentofacidandsalt，hemingledit
　　withthemandformedsoftandsucculentflesh。Asforthesinews，he
　　madethemofamixtureofboneandunfermentedflesh，attemperedsoas
　　tobeinamean，andgavethemayellowcolour；whereforethesinews
　　haveafirmerandmoreglutinousnaturethanflesh，butasofterand
　　moisternaturethanthebones。WiththeseGodcoveredthebonesand
　　marrow，bindingthemtogetherbysinews，andthenenshroudedthem
　　allinanuppercoveringofflesh。Themorelivingandsensitiveof
　　thebonesheenclosedinthethinnestfilmofflesh，andthosewhich
　　hadtheleastlifewithintheminthethickestandmostsolidflesh。
　　Soagainonthejointsofthebones，wherereasonindicatedthatno
　　morewasrequired，heplacedonlyathincoveringofflesh，thatit
　　mightnotinterferewiththeflexionofourbodiesandmakethem
　　unwieldybecausedifficulttomove；andalsothatitmightnot，by
　　beingcrowdedandpressedandmattedtogether，destroysensationby
　　reasonofitshardness，andimpairthememoryanddulltheedgeof
　　intelligence。Whereforealsothethighsandtheshanksandthehips，
　　andthebonesofthearmsandtheforearms，andotherpartswhichhave
　　nojoints，andtheinnerbones，whichonaccountoftherarityof
　　thesoulinthemarrowaredestituteofreason—alltheseare
　　abundantlyprovidedwithflesh；butsuchashavemindinthemarein
　　generallessfleshy，exceptwherethecreatorhasmadesomepart
　　solelyoffleshinordertogivesensation—as，forexample，the
　　tongue。Butcommonlythisisnotthecase。Forthenaturewhich
　　comesintobeingandgrowsupinusbyalawofnecessity，doesnot
　　admitofthecombinationofsolidboneandmuchfleshwithacute
　　perceptions。Morethananyotherparttheframeworkofthehead
　　wouldhavehadthem，iftheycouldhaveco—existed，andthehuman
　　race，havingastrongandfleshyandsinewyhead，wouldhavehada
　　lifetwiceormanytimesaslongasitnowhas，andalsomore
　　healthyandfreefrompain。