首页 >出版文学> Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples>第41章
  “NoticesurQuelquesMonumentsTrouvessurleSommetdesVosges“SOC。DESMONUMENTSHISTORIQUESDEL’ALSACE,vol。i。。REV。D’ANTH。,1880,p。295。
  WemayalsomentionthePenRichardinCharenteInferieure,sowelldescribedbyCartailhacinhis“FrancePrehistorique,“p。131。
  Arcelin:“L’AgedePierreetlaClassificationPrehistorique,“
  Paris,1873。Flouest:“NoticesurleCampdeChassey。“Perrault:
  “UnFoyerdel’AgedelaPierrePolieauCampdeChassey“MAT。,1870。Coynart:“FouillesauCampdeChassey“REV。ARCH。,1866
  and1867。
  Ponthieux,“LeCampdeCatenoy“Oise。
  [Hist。Francorum,“booki。,chap。xxxii。
  DeRosemont:“EtudesurlesAntiquitesanterieuresauxRomains。“Desjardins:“LesCampsRetranchesdesEnvironsdeNice。“Riviere:ASS。FRANCAISE,Rheims,1880,p。628。
  Pigorini:“Terramaradell’EtadelBronzoSituatainCastionede’Marchesi。“
  NATURE,1887,secondweek,p。62。
  MemorandareadtotheRoyalSocietyofAntiquariesinLondonARCHAEOLOGIA,vol。xlii。,pp。27——76。LaneFox:BRITISH
  ASSOCIATION,Bristol,1875。Evans:“StoneAge。“
  “Solentetsubterraneosspecusaperire,eosquemultoinsuperfimoonerant,suffugiumhiemietreceptaculumfrugibus““DeMoribusGermanorum,“chap。xvi。。
  AMERICANJOURNALOFARCHAEOLOGY。
  ZEITSCHRIFTFURANTHROPOLOGIE,1874,p。115;1875,p。
  Zaborowski:“MonumentsPrehistoriquesdelaBasseVistule。“
  Ribeiro:“NoticesurQuelquesMonumentsPrehistoriquesduPortugal,“Lisbon,
  “NoticiadeAlgunasEstarveseMonumentosPrehistoricos。“
  H。andL。Siret:“LesPremiersAgesduMetaldansleSud-estdel’Espagne。“
  CONGRESPREHISTORIQUEDECOPENHAGUE,p。118。
  Putnam:“ReportPeabodyMuseum,“vol。iii。,p。348。
  AncientMonumentsoftheMississippiValley。“
  SeeDr。HibbertintheTRANSACTIONSOFTHESOCIETYOF
  ANTIQUARIESOFSCOTLAND,vol。iv。,Appendix,p。
  ZEITSCHRIFTFURETHNOGRAPHIE,p。
  Pomerol:“MuraillesVitrifieesdeChateauneuf,“ASS。FRANC。,Blois。
  CONGRESSOC。SAV。,Sorbonne,1882。
  J。Marion:BUL。DESSOC。SAVANTES,4thseries,vol。iv。Daubree:REV。ARCH。,July,——
  SirJ。LubbockcomparestheruinsofAztalan,inAmerica,withthevitrifiedfortsofScotland;butwethinkthisisamistake,forthewallsofAztalanconsistedofirregularlyshapedmassesofhard,reddishclay,fullofhollows,retainingtheimpressionofthestrawordriedgrasswithwhichtheclaywasmixedbeforeitwassubjectedtotheactionofheat,whethertheapplicationofthatheatwasintentionaloraccidental。Thereisnothingaboutthisatallresemblingthemeltedgraniteofthevitrifiedforts。
  DeCassac:“NotessurlesFortsVitrifiesdelaCreuse。“Thuot:“LaForteresseVitrifieeduPaydeGaudy,“p。102。
  WetakemostofthesedetailsfromanotebyM。A。deMontaiglonpublishedintheBULLETINDESSOCIETESSAVANTES。
  MAT。,1881,p。371。
  BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1884,p。816,etc。
  Fouque,NATURE,1876,secondweek,p。65。
  Bookvi。,chap。xvi。andxx——PlinytheElder,uncleandfatherbyadoptionofPlinytheYounger,losthislifeinthiscatastrophe,whichtookplacein79A。D。
  Cigalla:ACAD。DESSCIENCES,November12,1866。Fouque:
  ACAD。DESSCIENCES,March25,1867。“UnPompeiPrehistorique,“REVUE
  DESDEUX-MONDES,October15,1869。Schliemann:“TroyanditsRemains,“translatedbyPhilipSmith,London,Murray,1875;“IliosVilleetPaysdesTroyens,“
  translatedbyMme。E。Egger,Paris,Hachette,1885;E。Burnouf:
  REVUEDESDEUX-MONDES,January1,1874;Virchow:“AltTrojanischeGraberandSchadel。“
  Iliad,cantov。,v。,。
  EgyptologiststellusthatinthefourthyearofthereignofRamsesII。,oraboutB。C。,theHittitesplacedthemselvesattheheadofacoalitionagainsttheEgyptianPharaoh。WiththeseHittites,orKhittas,whosedescendantsstilldwellinthenorthofSyria,weretheMysians,theLycians,theDardanians,andothertribes。
  “AmeriquePrehistorique“Masson,translatedbyNancyBellN。D’Anvers,andpublishedbyMurray,London;Putnam,NewYork。
  TroyanditsRemains,“plateix。SeealsoexcellentessayonthesamesubjectbyS。Reinach,whichappearedintheREVUE
  ARCHEOLOGIQUEin1885。LaterinvestigationsbyDr。SchliemannalsobroughttolightaremarkableresemblancebetweenthebuildingsatHissarlikandthoseofTiryns。
  TheBritishMuseumcontainsamanuscriptofthefourteenthcentury,inwhichisaletterfromJulian,writtenwhenhewasemperor,betweenandA。D。,andrelatingtohisvisittoIlium-
  Thepotter’swheelwas,however,inuseataveryremoteantiquity。InChinaitsinventionisattributedtothelegendaryEmperorHwang-Ti,whoissupposedtohavelivedabout2697B。C。ThewheelwasalsoknownfromtheveryearliesttimesinEgypt,andHomerIliad,c。xviii。,v。599comparesthelightmotionsofthedancersrepresentedontheshieldofAchillestotherapidrotationofthepotter’swheel——
  Rivett-Carnac:“MemorandumonClayDiscsCalledSpindleWhorlsandVotiveSealsFoundatSankisa“Behar,JOURNALASIATIC
  SOCIETYOFBENGAL,vol。xlix。,p。1。
  “DeSacrisAEdificiis,“ch。ix。,p。128。
  ItisinterestingtonotethediscoveryofurnscloselyresemblingthoseofTroy,andcontaininghumanremains,inPersiaSirW。Ouseley:“TravelsinPersia“,andatTravancore,inthesouthofMalabar,where,accordingtotradition,theywereintendedtoreceivetheremainsofyoungvirginssacrificedinhonorofthegods——
  “SomeVestigesofGirlSacrifices,“JOURN。ANTH。INST。,May,1882。
  Thevulvawassometimesrepresentedbyalargetriangle。Thesamepeculiarityoccursonsomeblackmarblestatuettes,foundinthetombsoftheCycladesandAttica。ThreesuchstatuettesfromtheislandofParosareintheLouvre,andtheBritishMuseumownsarichcollection。Dr。Schliemannalsomentionsafemaleidolmadeinleadofverycoarseworkmanship,inwhichthesexualorgansarerepresentedbyadoublecross。
  ThePHALLUSwas,aswehavealreadystated,thesymbolofgenerativeforce。ItsworshipextendedthroughoutIndiaandSyria;
  agiganticPhallusadornedthetempleofthemotherofthegodsatHierapolis,anditwascarriedintriumphinprocessionsthroughEgyptandGreece。Itisstillworshippedinsomeplacesatthepresentday。NearNiombo,inAfrica,thereisatemplecontainingseveralphallicstatues;atStanley-PoolthefeteofthePHALLUSiscelebratedwithobscenerites。TheKroomenobservesimilarceremoniesatthetimeofthenewmoon,andinJapanoncertainfeteclaysyounggirlsflourishgiganticPHALLIattheendoflongpoles。ThePHALLUS
  isalsooftenrepresentedonthemonumentsofCentralAmerica——onthestonesofthetemplesofIzamalandtheislandofZapatero,forinstance。Possiblytheworshipoftheproductiveandgenerativeforcesofnaturewastheearliestreligionofmanyprimitivepeoples,butallthatissaidonthesubjectmustbesiftedwithconsiderablecare。
  SimilarhatchetsofpurecopperFig。2havebeenfoundinHungary,andButler“PrehistoricWisconsin“speaksofthemalsoasbeingfoundinNorthAmerica。
  ThetinusedismakingbronzeprobablycamefromSpainorCornwall,perhapsalsofromtheCaucasus,wheresmallquantitiesofitarestillfound。ItwasdoubtlessimportedbythePhoenicians,thegreatnavigatorsofantiquity。SeeRudolfVirchow’s“DasGruberfeldVonKobanimLaudederOsseten,“Berlin,1883。
  Thisideagainsprobabilityfromthefactthattheremainsofakeywerepickedupnearthetreasure,whichwehavereasontosupposebelongedtoPriam。
  ThegoldmayhavecomefromtheminesofAstyra,notfarfromTroy。
  [Electrumwastheancientnameforamber,butwasalsogiventoanalloyofgoldandsilver,theyellowcolorofwhichresemblesthatofamber。
  Dr。Schliemanngivesaverycarefuldescriptionofalltheseobjects。See“TroyanditsRemains,“Figs。174to497,pp。
  Theqr’hdemnonordiademofthewifeofMenelausisanarrowfilletfromwhichhangseverallittlechainsformedoflinksalternatingwithsmallleaves,andendinginratherlargerleaves,theseleavesallrepresentingthewomanwiththeowl’shead,socharacteristicofTrojanart。Thegoldenobjectsareallsolderedwiththesamemetals,whichmoderngoldsmithsseemunabletodo。AtTiryns,whichwebelievetohavebeencontemporarywithTroy,theartofsolderingwasunknown,andornamentsweremerelyscrewedtogether。
  Bastian,ZEITSCHRIFTDERBERLINERGESELLSCHAFTFURERDKUNDE,vol。xiii。,plates1and2。
  Ifweaccept1200B。C。asthedateoftheTrojanwarandtheeighthcenturyasthatofthefoundationofIlium,thetownsthatsucceededeachotheronthehillofHissarlikonlylastedfourcenturiesaltogether。
  IntheVedasthewordSWASTIisoftenusedinthesenseofhappinessorgood-fortune。
  ComteGobletd’Auriella,BUL。ACAD。ROYALEDEBELGIQUE,1889。
  G。Atkinson,CONGRESPREHISTORIQUE,Lisbon,1880,p。
  AgesPrehistoriquesenEspagneetPortugal,“figs
  Aussland,1883。ZEITSCHRIFTFURMUSEOLOGIEANDANTEQUATEN
  KUNDE,1884。Musoeon,1888and1889。
  Virchow,whovisitedtheremainsatHissarlik,treatsthisideaasFURCHTBARENUNSINNridiculousnonsense。
  ThetruenameofthiscaveistheBETCHEAUXROCHES。Averyexcellentessayonthesubjectwasreadbytheexplorers,MM。dePuydtandLohest,inAugust,1886,totheHistoricSocietyofBelgium,and“LesFouillesdeSpy,“byDr。Collignon,publishedintheREVUE
  D’ANTHROPOLOGIE,1887,mayalsobeconsulted。Excavationswerealsocarriedoninthesamecavein1879byM。BucquoyBUL。SOC。ANTH。DE
  BELGIQUE,1887。HedistinguishedfiveossiferouslevelsandpickedupsomeflintsoftheMousterientype,andevensomeChelleenhatchets,towhichhegavethenameofcoupsDEPOING——FraipontandLohest;
  “RecherchessurlesOssementsHumainsDecouvertesdanslesDepotsQuaternairesd’ungrotteaSpy。“——
  WeborrowthesedetailsfromavaluableworkbyCartailhacMAL。,1886,p。441;REV。D’ANTH。,1886,p。448。TheconclusionsofourlearnedcolleaguearethatwereallyknownothingofthefuneralritesofthemenofChellesandMoustier,andthatitistotheSolutreenperiodthatwemustassignthefirstreallyauthenticatedtombs。Cartailhac’sadmirablebook,“LaFrancePrehistorique,“p。,shouldalsobeconsulted。
  IpuiAntichiSepolcridellItalia。“
  [ARCHAEOLOGICALJOURNAL,vol。xxii。
  MATERIAUX,
  ThisdolmenwascarefullyexcavatedbyMM。HahnandMillescamps,BUL。SOC。ANTH。,
  Riviere;CONGRESDESSCIENCESGEOGRAPHIQUES,Paris,
  ATTIDELLAR。ACAD。DEILINCEI,1879——1880。Pigorini:
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  SOC。ANTH。DELYON,1889。
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  ROMANA。Pigoriniaddsinhisturn:“ICADAVERIERANOABITUALMENTE
  ADAGIATISULFIANCOSINISTRO,COLCRANIOAPPOGIATOSULLAMANOSINISTRE
  ELEGINOCCHIAALQUANTOPIEGATEINGUISACHETAVOLTASITROVARONOLE
  TIBIEASSAIPROSSIMEALLACASSATORACICA。“
  Pallery:“Mon。MegalithiquesdeMascara,“BUL。SOC。ETHN。,1887。
  Bancroft:“TheNativeRacesofthePacific,“vol。i。,pp。365,etc。Moreno:“LesParaderosdelaPatagonie,“REV。D’ANTH。,1874。
  “NecropoledeColonna,prov。deGrosseto,“R。ACAD。DEI
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  BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1880,p。895。
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  LaRoche-sur-Yon,1873。
  RenseignementssuruneAncienneNecropoleManzabotta,presdeBologna,“Bologna,1871。
  Gross:“LesProto-Helvetes。“Morel-Fatio:“SepulturesdesPopulationsLacustresdeChamblandes。“AsatAuvernier,agreatmanybears’tuskswerefoundlyingnearthedead,whichmaypossiblyalsohavehadsomethingtodowithafuneralrite。
  D。Charnay:NORTHAMERICANREVIEW,January,1881。
  Stuart:“TheEarlyModesofBurial。“
  VidalSeneze;BUL。SOC。ANTH。,1877,p。561。
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  Conestabile:“Del’incinerationchezlesEtrusques。“
  A。Bertrand:“Arch。CeltiqueetGauloise,“Introduction。ASS。FRANCAISE,Nantes,1875;Havre,1877。
  Luco:“ExpositiondeTroisMonumentsQuadrilateresparfeuJamesMiln,“Vannes,1883。
  P。duChatellier:“Mem。Soc。d’EmulationdesCotes-du-Nord,“
  SaintBrieuc,1883。
  PROCEEDINGSSOC。ANTH。OFSCOTLAND,January11,1886。
  “OntheAncientModesofSepulchreintheOrkneys“BRITISH
  ASSOCIATION,1877。
  KohnandMehlis:“ZurVorgeschichtedesMenschenimOstlichenEuropa,“Iena,1879。
  Hochstetter:“DieneuesteGraberFundevonWatsch。undS。MargarethenundderKulturKreissderHallstadterPeriod,“Wien,1883。Siebenter:“BerichtderPrehistorischenCommission,“Wien,1884。
  thesetombswerefound61goldobjects,5,574bronze,593iron,270amber,73glass,and1,813terra-cotta。A。Bertrand:
  REV。DETHNOGRAPHIE,1883。
  SMITHSONIANREPORT,1881。
  Putnam,xii。andXX。REPORTSOFTHEPEABODYMUSEUM。
  “DeBelloGallico,“bookvi。,cap。xix。ConsultalsoPomponiusMela:“DeSituOrbis,“bookiii。,cap。ii。
  [318]——InhisfruitfulexcavationsofGallic,Gallo-Roman,andMerovingiantombs,Moreaucollectednolessthan31,515flintceltsorhatchets,whichhadevidentlybeenvotiveofferings。SeeAlbumdeCaranda:“FouillesdeSainteRestitute,deTrugny,d’Armentiere,d’Arcy,deBrenny,“etc。
  End