16。Works,xix,64。
17。Works,xix,226。
18。Ibid。,xix,235。
19。NationalResources,p。158。
20。Ibid。,p。160。
21。Works,xix,262。
22,Works,xix,75。
23。Ibid。,xix,118-47。
24。Ibid。,343。
25。SeeIbid。,xix,171。
J。S。MillspeaksofChalmer’sspeculationswitharespectwhichitisdifficulttounderstand。
26。ChalmersholdsthattheRicardiandoctrineofrentinvertsthetrueorder。Fertilelandsdonotpayrentbecausepoorlandsarebroughtintocultivation,butpoorlandsaecultivatedbecausefertilelandspayrent。Heapparentlywishes,likeMalthus,toregardrentasablessing,notacurse。Thepointisnotwortharguing。SeeWorks,xix,320。
27。Works,xix,304-5。
28。Ibid。,xix,370。
29。Ibid。,xix,366。
30。Ibid。,xix,322。
31。Works,xx,247,296。
32。Ibid。,xx,290。
33。Works,xix,380。
34。ThecopyofMalthus’ssecondeditionwithColeridge’snotesusedbySoutheyisintheBritishMuseum。
35。SeeSouthey’sPolitical。
36。ThoughtsoccasionedbyDrParr’sSpitalSermon。AcopyannotatedbyColeridgeisintheBritishMuseum。
37。Thoughts,etc。,pp。56,61,62。
38。Ibid。,p。71。
39。LinesaddedtoGoldsmith’sTraveller。
40。ReplytotheEssayonPopulation,etc。,1807。Thebookwasanonymous。ThefirstthreelettershadappearedinCobbet’sRegister。Twootherswithanappendixareadded。
41。Bentham’sWorks,x,603;andDictionaryofNationalBiography。
42。SeeDictionaryofNationalBiography。
43。Hazlitt’sReply,p。19。
44。Ibid。,pp。139-41。
45。Ibid。,p。117。
46。Reply,p。263。
47。Ibid。,p。344。
48。Ibid。,p。284。
49。Ibid。,p。287。
50。Reply,p。351。
51。Ibid。,pp。362-64。
52。Ibid。,p。352。
53。Ensor’sEnquiry,p。294。
54。Ibid。,p。441。
55。Godwin,OnPopulation,p。506。
56。Ibid。,p。353。
57。Ibid。,p。558。
58。Godwin,p。219。
59。SeeaccountofhimreprintedfromMackenzie’sHistoryofNewcastleandDictionaryofNationalBiography。
60。ReprintedbyHyndmanin1822,withapreface。
61。SeeDictionaryofNationalBiography。Hall’sbookwasreprintedbyJ。M。Morganinthe’PhoenixLibrary,’1850。SeeAntonMenger’sDasRechtaufdenvollenArbeitsertragsecondedition,1891,fornoticesofHall,Thompsonandothers。
62。EffectsofCivilization1850,p。86。
63。Ibid。,p。71。
64。Ibid。,p。115。
65。Autobiography,p。125。SeeHolyoake’sHistoryofCo-operation,i,16,109,278-83,348,forsomeinterestingnoticesofThompson。MengerRechtaufdenvollenArbeitsertrag,p。100n。holdsthatThompsonnotonlyanticipatedbyinspiredMarx:Rodbertus,hesays,drewchieflyuponSt。SimonandProudhon。
66。AnInquiryintothePrinciplesoftheDistributionofWealthmostconductivetoHumanHappiness;
appliedtotheNewlyProposedSystemofVoluntaryEqualityofWealth,-1824。
67。DistributionofWealth,p。327。
68。DistributionofWealth,p。167,etc。
69。Ibid。,p。310。
70。Hewrote,asJ。S。Millobserves,anAppeal1825againstJamesMill’sviewsonthismatter-afactwhichnodoubtcommendedhimtotheson。
71。DistributionofWealth,pp。425,535,etc。
72。LabourDefended,p。16。
Chapter7:PsychologyI。ThomasBrownThepoliticiansandeconomists,ofwhomIhavespoken,tookfirstprinciplesforgranted,theintellectualtemperament,whichmadecertainmethodscongenialtothem,wouldnodoubthaveledthemtoananalogouspositioninphilosophy,Benthamhadtoucheduponphilosophicalpointsinasummaryway,andJamesMill,asweshallsee,gaveamoreexplicitstatement,ButsuchmenasRicardoandMalthushadnosystematicphilosophy,thoughacertainphilosophywascongenialtotheirmethods,Desiretoreachasolidgroundworkoffact,heartyaversiontomereword-juggling,andtoeffeminatesentimentalism,respectforscienceandindifferenceto,ifnotcontemptfor,poetry,resolutiontoapprovenolawsorinstitutionswhichcouldnotbesupportedonplaingroundsofutility,andtoacceptnotheorywhichcouldnotbefirmlybasedonverifiableexperience,implymoralandintellectualtendencies,inwhichwemayperhapssaythattheUtilitariansrepresentsomeofthestrongestandmostvaluablequalitiesofthenationalcharacter,takingthesequalitiesforgranted,letusconsiderhowtheultimateproblemspresentedthemselvestotheschoolthusdistinguished。
IhavealreadyobservedthattheScottishphilosophy,taughtbyReidandDugaldStewart,representedtheonlyapproachtoalivingphilosophicalsystemintheseislandsatthebeginningofthecentury,itheldthispositionforalongperiod。
Mill,whohadheardDugaldStewart’slectures,knewnothingofGermanthought。
HewaswellreadinFrenchphilosophers,andinharmonywithoneleadingsect。Theso-calledidé;ologues,1whoregardedCondillacasrepresentingthetruelineofintellectualprogress,wereinFrancetheanaloguesoftheEnglishUtilitarians。DestuttdeTracyandCabanisweretheirmostconspicuousleadersinthisgeneration。ThephilosophyofReidandStewartcrossedthechannel,andsuppliedthefirstassailantsoftheidé;ologueswiththeircontroversialweapons。Thus,untiltheGermaninfluencecametomodifythewholecontroversy,thevitalissueseemedtoliebetweenthedoctrineofReidor’intuitionism’ontheonehand,andthepurely’experiential’schoolontheother,whether,asinFrance,itfollowedCondillac,or,asinEngland,lookedbackchieflytoHartley。BothsectionstracedtheirintellectualancestrytoLockeandHobbes,withsomereferencetoBacon,and,bytheFrenchwriters,toDescartes。
Stewart,again,asIhavesaid,wastheacceptedWhigphilosopher。ItistruethattheWhigsathabituallyintheseatofGallio。Jeffrey,whetherhefullyrealisedthefactornot,wasatbottomascepticinphilosophyasinpolitics。JohnAllen,theprophetofHollandHouse,wasathoroughsceptic,andsays2thatHorner,oneofStewart’spersonaladmirers,wasreallyafollowerofHume。TheWhigswereinclinedtoShaftesbury’sdoctrinethatsensiblemenhadallonereligion,andthatsensiblemenneversaidwhatitwas。ThosewhohadamoredefiniteandavowablecreedwerecontenttofollowStewart’samiablephilosophising。Broughamprofessed,letushope,sincerely,tobeanorthodoxtheist,andexplainedtheargumentfromdesigninacommentaryuponPaley。SydneySmithexpoundedReidandStewartinlectureswhichshowedatleastthathewasstillawitwhentalking’philosophy’attheRoyalinstitution;and,thoughhehated’enthusiasm’
indissenters,evangelicals,andtractarians,andkeptreligionstrictlyinitsplace——aplacewelloutsideofpracticalpolitics——managedtopreachawholesome,commonplacemoralityintermsofChristiantheology。
第36章