cepts.Andafteratime，setbeforetheethineownexample;andexaminethyselfstrictly，whetherthoudidstnotbestatfirst.Neglectnotalsotheexamples，ofthosethathavecarriedthemselvesill，inthesameplace;nottosetoffthyself，bytax—
　　ingtheirmemory，buttodirectthyself，whattoavoid.Reformtherefore，withoutbravery，orscan—
　　dalofformertimesandpersons;butyetsetitdowntothyself，aswelltocreategoodprecedents，astofollowthem.Reducethingstothefirstinstitution，andobservewherein，andhow，theyhavedegen—
　　erate;butyetaskcounselofbothtimes;oftheancienttime，whatisbest;andofthelattertime，whatisfittest.Seektomakethycourseregular，thatmenmayknowbeforehand，whattheymayexpect;butbenottoopositiveandperemptory;
　　andexpressthyselfwell，whenthoudigressestfromthyrule.Preservetherightofthyplace;butstirnotquestionsofjurisdiction;andratheras—
　　sumethyright，insilenceanddefacto，thanvoiceitwithclaims，andchallenges.Preservelikewisetherightsofinferiorplaces;andthinkitmorehonor，todirectinchief，thantobebusyinall.
　　Embraceandinvitehelps，andadvices，touchingtheexecutionofthyplace;anddonotdriveawaysuch，asbringtheeinformation，asmeddlers;butacceptofthemingoodpart.Thevicesofauthorityarechieflyfour：delays，corruption，roughness，andfacility.Fordelays：giveeasyaccess;keeptimesappointed;gothroughwiththatwhichisinhand，andinterlacenotbusiness，butofnecessity.
　　Forcorruption：donotonlybindthineownhands，orthyservants’hands，fromtaking，butbindthehandsofsuitorsalso，fromoffering.Forintegrityuseddoththeone;butintegrityprofessed，andwithamanifestdetestationofbribery，doththeother.Andavoidnotonlythefault，butthesus—
　　picion.Whosoeverisfoundvariable，andchangethmanifestlywithoutmanifestcause，givethsus—
　　picionofcorruption.Thereforealways，whenthouchangestthineopinionorcourse，professitplainly，anddeclareit，togetherwiththereasonsthatmovetheetochange;anddonotthinktostealit.A
　　servantorafavorite，ifhebeinward，andnootherapparentcauseofesteem，iscommonlythought，butaby—waytoclosecorruption.Forroughness：itisaneedlesscauseofdiscontent：
　　severitybreedethfear，butroughnessbreedethhate.Evenreproofsfromauthority，oughttobegrave，andnottaunting.Asforfacility：itisworsethanbribery.Forbribescomebutnowandthen;
　　butifimportunity，oridlerespects，leadaman，heshallneverbewithout.AsSolomonsaith，Tore—
　　spectpersonsisnotgood;forsuchamanwilltransgressforapieceofbread.Itismosttrue，thatwasancientlyspoken，Aplaceshoweththeman.
　　Anditshowethsometothebetter，andsometotheworse.Omniumconsensucapaximperii，nisiim—
　　perasset，saithTacitusofGalba;butofVespasianhesaith，Solusimperantium，Vespasianusmutatusinmelius;thoughtheonewasmeantofsufficiency，theotherofmanners，andaffection.Itisanassuredsignofaworthyandgenerousspirit，whomhonoramends.Forhonoris，orshouldbe，theplaceofvirtue;andasinnature，thingsmoveviolentlytotheirplace，andcalmlyintheirplace，sovirtueinambitionisviolent，inauthoritysettledandcalm.
　　Allrisingtogreatplaceisbyawindingstar;andiftherebefactions，itisgoodtosideaman’sself，whilstheisintherising，andtobalancehimselfwhenheisplaced.Usethememoryofthyprede—
　　cessor，fairlyandtenderly;forifthoudostnot，itisadebtwillsurebepaidwhenthouartgone.Ifthouhavecolleagues，respectthem，andrathercallthem，whentheylooknotforit，thanexcludethem，whentheyhavereasontolooktobecalled.
　　Benottoosensible，ortooremembering，ofthyplaceinconversation，andprivateanswerstosuitors;butletitratherbesaid，Whenhesitsinplace，heisanotherman.
　　OfBoldnessOfBoldnessITISatrivialgrammar—schooltext，butyetworthyawiseman’sconsideration.QuestionwasaskedofDemosthenes，whatwasthechiefpartofanorator？heanswered，action;whatnext？
　　action;whatnextagain？action.Hesaidit，thatknewitbest，andhad，bynature，himselfnoad—
　　vantageinthathecommended.Astrangething，thatthatpartofanorator，whichisbutsuperficial，andratherthevirtueofaplayer，shouldbeplacedsohigh，abovethoseothernobleparts，ofinvention，elocution，andtherest;nay，almostalone，asifitwereallinall.Butthereasonisplain.Thereisinhumannaturegenerally，moreofthefoolthanofthewise;andthereforethosefaculties，bywhichthefoolishpartofmen’smindsistaken，aremostpotent.Wonderfullikeisthecaseofboldnessincivilbusiness：whatfirst？boldness;whatsecondandthird？boldness.Andyetboldnessisachildofignoranceandbaseness，farinferiortootherparts.
　　Butneverthelessitdothfascinate，andbindhandandfoot，thosethatareeithershallowinjudg—
　　ment，orweakincourage，whicharethegreatestpart;yeaandprevailethwithwisemenatweaktimes.Thereforeweseeithathdonewonders，inpopularstates;butwithsenates，andprincesless;
　　andmoreeveruponthefirstentranceofboldper—
　　sonsintoaction，thansoonafter;forboldnessisanillkeeperofpromise.Surely，astherearemounte—
　　banksforthenaturalbody，soaretheremounte—
　　banksforthepoliticbody;menthatundertakegreatcures，andperhapshavebeenlucky，intwoorthreeexperiments，butwantthegroundsofscience，andthereforecannotholdout.Nay，youshallseeaboldfellowmanytimesdoMahomet’smiracle.Mahometmadethepeoplebelievethathewouldcallanhilltohim，andfromthetopofitofferuphisprayers，fortheobserversofhislaw.
　　Thepeopleassembled;Mahometcalledthehilltocometohim，againandagain;andwhenthehillstoodstill，hewasneverawhitabashed，butsaid，IfthehillwillnotcometoMahomet，Mahometwillgotothehill.Sothesemen，whentheyhavepromisedgreatmatters，andfailedmostshame—
　　fully，yet（iftheyhavetheperfectionofboldness）
　　theywillbutslightitover，andmakeaturn，andnomoreado.Certainlytomenofgreatjudgment，boldpersonsareasporttobehold;nay，andtothevulgaralso，boldnesshassomewhatoftheridicu—
　　lous.Forifabsurditybethesubjectoflaughter，doubtyounotbutgreatboldnessisseldomwithoutsomeabsurdity.Especiallyitisasporttosee，whenaboldfellowisoutofcountenance;forthatputshisfaceintoamostshrunken，andwoodenpos—
　　ture;asneedsitmust;forinbashfulness，thespiritsdoalittlegoandcome;butwithboldmen，uponlikeoccasion，theystandatastay;likeastaleatchess，whereitisnomate，butyetthegamecannotstir.Butthislastwerefitterforasatirethanforaseriousobservation.Thisiswelltobeweighed;
　　thatboldnessiseverblind;foritseethnotdanger，andinconveniences.Thereforeitisillincounsel，goodinexecution;sothattherightuseofboldper—
　　sonsis，thattheynevercommandinchief，butbeseconds，andunderthedirectionofothers.Forincounsel，itisgoodtoseedangers;andinexecution，nottoseethem，excepttheybeverygreat.
　　OfGoodnessandGOODNESSOFNATURE
　　OfGoodnessandGOODNESSOFNATURE
　　ITAKEgoodnessinthissense，theaffectingofthewealofmen，whichisthattheGrecianscallphilanthropia;andthewordhumanity（asitisused）isalittletoolighttoexpressit.Good—
　　nessIcallthehabit，andgoodnessofnature，theinclination.Thisofallvirtues，anddignitiesofthemind，isthegreatest;beingthecharacteroftheDeity：andwithoutit，manisabusy，mischievous，wretchedthing;nobetterthanakindofvermin.
　　Goodnessanswerstothetheologicalvirtue，char—
　　ity，andadmitsnoexcess，buterror.Thedesireofpowerinexcess，causedtheangelstofall;thedesireofknowledgeinexcess，causedmantofall：butincharitythereisnoexcess;neithercanangel，norman，comeindangerbyit.Theinclinationtogood—
　　ness，isimprinteddeeplyinthenatureofman;in—
　　somuch，thatifitissuenottowardsmen，itwilltakeuntootherlivingcreatures;asitisseenintheTurks，acruelpeople，whoneverthelessarekindtobeasts，andgivealms，todogsandbirds;inso—
　　much，asBusbechiusreporteth，aChristianboy，inConstantinople，hadliketohavebeenstoned，forgagginginawaggishnessalong—billedfowl.
　　Errorsindeedinthisvirtueofgoodness，orcharity，maybecommitted.TheItalianshaveanungra—
　　ciousproverb，Tantobuonchevalniente：sogood，thatheisgoodfornothing.AndoneofthedoctorsofItaly，NicholasMachiavel，hadtheconfidencetoputinwriting，almostinplainterms，ThattheChristianfaith，hadgivenupgoodmen，inpreytothosethataretyrannicalandun—
　　just.Whichhespake，becauseindeedtherewasneverlaw，orsect，oropinion，didsomuchmag—
　　nifygoodness，astheChristianreligiondoth.
　　Therefore，toavoidthescandalandthedangerboth，itisgood，totakeknowledgeoftheerrorsofanhabitsoexcellent.Seekthegoodofothermen，butbenotinbondagetotheirfacesorfancies;forthatisbutfacility，orsoftness;whichtakethanhonestmindprisoner.NeithergivethouAEsop’scockagem，whowouldbebetterpleased，andhap—
　　pier，ifhehadhadabarley—corn.TheexampleofGod，teacheththelessontruly：Hesendethhisrain，andmakethhissuntoshine，uponthejustandunjust;buthedothnotrainwealth，norshinehonorandvirtues，uponmenequally.Commonbenefits，aretobecommunicatewithall;butpe—
　　culiarbenefits，withchoice.Andbewarehowinmakingtheportraiture，thoubreakestthepattern.
　　Fordivinity，makeththeloveofourselvesthepat—
　　tern;theloveofourneighbors，buttheportraiture.
　　Sellallthouhast，andgiveittothepoor，andfol—
　　lowme：but，sellnotallthouhast，exceptthoucomeandfollowme;thatis，exceptthouhaveavocation，whereinthoumayestdoasmuchgood，withlittlemeansaswithgreat;forotherwise，infeedingthestreams，thoudriestthefountain.
　　Neitheristhereonlyahabitofgoodness，directedbyrightreason;butthereisinsomemen，eveninnature，adispositiontowardsit;asontheotherside，thereisanaturalmalignity.Fortherebe，thatintheirnaturedonotaffectthegoodofothers.
　　Thelightersortofmalignity，turnethbuttoacrassness，orfrowardness，oraptnesstooppose，ordifficulties，orthelike;butthedeepersort，toenvyandmeremischief.Suchmen，inothermen’sca—
　　lamities，are，asitwere，inseason，andareeverontheloadingpart：notsogoodasthedogs，thatlickedLazarus’sores;butlikeflies，thatarestillbuzzinguponanythingthatisraw;misanthropi，thatmakeittheirpractice，tobringmentothebough，andyetneveratreeforthepurposeintheirgar—
　　dens，asTimonhad.Suchdispositions，aretheveryerrorsofhumannature;andyettheyarethefittesttimber，tomakegreatpoliticsof;liketokneetim—
　　ber，thatisgoodforships，thatareordainedtobetossed;butnotforbuildinghouses，thatshallstandfirm.Thepartsandsignsofgoodness，aremany.Ifamanbegraciousandcourteoustostrangers，itshowsheisacitizenoftheworld，andthathisheartisnoisland，cutofffromotherlands，butaconti—
　　nent，thatjoinstothem.Ifhebecompassionatetowardstheafflictionsofothers，itshowsthathisheartislikethenobletree，thatiswoundeditself，whenitgivesthebalm.Ifheeasilypardons，andremitsoffences，itshowsthathismindisplantedaboveinjuries;sothathecannotbeshot.Ifhebethankfulforsmallbenefits，itshowsthatheweighsmen’sminds，andnottheirtrash.Butaboveall，ifhehaveSt.Paul’sperfection，thathewouldwishtobeanathemafromChrist，forthesalvationofhisbrethren，itshowsmuchofadivinenature，andakindofconformitywithChristhimself.
　　OfNobilityOfNobilityWEWILLspeakofnobility，firstasaportionofanestate，thenasaconditionofparticu—
　　larpersons.Amonarchy，wherethereisnonobil—
　　ityatall，iseverapureandabsolutetyranny;asthatoftheTurks.Fornobilityattemperssover—
　　eignty，anddrawstheeyesofthepeople，somewhatasidefromthelineroyal.Butfordemocracies，theyneeditnot;andtheyarecommonlymorequiet，andlesssubjecttosedition，thanwheretherearestirpsofnobles.Formen’seyesareuponthebusiness，andnotuponthepersons;orifuponthepersons，itisforthebusiness’sake，asfittest，andnotforflagsandpedigree.WeseetheSwitzerslastwell，notwithstandingtheirdiversityofreligion，andofcantons.Forutilityistheirbond，andnotrespects.TheunitedprovincesoftheLowCoun—
　　tries，intheirgovernment，excel;forwherethereisanequality，theconsultationsaremoreindif—
　　ferent，andthepaymentsandtributes，morecheerful.Agreatandpotentnobility，addethmajestytoamonarch，butdiminishethpower;
　　andputtethlifeandspiritintothepeople，butpresseththeirfortune.Itiswell，whennoblesarenottoogreatforsovereigntynorforjustice;andyetmaintainedinthatheight，astheinsolencyofinferiorsmaybebrokenuponthem，beforeitcomeontoofastuponthemajestyofkings.Anumerousnobilitycausethpoverty，andinconvenienceinastate;foritisasurchargeofexpense;andbesides，itbeingofnecessity，thatmanyofthenobilityfall，intime，tobeweakinfortune，itmakethakindofdisproportion，betweenhonorandmeans.
　　Asfornobilityinparticularpersons;itisarev—
　　erendthing，toseeanancientcastleorbuilding，notindecay;ortoseeafairtimbertree，soundandperfect.Howmuchmore，tobeholdanancientnoblefamily，whichhasstoodagainstthewavesandweathersoftime！Fornewnobilityisbuttheactofpower，butancientnobilityistheactoftime.
　　Thosethatarefirstraisedtonobility，arecom—
　　monlymorevirtuous，butlessinnocent，thantheirdescendants;forthereisrarelyanyrising，butbyacommixtureofgoodandevilarts.Butitisreason，thememoryoftheirvirtuesremaintotheirpos—
　　terity，andtheirfaultsdiewiththemselves.Nobil—
　　ityofbirthcommonlyabatethindustry;andhethatisnotindustrious，enviethhimthatis.Besides，noblepersonscannotgomuchhigher;andhethatstandethatastay，whenothersrise，canhardlyavoidmotionsofenvy.Ontheotherside，nobil—
　　ityextinguisheththepassiveenvyfromothers，towardsthem;becausetheyareinpossessionofhonor.Certainly，kingsthathaveablemenoftheirnobility，shallfindeaseinemployingthem，andabetterslideintotheirbusiness;forpeoplenaturallybendtothem，asborninsomesorttocommand.
　　OfSeditionsANDTROUBLES
　　OfSeditionsANDTROUBLES
　　SHEPHERDSofpeople，hadneedknowthecalendarsoftempestsinstate;whicharecom—
　　monlygreatest，whenthingsgrowtoequality;asnaturaltempestsaregreatestabouttheEquinoc—
　　tia.Andastherearecertainhollowblastsofwind，andsecretswellingsofseasbeforeatempest，soarethereinstates：
　　——IlleetiamcaecosinstaretumultusSaepemonet，fraudesqueetopertatunescerebella.
　　Libelsandlicentiousdiscoursesagainstthestate，whentheyarefrequentandopen;andinlikesort，falsenewsoftenrunningupanddown，tothedis—
　　advantageofthestate，andhastilyembraced;areamongstthesignsoftroubles.Virgil，givingthepedigreeofFame，saith，shewassistertotheGiants：
　　IllamTerraparens，irrairritatadeorum，Extremam（utperhibent）CoeoEnceladoquesororemProgenuit.—
　　Asiffamesweretherelicsofseditionspast;buttheyarenoless，indeed，thepreludesofseditionstocome.Howsoeverhenotethitright，thatseditioustumults，andseditiousfames，differnomorebutasbrotherandsister，masculineandfeminine;es—
　　peciallyifitcometothat，thatthebestactionsofastate，andthemostplausible，andwhichoughttogivegreatestcontentment，aretakeninillsense，andtraduced：forthatshowstheenvygreat，asTacitussaith;conflatamagnainvidia，seubeneseumalegestapremunt.Neitherdothitfollow，thatbecausethesefamesareasignoftroubles，thatthesuppressingofthemwithtoomuchseverity，shouldbearemedyoftroubles.Forthedespisingofthem，manytimeschecksthembest;andthegoingabouttostopthem，dothbutmakeawonderlong—lived.Alsothatkindofobedience，whichTacitusspeakethof，istobeheldsuspected：Erantinofficio，sedtamenquimallentmandataimpe—
　　rantiuminterpretariquamexequi;disputing，ex—
　　cusing，cavillinguponmandatesanddirections，isakindofshakingofftheyoke，andassayofdis—
　　obedience;especiallyifinthosedisputings，theywhichareforthedirection，speakfearfullyandtenderly，andthosethatareagainstit，audaciously.
　　Also，asMachiavelnotethwell，whenprinces，thatoughttobecommonparents，makethem—
　　selvesasaparty，andleantoaside，itisasaboat，thatisoverthrownbyunevenweightontheoneside;aswaswellseen，inthetimeofHenrytheThirdofFrance;forfirst，himselfenteredleaguefortheextirpationoftheProtestants;andpres—
　　entlyafter，thesameleaguewasturneduponhim—
　　self.Forwhentheauthorityofprinces，ismadebutanaccessorytoacause，andthattherebeotherbands，thattiefasterthanthebandofsovereignty，kingsbegintobeputalmostoutofpossession.
　　Also，whendiscords，andquarrels，andfactionsarecarriedopenlyandaudaciously，itisasignthereverenceofgovernmentislost.Forthemotionsofthegreatestpersonsinagovernment，oughttobeasthemotionsoftheplanetsunderprimummobile;accordingtotheoldopinion：whichis，thateveryofthem，iscarriedswiftlybythehighestmotion，andsoftlyintheirownmotion.
　　Andtherefore，whengreatonesintheirownparticularmotion，moveviolently，and，asTacitusexpressethitwell，liberiusquamutimperan—
　　tiummeminissent;itisasigntheorbsareoutofframe.Forreverenceisthat，wherewithprincesaregirtfromGod;whothreateneththedissolvingthereof;Solvamcingularegum.
　　Sowhenanyofthefourpillarsofgovernment，aremainlyshaken，orweakened（whicharerelig—
　　ion，justice，counsel，andtreasure），menhadneedtoprayforfairweather.Butletuspassfromthispartofpredictions（concerningwhich，neverthe—
　　less，morelightmaybetakenfromthatwhichfolloweth）;andletusspeakfirst，ofthematerialsofseditions;thenofthemotivesofthem;andthirdlyoftheremedies.
　　Concerningthematerialsofseditions.Itisathingwelltobeconsidered;forthesurestwaytopreventseditions（ifthetimesdobearit）istotakeawaythematterofthem.Foriftherebefuelpre—
　　pared，itishardtotell，whencethesparkshallcome，thatshallsetitonfire.Thematterofsedi—
　　tionsisoftwokinds：muchpoverty，andmuchdis—
　　contentment.Itiscertain，somanyoverthrownestates，somanyvotesfortroubles.LucannotethwellthestateofRomebeforetheCivilWar，Hincusuravorax，rapidumqueintemporefoenus，Hincconcussafides，etmultisutilebellum.
　　Thissamemultisutilebellum，isanassuredandinfalliblesign，ofastatedisposedtoseditionsandtroubles.Andifthispovertyandbrokenestateinthebettersort，bejoinedwithawantandnecessityinthemeanpeople，thedangerisimminentandgreat.Fortherebellionsofthebellyaretheworst.
　　Asfordiscontentments，theyare，inthepoliticbody，liketohumorsinthenatural，whichareapttogatherapreternaturalheat，andtoinflame.
　　Andletnoprincemeasurethedangerofthembythis，whethertheybejustorunjust：forthatweretoimaginepeople，tobetooreasonable;whodooftenspurnattheirowngood：noryetbythis，whetherthegriefswhereupontheyrise，beinfactgreatorsmall：fortheyarethemostdangerousdiscontentments，wherethefearisgreaterthanthefeeling.Dolendimodus，timendinonitem.
　　Besides，ingreatoppressions，thesamethingsthatprovokethepatience，dowithalmatethecourage;
　　butinfearsitisnotso.Neitherletanyprince，orstate，besecureconcerningdiscontentments，be—
　　causetheyhavebeenoften，orhavebeenlong，andyetnoperilhathensued：forasitistrue，thateveryvapororfumedothnotturnintoastorm;soitisneverthelesstrue，thatstorms，thoughtheyblowoverdiverstimes，yetmayfallatlast;and，astheSpanishproverbnotethwell，Thecordbreakethatthelastbytheweakestpull.
　　Thecausesandmotivesofseditionsare，innova—
　　tioninreligion;taxes;alterationoflawsandcus—
　　toms;breakingofprivileges;generaloppression;
　　advancementofunworthypersons;strangers;
　　dearths;disbandedsoldiers;factionsgrowndes—
　　perate;andwhatsoever，inoffendingpeople，joinethandknitteththeminacommoncause.
　　Fortheremedies;theremaybesomegeneralpreservatives，whereofwewillspeak：asforthejustcure，itmustanswertotheparticulardisease;
　　andsobelefttocounsel，ratherthanrule.
　　Thefirstremedyorpreventionistoremove，byallmeanspossible，thatmaterialcauseofseditionwhereofwespake;whichis，wantandpovertyintheestate.Towhichpurposeserveththeopening，andwell—balancingoftrade;thecherishingofmanufactures;thebanishingofidleness;there—
　　pressingofwaste，andexcess，bysumptuarylaws;
　　theimprovementandhusbandingofthesoil;theregulatingofpricesofthingsvendible;themoder—
　　atingoftaxesandtributes;andthelike.Generally，itistobeforeseenthatthepopulationofaking—
　　dom（especiallyifitbenotmowndownbywars）
　　donotexceedthestockofthekingdom，whichshouldmaintainthem.Neitheristhepopulationtobereckonedonlybynumber;forasmallernum—
　　ber，thatspendmoreandearnless，dowearoutanestatesooner，thanagreaternumberthatlivelower，andgathermore.Thereforethemultiply—
　　ingofnobility，andotherdegreesofquality，inanoverproportiontothecommonpeople，dothspeed—
　　ilybringastatetonecessity;andsodothlikewiseanovergrownclergy;fortheybringnothingtothestock;andinlikemanner，whenmorearebredscholars，thanprefermentscantakeoff.
　　Itislikewisetoberemembered，thatforasmuchastheincreaseofanyestatemustbeupontheforeigner（forwhatsoeverissomewheregotten，issomewherelost），therebebutthreethings，whichonenationsellethuntoanother;thecommodityasnatureyieldethit;themanufacture;andthevec—
　　ture，orcarriage.Sothatifthesethreewheelsgo，wealthwillflowasinaspringtide.Anditcomethmanytimestopass，thatmateriamsuperabitopus;
　　thattheworkandcarriageismoreworththanthematerial，andenrichethastatemore;asisnotablyseenintheLow—Countrymen，whohavethebestminesaboveground，intheworld.
　　Aboveallthings，goodpolicyistobeused，thatthetreasureandmoneys，inastate，benotgath—
　　eredintofewhands.Forotherwiseastatemayhaveagreatstock，andyetstarve.Andmoneyislikemuck，notgoodexceptitbespread.Thisisdone，chieflybysuppressing，oratleastkeepingastraithand，uponthedevouringtradesofusury，ingrossinggreatpasturages，andthelike.
　　Forremovingdiscontentments，oratleastthedangerofthem;thereisineverystate（asweknow）twoportionsofsubjects;thenoblesseandthecommonalty.Whenoneoftheseisdiscontent，thedangerisnotgreat;forcommonpeopleareofslowmotion，iftheybenotexcitedbythegreatersort;andthegreatersortareofsmallstrength，exceptthemultitudebeapt，andreadytomoveofthemselves.Thenisthedanger，whenthegreatersort，dobutwaitforthetroublingofthewatersamongstthemeaner，thatthentheymaydeclarethemselves.Thepoetsfeign，thattherestofthegodswouldhaveboundJupiter;whichhehearingof，bythecounselofPallas，sentforBriareus，withhishundredhands，tocomeintohisaid.Anem—
　　blem，nodoubt，toshowhowsafeitisformon—
　　archs，tomakesureofthegoodwillofcommonpeople.Togivemoderatelibertyforgriefsanddis—
　　contentmentstoevaporate（soitbewithouttoogreatinsolencyorbravery），isasafeway.Forhethatturneththehumorsback，andmakeththewoundbleedinwards，endangerethmalignulcers，andperniciousimposthumations.
　　ThepartofEpimetheusmoughtwellbecomePrometheus，inthecaseofdiscontentments：forthereisnotabetterprovisionagainstthem.Epime—
　　theus，whengriefsandevilsflewabroad，atlastshutthelid，andkepthopeinthebottomofthevessel.Certainly，thepoliticandartificialnourish—
　　ing，andentertainingofhopes，andcarryingmenfromhopestohopes，isoneofthebestantidotesagainstthepoisonofdiscontentments.Anditisacertainsignofawisegovernmentandproceeding，whenitcanholdmen’sheartsbyhopes，whenitcannotbysatisfaction;andwhenitcanhandlethings，insuchmanner，asnoevilshallappearsoperemptory，butthatithathsomeoutletofhope;
　　whichisthelesshardtodo，becausebothparticu—
　　larpersonsandfactions，areaptenoughtoflatterthemselves，oratleasttobravethat，whichtheybelievenot.
　　Alsotheforesightandprevention，thattherebenolikelyorfithead，whereuntodiscontentedper—
　　sonsmayresort，andunderwhomtheymayjoin，isaknown，butanexcellentpointofcaution.I
　　understandafithead，tobeonethathathgreat—
　　nessandreputation;thathathconfidencewiththediscontentedparty，anduponwhomtheyturntheireyes;andthatisthoughtdiscontented，inhisownparticular：whichkindofpersons，areeithertobewon，andreconciledtothestate，andthatinafastandtruemanner;ortobefrontedwithsomeother，ofthesameparty，thatmayopposethem，andsodividethereputation.Generally，thedivid—
　　ingandbreaking，ofallfactionsandcombinationsthatareadversetothestate，andsettingthematdistance，oratleastdistrust，amongstthemselves，isnotoneoftheworstremedies.Foritisadesper—
　　atecase，ifthosethatholdwiththeproceedingofthestate，befullofdiscordandfaction，andthosethatareagainstit，beentireandunited.
　　Ihavenoted，thatsomewittyandsharpspeeches，whichhavefallenfromprinces，havegivenfiretoseditions.Caesardidhimselfinfinitehurtinthatspeech，Syllanescivitliteras，nonpo—
　　tuitdictare;foritdidutterlycutoffthathope，whichmenhadentertained，thathewouldatonetimeorothergiveoverhisdictatorship.Galbaun—
　　didhimselfbythatspeech，legiasemilitem，nonemi;foritputthesoldiersoutofhopeofthedona—
　　tive.Probuslikewise，bythatspeech，Sivixero，nonopuseritampliusRomanoimperiomilitibus;
　　aspeechofgreatdespairforthesoldiers.Andmanythelike.Surelyprinceshadneed，intendermattersandticklishtimes，tobewarewhattheysay;especiallyintheseshortspeeches，whichflyabroadlikedarts，andarethoughttobeshotoutoftheirsecretintentions.Forasforlargediscourses，theyareflatthings，andnotsomuchnoted.
　　Lastly，letprinces，againstallevents，notbewithoutsomegreatperson，oneorrathermore，ofmilitaryvalor，nearuntothem，fortherepressingofseditionsintheirbeginnings.Forwithoutthat，thereusethtobemoretrepidationincourtuponthefirstbreakingoutoftroubles，thanwerefit.
　　AndthestaterunneththedangerofthatwhichTacitussaith;Atqueishabitusanimorumfuit，utpessimumfacinusauderentpauci，pluresvellent，omnespaterentur.Butletsuchmilitarypersonsbeassured，andwellreputedof，ratherthanfactiousandpopular;holdingalsogoodcorrespondencewiththeothergreatmeninthestate;orelsetheremedy，isworsethanthedisease.
　　OfAtheismOfAtheismIHADratherbelieveallthefablesintheLeg—
　　end，andtheTalmud，andtheAlcoran，thanthatthisuniversalframeiswithoutamind.
　　Andtherefore，Godneverwroughtmiracle，toconvinceatheism，becausehisordinaryworkscon—
　　vinceit.Itistrue，thatalittlephilosophyinclinethman’smindtoatheism;butdepthinphilosophybringethmen’smindsabouttoreligion.Forwhilethemindofmanlookethuponsecondcausesscat—
　　tered，itmaysometimesrestinthem，andgonofurther;butwhenitbeholdeththechainofthem，confederateandlinkedtogether，itmustneedsflytoProvidenceandDeity.Nay，eventhatschoolwhichismostaccusedofatheismdothmostdem—
　　onstratereligion;thatis，theschoolofLeucippusandDemocritusandEpicurus.Foritisathousandtimesmorecredible，thatfourmutableelements，andoneimmutablefifthessence，dulyandeter—
　　nallyplaced，neednoGod，thanthatanarmyofinfinitesmallportions，orseedsunplaced，shouldhaveproducedthisorderandbeauty，withoutadivinemarshal.TheScripturesaith，Thefoolhathsaidinhisheart，thereisnoGod;itisnotsaid，Thefoolhaththoughtinhisheart;soasherathersaithit，byrotetohimself，asthathewouldhave，thanthathecanthoroughlybelieveit，orbepersuadedofit.Fornonedeny，thereisaGod，butthose，forwhomitmakeththattherewerenoGod.Itap—
　　pearethinnothingmore，thatatheismisratherinthelip，thanintheheartofman，thanbythis;thatatheistswilleverbetalkingofthattheiropinion，asiftheyfaintedinit，withinthemselves，andwouldbegladtobestrengthened，bytheconsentofothers.Naymore，youshallhaveatheistsstrivetogetdisciples，asitfarethwithothersects.And，whichismostofall，youshallhaveofthem，thatwillsufferforatheism，andnotrecant;whereasiftheydidtrulythink，thattherewerenosuchthingasGod，whyshouldtheytroublethemselves？Epi—
　　curusischarged，thathedidbutdissembleforhiscredit’ssake，whenheaffirmedtherewereblessednatures，butsuchasenjoyedthemselves，withouthavingrespecttothegovernmentoftheworld.
　　Whereintheysayhedidtemporize;thoughinsecret，hethoughttherewasnoGod.Butcertainlyheistraduced;forhiswordsarenobleanddivine：
　　Nondeosvulginegareprofanum;sedvulgiopini—
　　onesdiisapplicareprofanum.Platocouldhavesaidnomore.Andalthoughhehadtheconfidence，todenytheadministration，hehadnotthepower，todenythenature.TheIndiansoftheWest，havenamesfortheirparticulargods，thoughtheyhavenonameforGod：asiftheheathensshouldhavehadthenamesJupiter，Apollo，Mars，etc.，butnotthewordDeus;whichshowsthateventhosebar—
　　barouspeoplehavethenotion，thoughtheyhavenotthelatitudeandextentofit.Sothatagainstatheists，theverysavagestakepart，withtheverysubtlestphilosophers.Thecontemplativeatheistisrare：aDiagoras，aBion，aLucianperhaps，andsomeothers;andyettheyseemtobemorethantheyare;forthatallthatimpugnareceivedre—
　　ligion，orsuperstition，arebytheadversepartbrandedwiththenameofatheists.Butthegreatatheists，indeedarehypocrites;whichareeverhandlingholythings，butwithoutfeeling;soastheymustneedsbecauterizedintheend.Thecausesofatheismare：divisionsinreligion，iftheybemany;foranyonemaindivision，addethzealtobothsides;butmanydivisionsintroduceatheism.
　　Anotheris，scandalofpriests;whenitiscometothatwhichSt.Bernardsaith，nonestjamdicere，utpopulussicsacerdos;quianecsicpopulusutsacerdos.Athirdis，customofprofanescoffinginholymatters;whichdoth，bylittleandlittle，de—
　　facethereverenceofreligion.Andlastly，learnedtimes，speciallywithpeaceandprosperity;fortroublesandadversitiesdomorebowmen’smindstoreligion.TheythatdenyaGod，destroyman’snobility;forcertainlymanisofkintothebeasts，byhisbody;and，ifhebenotofkintoGod，byhisspirit，heisabaseandignoblecreature.Itdestroyslikewisemagnanimity，andtheraisingofhumannature;fortakeanexampleofadog，andmarkwhatagenerosityandcouragehewillputon，whenhefindshimselfmaintainedbyaman;whotohimisinsteadofaGod，ormeliornatura;whichcourageismanifestlysuch，asthatcreature，with—
　　outthatconfidenceofabetternaturethanhisown，couldneverattain.Soman，whenherestethandassurethhimself，upondivineprotectionandfavor，gatheredaforceandfaith，whichhumannatureinitselfcouldnotobtain.Therefore，asatheismisinallrespectshateful，sointhis，thatitdeprivethhumannatureofthemeanstoexaltit—
　　self，abovehumanfrailty.Asitisinparticularpersons，soitisinnations.NeverwastheresuchastateformagnanimityasRome.OfthisstatehearwhatCicerosaith：Quamvolumuslicet，patrescon—
　　scripti，nosamemus，tamennecnumeroHispanos，necroboreGallos，neccalliditatePoenos，necarti—
　　busGraecos，necdeniquehocipsohujusgentisetterraedomesticonativoquesensuItalosipsosetLatinos;sedpietate，acreligione，atquehacunasapientia，quoddeorumimmortaliumnumineomniaregigubernariqueperspeximus，omnesgentesnationesquesuperavimus.
　　OfSuperstitionOfSuperstitionITWEREbettertohavenoopinionofGodatall，thansuchanopinion，asisunworthyofhim.
　　Fortheoneisunbelief，theotheriscontumely;
　　andcertainlysuperstitionisthereproachoftheDeity.Plutarchsaithwelltothatpurpose：Surely（saithhe）Ihadratheragreatdeal，menshouldsay，therewasnosuchmanatall，asPlutarch，thanthattheyshouldsay，thattherewasonePlu—
　　tarch，thatwouldeathischildrenassoonastheywereborn;asthepoetsspeakofSaturn.AndasthecontumelyisgreatertowardsGod，sothedangerisgreatertowardsmen.Atheismleavesamantosense，tophilosophy，tonaturalpiety，tolaws，toreputation;allwhichmaybeguidestoanoutwardmoralvirtue，thoughreligionwerenot;butsuper—
　　stitiondismountsallthese，anderectethanabso—
　　lutemonarchy，inthemindsofmen.Thereforetheismdidneverperturbstates;foritmakesmenwaryofthemselves，aslookingnofurther：andweseethetimesinclinedtoatheism（asthetimeofAugustusCaesar）wereciviltimes.Butsupersti—
　　tionhathbeentheconfusionofmanystates，andbringethinanewprimummobile，thatravishethallthespheresofgovernment.Themasterofsuper—
　　stition，isthepeople;andinallsuperstition，wisemenfollowfools;andargumentsarefittedtoprac—
　　tice，inareversedorder.ItwasgravelysaidbysomeoftheprelatesintheCouncilofTrent，wherethedoctrineoftheSchoolmenbaregreatsway，thattheSchoolmenwerelikeastronomers，whichdidfeigneccentricsandepicycles，andsuchen—
　　ginesoforbs，tosavethephenomena;thoughtheyknewtherewerenosuchthings;andinlikeman—
　　ner，thattheSchoolmenhadframedanumberofsubtleandintricateaxioms，andtheorems，tosavethepracticeofthechurch.Thecausesofsupersti—
　　tionare：pleasingandsensualritesandceremonies;
　　excessofoutwardandpharisaicalholiness;over—
　　greatreverenceoftraditions，whichcannotbutloadthechurch;thestratagemsofprelates，fortheirownambitionandlucre;thefavoringtoomuchofgoodintentions，whichopeneththegatetoconceitsandnovelties;thetakinganaimatdivinematters，byhuman，whichcannotbutbreedmixtureofimaginations：and，lastly，bar—
　　baroustimes，especiallyjoinedwithcalamitiesanddisasters.Superstition，withoutaveil，isade—
　　formedthing;for，asitaddethdeformitytoanape，tobesolikeaman，sothesimilitudeofsuper—
　　stitiontoreligion，makesitthemoredeformed.
　　Andaswholesomemeatcorruptethtolittleworms，sogoodformsandorderscorrupt，intoanumberofpettyobservances.Thereisasuperstitioninavoid—
　　ingsuperstition，whenmenthinktodobest，iftheygofurthestfromthesuperstition，formerlyre—
　　ceived;thereforecarewouldbehadthat（asitfarethinillpurgings）thegoodbenottakenawaywiththebad;whichcommonlyisdone，whenthepeopleisthereformer.
　　OfTravelOfTravelTRAVEL，intheyoungersort，isapartofedu—
　　cation，intheelder，apartofexperience.Hethattravellethintoacountry，beforehehathsomeentranceintothelanguage，goethtoschool，andnottotravel.Thatyoungmentravelundersometutor，orgraveservant，Iallowwell;sothathebesuchaonethathaththelanguage，andhathbeeninthecountrybefore;wherebyhemaybeabletotellthemwhatthingsareworthytobeseen，inthecountrywheretheygo;whatacquaintancestheyaretoseek;whatexercises，ordiscipline，theplaceyieldeth.Forelse，youngmenshallgohooded，andlookabroadlittle.Itisastrangething，thatinseavoyages，wherethereisnothingtobeseen，butskyandsea，menshouldmakediaries;
　　butinland—travel，whereinsomuchistobeob—
　　served，forthemostparttheyomitit;asifchancewerefittertoberegistered，thanobservation.Letdiaries，therefore，bebroughtinuse.Thethingstobeseenandobservedare：thecourtsofprinces，especiallywhentheygiveaudiencetoambassa—
　　dors;thecourtsofjustice，whiletheysitandhearcauses;andsoofconsistoriesecclesiastic;thechurchesandmonasteries，withthemonumentswhicharethereinextant;thewallsandfortifica—
　　tionsofcities，andtowns，andsotheheavensandharbors;antiquitiesandruins;libraries;colleges，disputations，andlectures，whereanyare;ship—
　　pingandnavies;housesandgardensofstateandpleasure，neargreatcities;armories;arsenals;
　　magazines;exchanges;burses;warehouses;exer—
　　cisesofhorsemanship，fencing，trainingofsol—
　　diers，andthelike;comedies，suchwhereuntothebettersortofpersonsdoresort;treasuriesofjewelsandrobes;cabinetsandrarities;and，toconclude，whatsoeverismemorable，intheplaceswheretheygo.Afterallwhich，thetutors，orservants，oughttomakediligentinquiry.Asfortriumphs，masks，feasts，weddings，funerals，capitalexecu—
　　tions，andsuchshows，menneednottobeputinmindofthem;yetaretheynottobeneglected.Ifyouwillhaveayoungmantoputhistravelintoalittleroom，andinshorttimetogathermuch，thisyoumustdo.First，aswassaid，hemusthavesomeentranceintothelanguagebeforehegoeth.Thenhemusthavesuchaservant，ortutor，asknoweththecountry，aswaslikewisesaid.Lethimcarrywithhimalso，somecardorbook，describingthecountrywherehetravelleth;whichwillbeagoodkeytohisinquiry.Lethimkeepalsoadiary.Lethimnotstaylong，inonecityortown;moreorlessastheplacedeserveth，butnotlong;nay，whenhestayethinonecityortown，lethimchangehislodgingfromoneendandpartofthetown，toan—
　　other;whichisagreatadamantofacquaintance.
　　Lethimsequesterhimself，fromthecompanyofhiscountrymen，anddietinsuchplaces，wherethereisgoodcompanyofthenationwherehetravelleth.Lethim，uponhisremovesfromoneplacetoanother，procurerecommendationtosomepersonofquality，residingintheplacewhitherheremoveth;thathemayusehisfavor，inthosethingshedesirethtoseeorknow.Thushemayabridgehistravel，withmuchprofit.Asfortheacquaintance，whichistobesoughtintravel;thatwhichismostofallprofitable，isacquaintancewiththesecretariesandemployedmenofambas—
　　sadors：forsointravellinginonecountry，heshallsucktheexperienceofmany.Lethimalsosee，andvisit，eminentpersonsinallkinds，whichareofgreatnameabroad;thathemaybeabletotell，howthelifeagreethwiththefame.Forquarrels，theyarewithcareanddiscretiontobeavoided.
　　Theyarecommonlyformistresses，healths，place，andwords.Andletamanbeware，howhekeepethcompanywithcholericandquarrelsomepersons;
　　fortheywillengagehimintotheirownquarrels.
　　Whenatravellerreturnethhome，lethimnotleavethecountries，wherehehathtravelled，alto—
　　getherbehindhim;butmaintainacorrespond—
　　encebyletters，withthoseofhisacquaintance，whichareofmostworth.Andlethistravelappearratherinhisdiscourse，thanhisapparelorgesture;
　　andinhisdiscourse，lethimberatheradvisedinhisanswers，thanforwardtotellstories;andletitappearthathedothnotchangehiscountryman—
　　ners，forthoseofforeignparts;butonlyprickinsomeflowers，ofthathehathlearnedabroad，intothecustomsofhisowncountry.
　　OfEmpireOfEmpireITISamiserablestateofmind，tohavefewthingstodesire，andmanythingstofear;andyetthatcommonlyisthecaseofkings;who，beingatthehighest，wantmatterofdesire，whichmakestheirmindsmorelanguishing;andhavemanyrep—
　　resentationsofperilsandshadows，whichmakestheirmindsthelessclear.Andthisisonereasonalso，ofthateffectwhichtheScripturespeakethof，Thattheking’sheartisinscrutable.Formultitudeofjealousies，andlackofsomepredominantde—
　　sire，thatshouldmarshalandputinorderalltherest，makethanyman’sheart，hardtofindorsound.Henceitcomeslikewise，thatprincesmanytimesmakethemselvesdesires，andsettheirheartsupontoys;sometimesuponabuilding;sometimesuponerectingofanorder;sometimesuponthead—
　　vancingofaperson;sometimesuponobtainingexcellencyinsomeart，orfeatofthehand;asNeroforplayingontheharp，Domitianforcertaintyofthehandwiththearrow，Commodusforplay—
　　ingatfence，Caracallafordrivingchariots，andthelike.Thisseemethincredible，untothosethatknownottheprinciple，thatthemindofman，ismorecheeredandrefreshedbyprofitinginsmallthings，thanbystandingatastay，ingreat.Weseealsothatkingsthathavebeenfortunateconquer—
　　ors，intheirfirstyears，itbeingnotpossibleforthemtogoforwardinfinitely，butthattheymusthavesomecheck，orarrestintheirfortunes，turnintheirlatteryearstobesuperstitious，andmelan—
　　choly;asdidAlexandertheGreat;Diocletian;andinourmemory，CharlestheFifth;andothers：forhethatisusedtogoforward，andfindethastop，fallethoutofhisownfavor，andisnotthethinghewas.
　　Tospeaknowofthetruetemperofempire，itisathingrareandhardtokeep;forbothtemper，anddistemper，consistofcontraries.Butitisonething，tominglecontraries，anothertointerchangethem.
　　TheanswerofApolloniustoVespasian，isfullofexcellentinstruction.Vespasianaskedhim，WhatwasNero’soverthrow？Heanswered，Nerocouldtouchandtunetheharpwell;butingovernment，sometimesheusedtowindthepinstoohigh，some—
　　timestoletthemdowntoolow.Andcertainitis，thatnothingdestroyethauthoritysomuch，astheunequalanduntimelyinterchangeofpowerpressedtoofar，andrelaxedtoomuch.
　　Thisistrue，thatthewisdomofalltheselattertimes，inprinces’affairs，isratherfinedeliveries，andshiftingsofdangersandmischiefs，whentheyarenear，thansolidandgroundedcoursestokeepthemaloof.Butthisisbuttotrymasterieswithfortune.Andletmenbeware，howtheyneglectandsuffermatteroftroubletobeprepared;fornomancanforbidthespark，nortellwhenceitmaycome.Thedifficultiesinprinces’businessaremanyandgreat;butthegreatestdifficulty，isoftenintheirownmind.Foritiscommonwithprinces（saithTacitus）towillcontradictories，Suntpler—
　　umqueregumvoluntatesvehementes，etintersecontrariae.Foritisthesolecismofpower，tothinktocommandtheend，andyetnottoendurethemean.
　　Kingshavetodealwiththeirneighbors，theirwives，theirchildren，theirprelatesorclergy，theirnobles，theirsecond—noblesorgentlemen，theirmerchants，theircommons，andtheirmenofwar;
　　andfromallthesearisedangers，ifcareandcir—
　　cumspectionbenotused.
　　Firstfortheirneighbors;therecannogeneralrulebegiven（foroccasionsaresovariable），saveone，whicheverholdeth，whichis，thatprincesdokeepduesentinel，thatnoneoftheirneighborsdoevergrowso（byincreaseofterritory，byembrac—
　　ingoftrade，byapproaches，orthelike），astheybecomemoreabletoannoythem，thantheywere.
　　Andthisisgenerallytheworkofstandingcoun—
　　sels，toforeseeandtohinderit.Duringthattrium—
　　virateofkings，KingHenrytheEighthofEngland，FrancistheFirstKingofFrance，andCharlestheFifthEmperor，therewassuchawatchkept，thatnoneofthethreecouldwinapalmofground，buttheothertwowouldstraightwaysbalanceit，eitherbyconfederation，or，ifneedwere，byawar;
　　andwouldnotinanywisetakeuppeaceatinter—
　　est.Andthelikewasdonebythatleague（whichGuicciardinisaithwasthesecurityofItaly）madebetweenFerdinandoKingofNaples，LorenziusMedici，andLudovicusSforza，potentates，theoneofFlorence，theotherofMilan.Neitheristheopin—
　　ionofsomeoftheSchoolmen，tobereceived，thatawarcannotjustlybemade，butuponaprecedentinjuryorprovocation.Forthereisnoquestion，butajustfearofanimminentdanger，thoughtherebenoblowgiven，isalawfulcauseofawar.
　　Fortheirwives;therearecruelexamplesofthem.Liviaisinfamed，forthepoisoningofherhusband;Roxalana，Solyman’swife，wasthedestructionofthatrenownedprince，SultanMus—
　　tapha，andotherwisetroubledhishouseandsuc—
　　cession;EdwardtheSecondofEngland，hisqueen，hadtheprincipalhandinthedeposingandmur—
　　derofherhusband.Thiskindofdanger，isthentobefearedchiefly，whenthewiveshaveplots，fortheraisingoftheirownchildren;orelsethattheybeadvoutresses.
　　Fortheirchildren;thetragedieslikewiseofdangersfromthem，havebeenmany.Andgen—
　　erally，theenteringoffathersintosuspicionoftheirchildren，hathbeeneverunfortunate.ThedestructionofMustapha（thatwenamedbefore）
　　wassofataltoSolyman’sline，asthesuccessionoftheTurks，fromSolymanuntilthisday，issus—
　　pectedtobeuntrue，andofstrangeblood;forthatSelymustheSecond，wasthoughttobesupposi—
　　tious.ThedestructionofCrispus，ayoungprinceofraretowardness，byConstantinustheGreat，hisfather，wasinlikemannerfataltohishouse;forbothConstantinusandConstance，hissons，diedviolentdeaths;andConstantius，hisotherson，didlittlebetter;whodiedindeedofsickness，butafterthatJulianushadtakenarmsagainsthim.Thede—
　　structionofDemetrius，sontoPhiliptheSecondofMacedon，turneduponthefather，whodiedofrepentance.Andmanylikeexamplesthereare;
　　butfewornone，wherethefathershadgoodbysuchdistrust;exceptitwere，wherethesonswereupinopenarmsagainstthem;aswasSelymustheFirstagainstBajazet;andthethreesonsofHenrytheSecond，KingofEngland.
　　Fortheirprelates;whentheyareproudandgreat，thereisalsodangerfromthem;asitwasinthetimesofAnselmus，andThomasBecket，Arch—
　　bishopsofCanterbury;who，withtheircroziers，didalmosttryitwiththeking’ssword;andyettheyhadtodealwithstoutandhaughtykings，WilliamRufus，HenrytheFirst，andHenrytheSecond.Thedangerisnotfromthatstate，butwhereithathadependenceofforeignauthority;
　　orwherethechurchmencomeinandareelected，notbythecollationoftheking，orparticularpatrons，butbythepeople.
　　Fortheirnobles;tokeepthematadistance，itisnotamiss;buttodepressthem，maymakeakingmoreabsolute，butlesssafe;andlessabletoper—
　　form，anythingthathedesires.Ihavenotedit，inmyHistoryofKingHenrytheSeventhofEng—
　　land，whodepressedbisnobility;whereuponitcametopass，thathistimeswerefullofdifficultiesandtroubles;forthenobility，thoughtheycon—
　　tinuedloyaluntohim，yetdidtheynotco—operatewithhiminhisbusiness.Sothatineffect，hewasfaintodoallthingshimself.
　　Fortheirsecond—nobles;thereisnotmuchdan—
　　gerfromthem，beingabodydispersed.Theymaysometimesdiscoursehigh，butthatdothlittlehurt;
　　besides，theyareacounterpoisetothehigherno—
　　bility，thattheygrownottoopotent;and，lastly，beingthemostimmediateinauthority，withthecommonpeople，theydobesttemperpopularcom—
　　motions.
　　Fortheirmerchants;theyarevenaporta;andiftheyflourishnot，akingdommayhavegoodlimbs，butwillhaveemptyveins，andnourishlittle.Taxesandimpostsuponthem，doseldomgoodtotheking’srevenue;forthatthathewinsinthehundred，heleesethintheshire;theparticularratesbeingincreased，butthetotalbulkoftrading，ratherdecreased.
　　Fortheircommons;thereislittledangerfromthem，exceptitbe，wheretheyhavegreatandpo—
　　tentheads;orwhereyoumeddlewiththepointofreligion，ortheircustoms，ormeansoflife.
　　Fortheirmenofwar;itisadangerousstate，wheretheyliveandremaininabody，andareusedtodonatives;whereofweseeexamplesinthejanizaries，andpretorianbandsofRome;buttrain—
　　ingsofmen，andarmingtheminseveralplaces，andunderseveralcommanders，andwithoutdonatives，arethingsofdefence，andnodanger.
　　Princesareliketoheavenlybodies，whichcausegoodoreviltimes;andwhichhavemuchvenera—
　　tion，butnorest.Allpreceptsconcerningkings，areineffectcomprehendedinthosetworemem—
　　brances：mementoquodeshomo;andmementoquodesDeus，orviceDei;theonebridleththeirpower，andtheothertheirwill.
　　OfCounselOfCounselTHEgreatesttrust，betweenmanandman，isthetrustofgivingcounsel.Forinothercon—
　　fidences，mencommitthepartsoflife;theirlands，theirgoods，theirchildren，theircredit，somepar—
　　ticularaffair;buttosuchastheymaketheircoun—
　　sellors，theycommitthewhole：byhowmuchthemore，theyareobligedtoallfaithandintegrity.
　　Thewisestprincesneednotthinkitanydiminu—
　　tiontotheirgreatness，orderogationtotheirsuf—
　　ficiency，torelyuponcounsel.Godhimselfisnotwithout，buthathmadeitoneofthegreatnamesofhisblessedSon：TheCounsellor.Solomonhathpronounced，thatincounselisstability.Thingswillhavetheirfirst，orsecondagitation：iftheybenottossedupontheargumentsofcounsel，theywillbetosseduponthewavesoffortune;andbefullofinconstancy，doingandundoing，likethereelingofadrunkenman.Solomon’ssonfoundtheforceofcounsel，ashisfathersawthenecessityofit.ForthebelovedkingdomofGod，wasfirstrent，andbroken，byillcounsel;uponwhichcoun—
　　sel，therearesetforourinstruction，thetwomarkswherebybadcounselisforeverbestdiscerned;
　　thatitwasyoungcounsel，fortheperson;andviolentcounsel，forthematter.
　　Theancienttimes，dosetforthinfigure，boththeincorporation，andinseparableconjunction，ofcounselwithkings，andthewiseandpoliticuseofcounselbykings：theone，inthattheysayJupi—
　　terdidmarryMetis，whichsignifiethcounsel;
　　wherebytheyintendthatSovereignty，ismarriedtoCounsel：theotherinthatwhichfolloweth，whichwasthus：Theysay，afterJupiterwasmar—
　　riedtoMetis，sheconceivedbyhim，andwaswithchild，butJupitersufferedhernottostay，tillshebroughtforth，buteatherup;wherebyhebecamehimselfwithchild，andwasdeliveredofPallasarmed，outofhishead.Whichmonstrousfablecontainethasecretofempire;howkingsaretomakeuseoftheircounselofstate.Thatfirst，theyoughttorefermattersuntothem，whichisthefirstbegetting，orimpregnation;butwhentheyareelaborate，moulded，andshapedinthewomboftheircounsel，andgrowripe，andreadytobebroughtforth，thatthentheysuffernottheircoun—
　　seltogothroughwiththeresolutionanddirec—
　　tion，asifitdependedonthem;buttakethematterbackintotheirownhands，andmakeitappeartotheworld，thatthedecreesandfinaldirections（which，becausetheycomeforth，withprudenceandpower，areresembledtoPallasarmed）pro—
　　ceededfromthemselves;andnotonlyfromtheirauthority，but（themoretoaddreputationtothem—
　　selves）fromtheirheadanddevice.