32。Ibid。,i206。
33。Works,i,205;andDumont’sTraité;s1820,i,xxv,xxvi。Theword’springsofaction’perhapscomefromthemarginalnotetotheabove-mentionedpassageofLockebk。ii,chap。xxvi,section41,42。
34。MoralsandLegislation,chaps。iv,v,vi。
35。See’CodificationProposal’Works,iv,540,whereBenthamtakesmoneyasrepresentingpleasure,andshowshowthepresentvaluemaybecalculatedlikethatofasumputouttointerest。ThesameassumptionisoftenmadebyPoliticalEconomistsinregardto’utilities’。
36。Works’MoralsandLegislation’,i,17n。
37。Itisnotworthwhiletoconsiderthisatlength;butIgivethefollowingconjecturalaccountofthelistasitappearsintheMoralsandLegislationabove。Inclassifyingpainorpleasure,Benthamis,Ithink,followingthecluesuggestedbyhis’sanctions’。Heisrealyclassifyingaccordingtotheircausesorthewayinwhichtheyare’annexed’。Thuspleasuremayormaynotbedependentuponotherpersons,orifuponotherpersons,maybeindirectlyordirectlycausedbytheirpleasuresorpains。Pleasuresnotcausedbypersonscorrespondtothe’physicalsanction’,andarethose1ofthe’senses’,2ofwealth,i。e。,causedbythepossessionofthings,and3of’skill’,i。e。,causedbyourabilitytousethings。Pleasurescausedbypersonsindirectlycorrespondfirsttothe’popularormoralsanction,’andarepleasures4
of’amity’,causedbythegoodwillofindividuals,and5ofa’goodname’,causedbythegoodwillofpeopleingeneral;secondly,to’politicalsanction,’
namely6pleasuresof’power’;andthirdly,tothe’religioussanction,’
or7pleasuresof’piety’。Alltheseare’self-regardingpleasures。’Thepleasurescauseddirectlybythepleasuresofothersarethose8of’benevolence’,and9ofmalevolence。Wethenhavewhatisreallyacrossdivisionofclassesof’deriviative’pleasures;thesebeingdueto10memory,11imagination,12expectation,13association。Toeachclassofpleasurescorrespondsaclassofpains,exceptthattherearenopainscorrespondingtothepleasuresofwealthorpower。Wehave,however,ageneralclassofpainsof’privation’,whichmightincludepairsofpovertyorweakness:andtotheseareopposed14pleasuresof’relief’,i。e。,oftheprivationofpains。IntheTable,asseparatelypublished,Benthammodifiedthisbydividingpleasuresof’curiosity’
forpleasuresof’skill’,bysuppressingpleasuresofreliefandpainsofprivation;andbyadding,asaclassof’pains’withoutcorrespondingpleasures,pains1oflabour,2of’death,andbodilypainsingeneral。’ThesechangesseemtohavebeenintroducedinthecourseofwritinghisIntroduction,wheretheyarepartlyassumed。Anotherclassisaddedtoincludeallclassesof’self-regardingpleasuresorpains。’Heistryingtogivealistofall’synomyms’
forvariouspainsandpleasures,andhasthereforetoadmitclassescorrespondingtogeneralnameswhichincludeotherclasses。
38。Works,i,210,wherehespeaksofpleasuresofthe’ball-rooms’,the’theatre’,andthe’finearts’asderivablefromthe’simpleandelementary’
pleasures。
39。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,22etc。
40。Ibid。,i,33。
41。MoralsandLegislation,ch。vii,toxi。
42。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,46。
43。Ibid。,48。
44。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,56。
45。Ibid。,56。
46。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,60。
47。Ibid。,i,62。
48。Ibid。,i,65。
49。Thesearethetwoclassesof’springsofaction’omittedintheTable。
50。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,68。
51。HereBenthamlaysdowntherulethatpunishmentshouldrisewiththestrengthofthetemptation,atheorywhichleadstosomecuriouscasuisticalproblems。Hedoesnotfullydiscuss,andIcannothereconsider,them。I
willonlynotethatitmayconceivablybenecessarytoincreasetheseverityofpunishment,insteadofremovingthetemptationorstrengtheningthepreventiveaction。Ifso,thelawbecomesimmoralinthesenseofpunishingmoreseverlyasthecrimehasmoremoralexcuse。Thiswasoftentrueoftheoldcriminallaw,whichpunishedoffencescruellybecauseithadnoeffectivesystemofpolice。Benthamwouldofcoursehaveagreedthattheprincipleinthiscasewasabadone。
52。MoralsandLegislation,ch。xii。
53。MoralsandLegislation,ch。xivachapterinsertedfromDumont’sTraité;s。
54。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,p。86。
55。Ibid。,i,144。
56。Ibid。,i,145。
57。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,143。
58。Ibid。,i,147-48。
59。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,406n。
60。Works,’MoralsandLegislation’,i,96n。
61。Works,iii。267。
62。Ibid。,x,569。
63。Autobiography,p。116。
64。ThesubjectisagaintreatedinBookvon’CircumstantialEvidence。’
65。Works,vi,204。
66。Works,vii,391。
67。Works,vii,321-25。Court-martialsarehardlyahappyexamplenow。
68。’Truthv。Ashhurst’1792,Works,v,235。
69。Works’CodificationPetition’,v,442。
70。Ibid。,vi,11。
71。Ibid。,v,92。
72。Works,vii,204,331;ix,143。
73。Ibid。,vii,214。
74。Ibid。,v,349。
75。Ibid。,v,364。
76。Works,v,371。
77。Ibid。,v,375。
78。Ibid。,vii,188。
79。Ibid。,v,370。
80。Works,v,97,etc。
81。SeeprefacetoConstitutionalCodeinvol。ix。
82。Bentham’snephew,George,whodiedwhenapproachinghiseighty-fourthbirthday,devotedthelasttwenty-fiveyearsofhislifewithequalassiduitytohisGeneraPlantarum。SeeacuriousanecdoteofhispersistenceintheDictionaryofNationalBiography。
83。Works,iii,573。
84。Works,ix,5,8。
85。Thetheory,asMillremindsus,hadbeenverypointedanticipatedbyHelvé;tius。Bentham’spracticalexperience,however,hadforcedituponhisattention。
86。Works,ix,141。Thegeneralprinciple,however,isconfirmedbythecaseofGeorgeIII。
87。Ibid。,ix,45。
88。Ibid。,ix,98。
89。Works,ix,98。
90。e。g。Ibid。ix,38,50,63,99,etc。
91。Ibid。’PlanofParliamentaryReform’iii,463。
92。Works,ix,594。
93。Ibid。,ix,62。
94。Ibid。,ix,24。
95。Ibid。,ix,48。
96。Dissertations,i,377。
97。Works,ii,497。
98。Ibid。,ii,501。
99。Ibid。,ii,503。
第46章