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第36章

  16。Works,xix,64。
  17。Works,xix,226。
  18。Ibid。,xix,235。
  19。NationalResources,p。158。
  20。Ibid。,p。160。
  21。Works,xix,262。
  22,Works,xix,75。
  23。Ibid。,xix,118-47。
  24。Ibid。,343。
  25。SeeIbid。,xix,171。
  J。S。MillspeaksofChalmer’sspeculationswitharespectwhichitisdifficulttounderstand。
  26。ChalmersholdsthattheRicardiandoctrineofrentinvertsthetrueorder。Fertilelandsdonotpayrentbecausepoorlandsarebroughtintocultivation,butpoorlandsaecultivatedbecausefertilelandspayrent。Heapparentlywishes,likeMalthus,toregardrentasablessing,notacurse。Thepointisnotwortharguing。SeeWorks,xix,320。
  27。Works,xix,304-5。
  28。Ibid。,xix,370。
  29。Ibid。,xix,366。
  30。Ibid。,xix,322。
  31。Works,xx,247,296。
  32。Ibid。,xx,290。
  33。Works,xix,380。
  34。ThecopyofMalthus’ssecondeditionwithColeridge’snotesusedbySoutheyisintheBritishMuseum。
  35。SeeSouthey’sPolitical。
  36。ThoughtsoccasionedbyDrParr’sSpitalSermon。AcopyannotatedbyColeridgeisintheBritishMuseum。
  37。Thoughts,etc。,pp。56,61,62。
  38。Ibid。,p。71。
  39。LinesaddedtoGoldsmith’sTraveller。
  40。ReplytotheEssayonPopulation,etc。,1807。Thebookwasanonymous。ThefirstthreelettershadappearedinCobbet’sRegister。Twootherswithanappendixareadded。
  41。Bentham’sWorks,x,603;andDictionaryofNationalBiography。
  42。SeeDictionaryofNationalBiography。
  43。Hazlitt’sReply,p。19。
  44。Ibid。,pp。139-41。
  45。Ibid。,p。117。
  46。Reply,p。263。
  47。Ibid。,p。344。
  48。Ibid。,p。284。
  49。Ibid。,p。287。
  50。Reply,p。351。
  51。Ibid。,pp。362-64。
  52。Ibid。,p。352。
  53。Ensor’sEnquiry,p。294。
  54。Ibid。,p。441。
  55。Godwin,OnPopulation,p。506。
  56。Ibid。,p。353。
  57。Ibid。,p。558。
  58。Godwin,p。219。
  59。SeeaccountofhimreprintedfromMackenzie’sHistoryofNewcastleandDictionaryofNationalBiography。
  60。ReprintedbyHyndmanin1822,withapreface。
  61。SeeDictionaryofNationalBiography。Hall’sbookwasreprintedbyJ。M。Morganinthe’PhoenixLibrary,’1850。SeeAntonMenger’sDasRechtaufdenvollenArbeitsertragsecondedition,1891,fornoticesofHall,Thompsonandothers。
  62。EffectsofCivilization1850,p。86。
  63。Ibid。,p。71。
  64。Ibid。,p。115。
  65。Autobiography,p。125。SeeHolyoake’sHistoryofCo-operation,i,16,109,278-83,348,forsomeinterestingnoticesofThompson。MengerRechtaufdenvollenArbeitsertrag,p。100n。holdsthatThompsonnotonlyanticipatedbyinspiredMarx:Rodbertus,hesays,drewchieflyuponSt。SimonandProudhon。
  66。AnInquiryintothePrinciplesoftheDistributionofWealthmostconductivetoHumanHappiness;
  appliedtotheNewlyProposedSystemofVoluntaryEqualityofWealth,-1824。
  67。DistributionofWealth,p。327。
  68。DistributionofWealth,p。167,etc。
  69。Ibid。,p。310。
  70。Hewrote,asJ。S。Millobserves,anAppeal1825againstJamesMill’sviewsonthismatter-afactwhichnodoubtcommendedhimtotheson。
  71。DistributionofWealth,pp。425,535,etc。
  72。LabourDefended,p。16。
  Chapter7:PsychologyI。ThomasBrownThepoliticiansandeconomists,ofwhomIhavespoken,tookfirstprinciplesforgranted,theintellectualtemperament,whichmadecertainmethodscongenialtothem,wouldnodoubthaveledthemtoananalogouspositioninphilosophy,Benthamhadtoucheduponphilosophicalpointsinasummaryway,andJamesMill,asweshallsee,gaveamoreexplicitstatement,ButsuchmenasRicardoandMalthushadnosystematicphilosophy,thoughacertainphilosophywascongenialtotheirmethods,Desiretoreachasolidgroundworkoffact,heartyaversiontomereword-juggling,andtoeffeminatesentimentalism,respectforscienceandindifferenceto,ifnotcontemptfor,poetry,resolutiontoapprovenolawsorinstitutionswhichcouldnotbesupportedonplaingroundsofutility,andtoacceptnotheorywhichcouldnotbefirmlybasedonverifiableexperience,implymoralandintellectualtendencies,inwhichwemayperhapssaythattheUtilitariansrepresentsomeofthestrongestandmostvaluablequalitiesofthenationalcharacter,takingthesequalitiesforgranted,letusconsiderhowtheultimateproblemspresentedthemselvestotheschoolthusdistinguished。
  IhavealreadyobservedthattheScottishphilosophy,taughtbyReidandDugaldStewart,representedtheonlyapproachtoalivingphilosophicalsystemintheseislandsatthebeginningofthecentury,itheldthispositionforalongperiod。
  Mill,whohadheardDugaldStewart’slectures,knewnothingofGermanthought。
  HewaswellreadinFrenchphilosophers,andinharmonywithoneleadingsect。Theso-calledidé;ologues,1whoregardedCondillacasrepresentingthetruelineofintellectualprogress,wereinFrancetheanaloguesoftheEnglishUtilitarians。DestuttdeTracyandCabanisweretheirmostconspicuousleadersinthisgeneration。ThephilosophyofReidandStewartcrossedthechannel,andsuppliedthefirstassailantsoftheidé;ologueswiththeircontroversialweapons。Thus,untiltheGermaninfluencecametomodifythewholecontroversy,thevitalissueseemedtoliebetweenthedoctrineofReidor’intuitionism’ontheonehand,andthepurely’experiential’schoolontheother,whether,asinFrance,itfollowedCondillac,or,asinEngland,lookedbackchieflytoHartley。BothsectionstracedtheirintellectualancestrytoLockeandHobbes,withsomereferencetoBacon,and,bytheFrenchwriters,toDescartes。
  Stewart,again,asIhavesaid,wastheacceptedWhigphilosopher。ItistruethattheWhigsathabituallyintheseatofGallio。Jeffrey,whetherhefullyrealisedthefactornot,wasatbottomascepticinphilosophyasinpolitics。JohnAllen,theprophetofHollandHouse,wasathoroughsceptic,andsays2thatHorner,oneofStewart’spersonaladmirers,wasreallyafollowerofHume。TheWhigswereinclinedtoShaftesbury’sdoctrinethatsensiblemenhadallonereligion,andthatsensiblemenneversaidwhatitwas。ThosewhohadamoredefiniteandavowablecreedwerecontenttofollowStewart’samiablephilosophising。Broughamprofessed,letushope,sincerely,tobeanorthodoxtheist,andexplainedtheargumentfromdesigninacommentaryuponPaley。SydneySmithexpoundedReidandStewartinlectureswhichshowedatleastthathewasstillawitwhentalking’philosophy’attheRoyalinstitution;and,thoughhehated’enthusiasm’
  indissenters,evangelicals,andtractarians,andkeptreligionstrictlyinitsplace——aplacewelloutsideofpracticalpolitics——managedtopreachawholesome,commonplacemoralityintermsofChristiantheology。